101
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McGhee KE, Travis J. Heritable variation underlies behavioural types in the mating context in male bluefin killifish. Anim Behav 2013; 86. [PMID: 24187377 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In many species, consistent behavioural differences among individuals are linked to fitness variation. Determining the environmental and genetic factors that mould these behavioural types is crucial to understanding how behaviours might respond to selection. Male bluefin killifish, Lucania goodei, show extensive consistent behavioural variation in their levels of courtship, male-directed aggression and female-directed aggression, resulting in a range of fitness-related behavioural types coexisting within a population. To determine whether the behavioural components underlying a male's stable behavioural type in the mating context are heritable and genetically correlated, we performed paternal half-sib crosses. Using animal models, we found that all three of these mating behaviours were moderately heritable (h2 = 0.17-0.29) and courtship behaviour was also heritable as a binomial trait (court yes/no: h2 = 0.50). Including effects of dam identity/common rearing environment experienced by full sibs decreased model fit, suggesting that early social interactions might contribute to behavioural types. In addition, we found evidence consistent with the possibility that the positive phenotypic correlations among mating behaviours are underlain by positive genetic correlations. Thus, it is possible that the seemingly maladaptive aggression that males direct towards females during social interactions persist due to genetic constraints and direct selection on both male-directed aggression and courtship behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McGhee
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
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102
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White JR, Meekan MG, McCormick MI, Ferrari MCO. A comparison of measures of boldness and their relationships to survival in young fish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68900. [PMID: 23874804 PMCID: PMC3712919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Boldness is the propensity of an animal to engage in risky behavior. Many variations of novel-object or novel-environment tests have been used to quantify the boldness of animals, although the relationship between test outcomes has rarely been investigated. Furthermore, the relationship of outcomes to any ecological aspect of fitness is generally assumed, rather than measured directly. Our study is the first to compare how the outcomes of the same test of boldness differ among observers and how different tests of boldness relate to the survival of individuals in the field. Newly-metamorphosed lemon damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis, were placed onto replicate patches of natural habitat. Individual behavior was quantified using four tests (composed of a total of 12 different measures of behavior): latency to enter a novel environment, activity in a novel environment, and reactions to threatening and benign novel objects. After behavior was quantified, survival was monitored for two days during which time fish were exposed to natural predators. Variation among observers was low for most of the 12 measures, except distance moved and the threat test (reaction to probe thrust), which displayed unacceptable amounts of inter-observer variation. Overall, the results of the behavioral tests suggested that novel environment and novel object tests quantified similar behaviors, yet these behavioral measures were not interchangeable. Multiple measures of behavior within the context of novel environment or object tests were the most robust way to assess boldness and these measures have a complex relationship with survivorship of young fish in the field. Body size and distance ventured from shelter were the only variables that had a direct and positive relationship with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R White
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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103
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Oswald ME, Singer M, Robison BD. The quantitative genetic architecture of the bold-shy continuum in zebrafish, Danio rerio. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68828. [PMID: 23840902 PMCID: PMC3698077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies of consistent individual differences (personality) along the bold-shy continuum, a pattern of behavioral correlations frequently emerges: individuals towards the bold end of the continuum are more likely to utilize risky habitat, approach potential predators, and feed under risky conditions. Here, we address the hypothesis that observed phenotypic correlations among component behaviors of the bold-shy continuum are a result of underlying genetic correlations (quantitative genetic architecture). We used a replicated three-generation pedigree of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to study three putative components of the bold-shy continuum: horizontal position, swim level, and feeding latency. We detected significant narrow-sense heritabilities as well as significant genetic and phenotypic correlations among all three behaviors, such that fish selected for swimming at the front of the tank swam closer to the observer, swam higher in the water column, and fed more quickly than fish selected for swimming at the back of the tank. Further, the lines varied in their initial open field behavior (swim level and activity level). The quantitative genetic architecture of the bold-shy continuum indicates that the multivariate behavioral phenotype characteristic of a “bold” personality type may be a result of correlated evolution via underlying genetic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Oswald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Mathew Singer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Barrie D. Robison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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104
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Kralj-Fišer S, Schneider JM, Kuntner M. Challenging the Aggressive Spillover Hypothesis: Is Pre-Copulatory Sexual Cannibalism a Part of a Behavioural Syndrome? Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kralj-Fišer
- Institute of Biology; Scientific Research Centre; Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Jutta M. Schneider
- Zoological Institute & Museum; Biozentrum Grindel; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
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105
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Spence R, Wootton RJ, Barber I, Przybylski M, Smith C. Ecological causes of morphological evolution in the three-spined stickleback. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1717-26. [PMID: 23789080 PMCID: PMC3686204 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central assumption of evolutionary theory is that natural selection drives the adaptation of populations to local environmental conditions, resulting in the evolution of adaptive phenotypes. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) displays remarkable phenotypic variation, offering an unusually tractable model for understanding the ecological mechanisms underpinning adaptive evolutionary change. Using populations on North Uist, Scotland we investigated the role of predation pressure and calcium limitation on the adaptive evolution of stickleback morphology and behavior. Dissolved calcium was a significant predictor of plate and spine morph, while predator abundance was not. Stickleback latency to emerge from a refuge varied with morph, with populations with highly reduced plates and spines and high predation risk less bold. Our findings support strong directional selection in three-spined stickleback evolution, driven by multiple selective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Spence
- School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Robert J Wootton
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, University of LeicesterLeicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mirosław Przybylski
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of ŁódźŁódź, Poland
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
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106
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Causes and consequences of contest outcome: aggressiveness, dominance and growth in the sheepshead swordtail, Xiphophorus birchmanni. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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107
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Peterson MP, Abolins-Abols M, Atwell JW, Rice RJ, Milá B, Ketterson ED. Variation in candidate genes CLOCK and ADCYAP1 does not consistently predict differences in migratory behavior in the songbird genus Junco. F1000Res 2013; 2:115. [PMID: 24627781 PMCID: PMC3907158 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-115.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies exploring the molecular genetic basis for migratory variation in animals have identified polymorphisms in two genes (
CLOCK and ADCYAP1) that are linked to circadian rhythms and correlate with migratory propensity and phenology among individuals and populations. Results from these initial studies are mixed, however, and additional data are needed to assess the generality and diversity of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the biology of migration. We sequenced CLOCK and ADCYAP1 in 15 populations across the two species of the avian genus
Junco, a North American lineage in which multiple recently diverged subspecies and populations range from sedentary to long-distance migrants. We found no consistent associations between allele length and migratory status across the genus for either CLOCK or ADCYAP1. However, within two subspecies groups, populations that migrate longer distances have longer CLOCK alleles on average. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between ADCYAP1 allele length and migratory restlessness (zugunruhe) among individuals within one of two captive populations studied—a result similar to those reported previously within captive blackcaps (
Sylvia atricapilla). We conclude that, while both ADCYAP1 and CLOCK may correlate with migratory propensity within or among certain populations or species, previously identified relationships between migratory behavior and sequence variants cannot be easily generalized across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Peterson
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Mikus Abolins-Abols
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Jonathan W Atwell
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rice
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Borja Milá
- National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Ellen D Ketterson
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
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108
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Kim SY, Noguera JC, Tato A, Velando A. Vitamins, stress and growth: the availability of antioxidants in early life influences the expression of cryptic genetic variation. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1341-52. [PMID: 23517061 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental inputs during early development can shape the expression of phenotypes, which has long-lasting consequences in physiology and life history of an organism. Here, we study whether experimentally manipulated availability of dietary antioxidants, vitamins C and E, influences the expression of genetic variance for antioxidant defence, endocrine signal and body mass in yellow-legged gull chicks using quantitative genetic models based on full siblings. Our experimental study in a natural population reveals that the expression of genetic variance in total antioxidant capacity in plasma increased in chicks supplemented with vitamins C and E despite the negligible effects on the average phenotype. This suggests that individuals differ in their ability to capture and transport dietary antioxidants or to respond to these extra resources, and importantly, this ability has a genetic basis. Corticosterone level in plasma and body mass were negatively correlated at the phenotypic level. Significant genetic variance of corticosterone level appeared only in control chicks nonsupplemented with vitamins, suggesting that the genetic variation of endocrine system, which transmits environmental cues to adaptively control chick development, appeared in stressful conditions (i.e. poor antioxidant availability). Therefore, environmental inputs may shape evolutionary trajectories of antioxidant capacity and endocrine system by affecting the expression of cryptic genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Kim
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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109
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Sackett LC, Collinge SK, Martin AP. Do pathogens reduce genetic diversity of their hosts? Variable effects of sylvatic plague in black-tailed prairie dogs. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2441-55. [PMID: 23452304 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduced diseases can cause dramatic declines in-and even the loss of-natural populations. Extirpations may be followed by low recolonization rates, leading to inbreeding and a loss of genetic variation, with consequences on population viability. Conversely, extirpations may create vacant habitat patches that individuals from multiple source populations can colonize, potentially leading to an influx of variation. We tested these alternative hypotheses by sampling 15 colonies in a prairie dog metapopulation during 7 years that encompassed an outbreak of sylvatic plague, providing the opportunity to monitor genetic diversity before, during and after the outbreak. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci revealed that within the metapopulation, there was no change in diversity. However, within extirpated colonies, patterns varied: In half of the colonies, allelic richness after recovery was less than the preplague conditions, and in the other half, richness was greater than the preplague conditions. Finally, analysis of variation within individuals revealed that prairie dogs present in recolonized colonies had higher heterozygosity than those present before plague. We confirmed plague survivorship in six founders; these individuals had significantly higher heterozygosity than expected by chance. Collectively, our results suggest that high immigration rates can maintain genetic variation at a regional scale despite simultaneous extirpations in spatially proximate populations. Thus, virulent diseases may increase genetic diversity of host populations by creating vacant habitats that allow an influx of genetic diversity. Furthermore, even highly virulent diseases may not eliminate individuals randomly; rather, they may selectively remove the most inbred individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren C Sackett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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110
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111
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Stewart AM, Cachat J, Green J, Gaikwad S, Kyzar E, Roth A, Davis A, Collins C, El-Ounsi M, Pham M, Kalueff AV. Constructing the habituome for phenotype-driven zebrafish research. Behav Brain Res 2013; 236:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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112
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Abstract
Individuals foraging in groups can use two different tactics for obtaining food resources. Individuals can either search for food sources themselves (producing) or they can join food discoveries of others (scrounging). In this study we use a genetic algorithm in a spatially explicit producer-scrounger game to explore how individuals compromise between exploration (an important axis of animal personality) and scrounging and how characteristics of the environment affect this compromise. Agents varied in exploration and scrounging and a genetic algorithm searched for the optimal combination of exploration and scrounging. The foraging environments featured different levels of patch richness, predation and patch density. Our simulations show that under conditions of low patch densities slow exploring scroungers were favored whereas high patch density favored fast exploring individuals that either produced (at low patch richness) or scrounged (at high patch richness). In high predation environments fast exploring individuals were selected for but only at low to intermediate patch densities. Predation did not affect scrounging behavior. We did not find a divergence of exploration ‘types’ within a given environment, but there was a general association between exploration and scrounging across different environments: high rates of scrounging were observed over nearly the full spectrum of exploration values, whereas high rates of producing were only observed at high exploration values, suggesting that cases in which slow explorers start producing should be rare. Our results indicate that the spatial arrangement of food resources can affect the optimal social attraction rules between agents, the optimality of foraging tactic and the interaction between both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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113
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Fischer S, Frommen JG. Eutrophication alters social preferences in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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114
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Thibaudeau G, Altig R. Coloration of Anuran Tadpoles (Amphibia): Development, Dynamics, Function, and Hypotheses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/725203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorations of anuran tadpoles surely function in many of the same ways that have been ascribed to color and pattern in other animals, but the paucity of data forces one to look to other groups to generate hypotheses. Such an action often occurs because of the difficulty of defining specific fitness parameters to larval forms. The commonly muted colorations of tadpoles are typically considered to function only in some form of crypsis, but we discuss other functions in the particular context of behavioral ecology and changes induced by various kinds of coinhabitants. We review the development, terminology, diversity, and functions of coloration in tadpoles and then pose various questions for future research. We strongly support a broad-based perspective that calls for an integration of several fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Thibaudeau
- Insitute for Imaging and Analytical Technologies, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ronald Altig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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115
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Is risk taking during foraging a personality trait? A field test for cross-context consistency in boldness. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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116
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Edenbrow M, Croft DP. Environmental and genetic effects shape the development of personality traits in the mangrove killifishKryptolebias marmoratus. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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117
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Adriaenssens B, Johnsson JI. Natural selection, plasticity and the emergence of a behavioural syndrome in the wild. Ecol Lett 2012; 16:47-55. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Adriaenssens
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; 2052; Australia
| | - Jörgen I. Johnsson
- Animal Ecology; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 463; 40530; Gothenburg; Sweden
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118
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Laine VN, Herczeg G, Shikano T, Primmer CR. Heterozygosity-behaviour correlations in nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) populations: contrasting effects at random and functional loci. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4872-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika N. Laine
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku; FI-20014; Finland
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65; Helsinki; FI-00014; Finland
| | - Takahito Shikano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65; Helsinki; FI-00014; Finland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku; FI-20014; Finland
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119
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Carter A, Goldizen A, Heinsohn R. Personality and plasticity: temporal behavioural reaction norms in a lizard, the Namibian rock agama. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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120
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Carter AJ, Feeney WE. Taking a comparative approach: analysing personality as a multivariate behavioural response across species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42440. [PMID: 22860126 PMCID: PMC3409165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal personality, repeatable behaviour through time and across contexts, is ecologically and evolutionarily important as it can account for the exhibition of sub-optimal behaviours. Interspecific comparisons have been suggested as important for understanding the evolution of animal personality; however, these are seldom accomplished due, in part, to the lack of statistical tools for quantifying differences and similarities in behaviour between groups of individuals. We used nine species of closely-related coral reef fishes to investigate the usefulness of ecological community analyses for the analysis of between-species behavioural differences and behavioural heterogeneity. We first documented behavioural carryover across species by observing the fishes' behaviour and measuring their response to a threatening stimulus to quantify boldness. Bold fish spent more time away from the reef and fed more than shy fish. We then used ecological community analysis tools (canonical variate analysis, multi-response permutation procedure, and permutational analysis of multivariate dispersion) and identified four ‘clusters’ of behaviourally similar fishes, and found that the species differ in the behavioural variation expressed; some species are more behaviourally heterogeneous than others. We found that ecological community analysis tools are easily and fruitfully applied to comparative studies of personality and encourage their use by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia J. Carter
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - William E. Feeney
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
- * E-mail:
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121
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Peiman KS, Robinson BW. Diversifying and correlational selection on behavior toward conspecific and heterospecific competitors in brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans). Ecol Evol 2012; 2:2141-54. [PMID: 23139874 PMCID: PMC3488666 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviors toward heterospecifics and conspecifics may be correlated because of shared mechanisms of expression in both social contexts (nonadaptive covariation) or because correlational selection favors adaptive covariation. We evaluated these hypotheses by comparing behavior toward conspecifics and heterospecifics in brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) from three populations sympatric with and three allopatric from a competitor, the ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). Behavioral traits were classified into three multivariate components: overt aggression, sociability, and activity. The correlation of behavior between social contexts for both overt aggression and activity varied among populations in a way unrelated to sympatry with ninespine stickleback, while mean aggression was reduced in sympatry. Correlations in allopatric populations suggest that overt aggression and activity may genetically covary between social contexts for nonadaptive reasons. Sociability was rarely correlated in allopatry but was consistently correlated in sympatry despite reduced mean sociability, suggesting that correlational selection may favor a sociability syndrome in brook stickleback when they coexist with ninespine stickleback. Thus, interspecific competition may impose diversifying selection on behavior among populations, although the causes of correlated behavior toward conspecifics and heterospecifics and whether it can evolve in one social context independent of the other may depend on the type of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Peiman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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122
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David M, Auclair Y, Cézilly F. Assessing Short- and Long-Term Repeatability and Stability of Personality in Captive Zebra Finches Using Longitudinal Data. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2012.02085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick Auclair
- Équipe Écologie Évolutive; UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon; France
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123
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124
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Predator-induced changes in the boldness of naïve field crickets, Gryllus integer, depends on behavioural type. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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125
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Magnhagen C, Hellström G, Borcherding J, Heynen M. Boldness in two perch populations - long-term differences and the effect of predation pressure. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:1311-1318. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carin Magnhagen
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Gustav Hellström
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Jost Borcherding
- Department of General Ecology and Limnology; Zoological Institute of the University of Cologne; Ecological Field Station Grietherbusch D-50923 Cologne Germany
| | - Martina Heynen
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden
- Department of General Ecology and Limnology; Zoological Institute of the University of Cologne; Ecological Field Station Grietherbusch D-50923 Cologne Germany
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126
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Kanda LL, Louon L, Straley K. Stability in Activity and Boldness Across Time and Context in Captive Siberian Dwarf Hamsters. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2012.02038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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127
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Archard GA, Earley RL, Hanninen AF, Braithwaite VA. Correlated behaviour and stress physiology in fish exposed to different levels of predation pressure. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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128
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Ingram T, Svanbäck R, Kraft NJB, Kratina P, Southcott L, Schluter D. INTRAGUILD PREDATION DRIVES EVOLUTIONARY NICHE SHIFT IN THREESPINE STICKLEBACK. Evolution 2012; 66:1819-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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129
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Dingemanse NJ, Barber I, Wright J, Brommer JE. Quantitative genetics of behavioural reaction norms: genetic correlations between personality and behavioural plasticity vary across stickleback populations. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:485-96. [PMID: 22236352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural ecologists have proposed various evolutionary mechanisms as to why different personality types coexist. Our ability to understand the evolutionary trajectories of personality traits requires insights from the quantitative genetics of behavioural reaction norms. We assayed > 1000 pedigreed stickleback for initial exploration behaviour of a novel environment, and subsequent changes in exploration over a few hours, representing their capacity to adjust their behaviour to changes in perceived novelty and risk. We found heritable variation in both the average level of exploration and behavioural plasticity, and population differences in the sign of the genetic correlation between these two reaction norm components. The phenotypic correlation was not a good indicator of the genetic correlation, implying that quantitative genetics are necessary to appropriately evaluate evolutionary hypotheses in cases such as these. Our findings therefore have important implications for future studies concerning the evolution of personality and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Dingemanse
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
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130
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Smith BR, Blumstein DT. Structural consistency of behavioural syndromes: does predator training lead to multi-contextual behavioural change? BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156853912x634133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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131
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Vernier P, Kyzar EJ, Maximino C, Tierney K, Gebhardt M, Lange M, Jesuthasan S, Stewart AM, Neuhauss SC, Robinson K, Norton W, Herculano AM, Cachat J, Tropepe V, Landsman S, Wisenden B, Bally-Cuif L, Kalueff AV. Time to recognize zebrafish ‘affective’ behavior. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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132
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Bell AM, Peeke HVS. Individual variation in habituation: behaviour over time toward different stimuli in threespine sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus). BEHAVIOUR 2012; 149:1339-1365. [PMID: 25678715 DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Habituation, or the relatively permanent waning of a response as a result of repeated stimulation, is a form of behavioural plasticity that allows animals to filter out irrelevant stimuli and to focus selectively on important stimuli. Individuals that fail to habituate might be at a disadvantage if they continue to respond to irrelevant stimuli; therefore, habituation can have adaptive significance. In this study we compared rates of behaviour over time toward three different ecologically-relevant stimuli (food, a male intruder and a gravid female) in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We detected evidence for habituation to the stimuli, and males in this study were especially aggressive toward both male and female conspecifics. Although there were some clear temporal patterns that could be detected by looking at average behaviour, not all individuals behaved in the same 'average' way. We detected substantial inter-individual variation in behaviour toward all three stimuli, inter-individual variation in rates of habituation to both male and female conspecifics, but no evidence for correlations between behaviours across stimuli (behavioural syndromes). These results suggest that individual animals vary in rates of habituation, and prompt hypotheses about the causes and consequences of variation in rates of habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Bell
- Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Harman V S Peeke
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA ; Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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133
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Herczeg G, Garamszegi LZ. Individual deviation from behavioural correlations: a simple approach to study the evolution of behavioural syndromes. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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134
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Bize P, Diaz C, Lindström J. Experimental evidence that adult antipredator behaviour is heritable and not influenced by behavioural copying in a wild bird. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1380-8. [PMID: 21976691 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the relative importance of genetics and behavioural copying is crucial to appraise the evolvability of behavioural consistencies. Yet, genetic and non-genetic factors are often deeply intertwined, and experiments are required to address this issue. We investigated the sources of variation of adult antipredator behaviour in the Alpine swift (Apus melba) by making use of long-term behavioural observations on parents and cross-fostered offspring. By applying an 'animal model' approach to observational data, we show that antipredator behaviour of adult Alpine swifts was significantly repeatable over lifetime (r = 0.273) and heritable (h(2) = 0.146). Regression models also show that antipredator behaviours differed between colonies and sexes (females were more tame), and varied with the hour and year of capture. By applying a parent-offspring regression approach to 59 offspring that were exchanged as eggs or hatchlings between pairs of nests, we demonstrate that offspring behaved like their biological parents rather than like their foster parents when they were adults themselves. Those findings provide strong evidence that antipredator behaviour of adult Alpine swifts is shaped by genetics and/or pre-hatching maternal effects taking place at conception but not by behavioural copying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bize
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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135
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Mobley KB, Lussetti D, Johansson F, Englund G, Bokma F. Morphological and genetic divergence in Swedish postglacial stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) populations. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:287. [PMID: 21970590 PMCID: PMC3198969 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the processes that govern phenotypic variation in natural populations. We assessed patterns of morphological and genetic divergence among coastal and inland lake populations of nine-spined stickleback in northern Sweden. Coastal populations are either from the Baltic coast (n = 5) or from nearby coastal lakes (n = 3) that became isolated from the Baltic Sea (< 100 years before present, ybp). Inland populations are from freshwater lakes that became isolated from the Baltic approximately 10,000 ybp; either single species lakes without predators (n = 5), or lakes with a recent history of predation (n = 5) from stocking of salmonid predators (~50 ybp). RESULTS Coastal populations showed little variation in 11 morphological traits and had longer spines per unit of body length than inland populations. Inland populations were larger, on average, and showed greater morphological variation than coastal populations. A principal component analysis (PCA) across all populations revealed two major morphological axes related to spine length (PC1, 47.7% variation) and body size (PC2, 32.9% variation). Analysis of PCA scores showed marked similarity in coastal (Baltic coast and coastal lake) populations. PCA scores indicate that inland populations with predators have higher within-group variance in spine length and lower within-group variance in body size than inland populations without predators. Estimates of within-group PST (a proxy for QST) from PCA scores are similar to estimates of FST for coastal lake populations but PST >FST for Baltic coast populations. PST >FST for PC1 and PC2 for inland predator and inland no predator populations, with the exception that PST CONCLUSIONS Baltic coast and coastal lake populations show little morphological and genetic variation within and between groups suggesting that these populations experience similar ecological conditions and that time since isolation of coastal lakes has been insufficient to demonstrate divergent morphology in coastal lake populations. Inland populations, on the other hand, showed much greater morphological and genetic variation characteristic of long periods of isolation. Inland populations from lakes without predators generally have larger body size, and smaller spine length relative to body size, suggesting systematic reduction in spine length. In contrast, inland populations with predators exhibit a wider range of spine lengths relative to body size suggesting that this trait is responding to local predation pressure differently among these populations. Taken together the results suggest that predation plays a role in shaping morphological variation among isolated inland populations. However, we cannot rule out that a causal relationship between predation versus other genetic and environmental influences on phenotypic variation not measured in this study exists, and this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon B Mobley
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus väg 6, Umeå University, 90187 Sweden
| | - Daniel Lussetti
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus väg 6, Umeå University, 90187 Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus väg 6, Umeå University, 90187 Sweden
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus väg 6, Umeå University, 90187 Sweden
| | - Folmer Bokma
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus väg 6, Umeå University, 90187 Sweden
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136
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Edenbrow M, Croft D. Behavioural types and life history strategies during ontogeny in the mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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137
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138
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HERCZEG G, VÄLIMÄKI K. Intraspecific variation in behaviour: effects of evolutionary history, ontogenetic experience and sex. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2434-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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139
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Moya-Laraño J. Genetic variation, predator-prey interactions and food web structure. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1425-37. [PMID: 21444316 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Food webs are networks of species that feed on each other. The role that within-population phenotypic and genetic variation plays in food web structure is largely unknown. Here, I show via simulation how variation in two key traits, growth rates and phenology, by influencing the variability of body sizes present through time, can potentially affect several structural parameters in the direction of enhancing food web persistence: increased connectance, decreased interaction strengths, increased variation among interaction strengths and increased degree of omnivory. I discuss other relevant traits whose variation could affect the structure of food webs, such as morphological and additional life-history traits, as well as animal personalities. Furthermore, trait variation could also contribute to the stability of food web modules through metacommunity dynamics. I propose future research to help establish a link between within-population variation and food web structure. If appropriately established, such a link could have important consequences for biological conservation, as it would imply that preserving (functional) genetic variation within populations could ensure the preservation of entire communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Moya-Laraño
- Cantabrian Institute of Biodiversity (ICAB), Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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140
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Gracceva G, Koolhaas JM, Groothuis TGG. Does the early social environment affect structure and consistency of personality in wild-type male's rat? Dev Psychobiol 2011; 53:614-23. [PMID: 21761410 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal personality has been extensively studied from a functional and evolutionary point of view. Less attention has been paid to the development of personality, its phenotypic plasticity, and the influence of manipulation of early environmental factors. Here we describe the effects of manipulating the sex ratio of the litter, at postnatal day (pnd) 3, in wild-type rats, on personality traits in adulthood. We measured the treatment effects on aggression, defensive burying, and open field behavior at pnd 90 and 120, as well as on their contextual generality, and stability over time (differential and structural consistency). Main effects of litter composition were found on open field behavior at pnd 120 but not on the other behaviors. Since correlations between behaviors changed over time irrespective of the specific treatment, whereas in previous studies on unmanipulated litters this was not the case we suggest that early handling may disrupt adult personality traits. Overall the data indicate that personality is less stable over time that often assumed, having both proximate and ultimate implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gracceva
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Institute of Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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141
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Sanogo YO, Hankison S, Band M, Obregon A, Bell AM. Brain transcriptomic response of threespine sticklebacks to cues of a predator. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2011; 77:270-85. [PMID: 21677424 DOI: 10.1159/000328221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Predation pressure represents a strong selective force that influences the development and evolution of living organisms. An increasing number of studies have shown that both environmental and social factors, including exposure to predators, substantially shape the structure and function of the brain. However, our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of the brain to environmental stimuli is limited. In this study, we used whole-genome comparative oligonucleotide microarrays to investigate the brain transcriptomic response to cues of a predator in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. We found that repeated exposure to olfactory, visual and tactile cues of a predator (rainbow trout, Oncorrhynchus mykiss) for 6 days resulted in subtle but significant transcriptomic changes in the brain of sticklebacks. Gene functional analysis and gene ontology enrichment revealed that the majority of the transcripts differentially expressed between the fish exposed to cues of a predator and the control group were related to antigen processing and presentation involving the major histocompatibility complex, transmission of synaptic signals, brain metabolic processes, gene regulation and visual perception. The top four identified pathways were synaptic long-term depression, RAN signaling, relaxin signaling and phototransduction. Our study demonstrates that exposure of sticklebacks to cues of a predator results in the activation of a wide range of biological and molecular processes and lays the foundation for future investigations on the molecular factors that modulate the function and evolution of the brain in response to stressors.
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142
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The influence of experience on risk taking: results from a common-garden experiment on populations of Eurasian perch. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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143
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Inheritance of vertebral number in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). PLoS One 2011; 6:e19579. [PMID: 21603609 PMCID: PMC3095613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in the number of vertebrae is taxonomically widespread, and both genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to this variation. However, the relative importance of genetic versus environmental influences on variation in vertebral number has seldom been investigated with study designs that minimize bias due to non-additive genetic and maternal influences. We used a paternal half-sib design and animal model analysis to estimate heritability and causal components of variance in vertebral number in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We found that both the number of vertebrae (h(2) = 0.36) and body size (h(2) = 0.42) were moderately heritable, whereas the influence of maternal effects was estimated to be negligible. While the number of vertebrae had a positive effect on body size, no evidence for a genetic correlation between body size and vertebral number was detected. However, there was a significant positive environmental correlation between these two traits. Our results support the generalization--in accordance with results from a review of heritability estimates for vertebral number in fish, reptiles and mammals--that the number of vertebrae appears to be moderately to highly heritable in a wide array of species. In the case of the three-spined stickleback, independent evolution of body size and number of vertebrae should be possible given the low genetic correlation between the two traits.
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144
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Chervet N, Zöttl M, Schürch R, Taborsky M, Heg D. Repeatability and heritability of behavioural types in a social cichlid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2011; 2011:321729. [PMID: 21716729 PMCID: PMC3119426 DOI: 10.4061/2011/321729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim. The quantitative genetics underlying correlated behavioural traits (''animal personality") have hitherto been studied mainly in domesticated animals. Here we report the repeatability (R) and heritability (h(2)) of behavioural types in the highly social cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher. Methods. We tested 1779 individuals repeatedly and calculated the h(2) of behavioural types by variance components estimation (GLMM REML), using 1327 offspring from 162 broods from 74 pairs. Results. Repeatability of behavioural types was significant and considerable (0.546), but declined from 0.83 between tests conducted on the same day, to 0.19 on tests conducted up to 1201 days apart. All h(2) estimates were significant but low (e.g., pair identity h(2) = 0.15 ± 0.03 SE). Additionally, we found significant variation between broods nested within the parent(s), but these were not related to several environmental factors tested. Conclusions. We conclude that despite a considerable R, h(2) in this cichlid species is low, and variability in behavioural type appears to be strongly affected by other (non)genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Chervet
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Zöttl
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schürch
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Taborsky
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Dik Heg
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
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145
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Examination of boldness traits in sexual and asexual mollies (Poecilia latipinna, P. formosa). Acta Ethol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-011-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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146
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Höjesjö J, Adriaenssens B, Bohlin T, Jönsson C, Hellström I, Johnsson JI. Behavioural syndromes in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta); life history, family variation and performance in the wild. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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147
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Nilsson KA, Lundbäck S, Postavnicheva-Harri A, Persson L. Guppy populations differ in cannibalistic degree and adaptation to structural environments. Oecologia 2011; 167:391-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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148
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Dochtermann NA. TESTING CHEVERUD'S CONJECTURE FOR BEHAVIORAL CORRELATIONS AND BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES. Evolution 2011; 65:1814-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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149
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Bell AM, Dingemanse NJ, Hankison SJ, Langenhof MBW, Rollins K. Early exposure to nonlethal predation risk by size-selective predators increases somatic growth and decreases size at adulthood in three-spined sticklebacks. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:943-53. [PMID: 21375647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Predation has an important influence on life history traits in many organisms, especially when they are young. When cues of trout were present, juvenile sticklebacks grew faster. The increase in body size as a result of exposure to cues of predators was adaptive because larger individuals were more likely to survive predation. However, sticklebacks that had been exposed to cues of predators were smaller at adulthood. This result is consistent with some life history theory. However, these results prompt an alternative hypothesis, which is that the decreased size at adulthood reflects a deferred cost of early rapid growth. Compared to males, females were more likely to survive predation, but female size at adulthood was more affected by cues of predators than male size at adulthood, suggesting that size at adulthood might be more important to male fitness than to female fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bell
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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150
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Personality traits and the effects of DHA supplementation in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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