101
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Bock J, Jacobi HW. Development of a Mechanism for Nitrate Photochemistry in Snow. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1790-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josué Bock
- Université Joseph Fourier — Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Grenoble, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 St. Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Hans-Werner Jacobi
- Université Joseph Fourier — Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Grenoble, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 St. Martin d’Hères, France
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102
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Křepelová A, Newberg J, Huthwelker T, Bluhm H, Ammann M. The nature of nitrate at the ice surface studied by XPS and NEXAFS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8870-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00359j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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103
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Mizuse K, Hamashima T, Fujii A. Infrared Spectroscopy of Phenol−(H2O)n>10: Structural Strains in Hydrogen Bond Networks of Neutral Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:12134-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9061187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mizuse
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toru Hamashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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104
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Abstract
Abstract
It is shown that the existing notions of the triple point phase equilibrium and the sublimation process need revision. To understand these phenomena a different approach is proposed, substantiated with the principle of least time for phase transitions. It is deduced that sublimation is a two-step phase transition through an intermediate (liquid) state.The new approach is consistent with the modern viewpoint of the first-order phase transitions. Some experimental data support the proposed approach.
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105
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Schöder S, Reichert H, Schröder H, Mezger M, Okasinski JS, Honkimäki V, Bilgram J, Dosch H. Radiation-induced premelting of ice at silica interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:095502. [PMID: 19792807 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.095502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The existence of surface and interfacial melting of ice below 0 degrees C has been confirmed by many different experimental techniques. Here we present a high-energy x-ray reflectivity study of the interfacial melting of ice as a function of both temperature and x-ray irradiation dose. We found a clear increase of the thickness of the quasiliquid layer with the irradiation dose. By a systematic x-ray study, we have been able to unambiguously disentangle thermal and radiation-induced premelting phenomena. We also confirm the previously announced very high water density (1.25 g/cm(3)) within the emerging quasiliquid layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schöder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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106
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Ardura D, Kahan TF, Donaldson DJ. Self-Association of Naphthalene at the Air−Ice Interface. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7353-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811385m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ardura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. F. Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
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107
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Johansson TP, Leach GW. A Low Temperature Phase Transition in Langmuir-Blodgett Films. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:13823-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Johansson
- Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research, 4D LABS and Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Gary W. Leach
- Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research, 4D LABS and Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6 Canada
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108
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Tian C, Ji N, Waychunas GA, Shen YR. Interfacial structures of acidic and basic aqueous solutions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13033-9. [PMID: 18774819 DOI: 10.1021/ja8021297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phase-sensitive sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy was used to study water/vapor interfaces of HCl, HI, and NaOH solutions. The measured imaginary part of the surface spectral responses provided direct characterization of OH stretch vibrations and information about net polar orientations of water species contributing to different regions of the spectrum. We found clear evidence that hydronium ions prefer to emerge at interfaces. Their OH stretches contribute to the "ice-like" band in the spectrum. Their charges create a positive surface field that tends to reorient water molecules more loosely bonded to the topmost water layer with oxygen toward the interface, and thus enhances significantly the "liquid-like" band in the spectrum. Iodine ions in solution also like to appear at the interface and alter the positive surface field by forming a narrow double-charge layer with hydronium ions. In NaOH solution, the observed weak change of the "liquid-like" band and disappearance of the "ice-like" band in the spectrum indicates that OH(-) ions must also have excess at the interface. How they are incorporated in the interfacial water structure is, however, not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshan Tian
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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109
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Djikaev YS. Effect of the Surface-Stimulated Mode on the Kinetics of Homogeneous Crystal Nucleation in Droplets. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6592-600. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8008942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Djikaev
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14094
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110
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Meyer T, Wania F. Organic contaminant amplification during snowmelt. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:1847-65. [PMID: 18222526 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The release of organic contaminants from melting snow poses risks to aquatic and terrestrial organisms and to humans who rely on drinking water and food production from regions that are seasonally snow-covered. Measured and model-predicted spring peak concentrations in waters receiving snowmelt motivate a thorough investigation of organic contaminant behaviour during melting. On the basis of the current understanding of snow metamorphosis, snowmelt hydrology and chemical partitioning in snow, this critical review aims to provide a qualitative picture of the processes involved in the release of organic contaminants from a melting snowpack. The elution sequence of organic substances during snowmelt is strongly dependent on their environmental partitioning properties and the physical properties of the snowpack. Water-soluble organic contaminants can be discharged in greatly elevated concentrations at an early stage of melting, while the bulk of the hydrophobic chemicals attached to particles is often released at the end of the melt period. Melting of a highly metamorphosed and deep snowpack promotes such shock load releases, whereas a shallow snow cover over a relatively warm ground experiencing irregular melting over the winter season is unlikely to generate notable peak releases of organic substances. Meltwater runoff over frozen ground directly transfers contaminant shock loads into receiving water bodies, while permeable soils buffer and dilute the contaminants. A more quantitative understanding of the behaviour of organic contaminants in varying snowmelt scenarios will depend on controlled laboratory studies combined with field investigations. Reliable numerical process descriptions will need to be developed to integrate water quality and contaminant fate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Meyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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111
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Ji N, Ostroverkhov V, Tian CS, Shen YR. Characterization of vibrational resonances of water-vapor interfaces by phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:096102. [PMID: 18352727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.096102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy provides correct characterization of vibrational resonances of water-vapor interfaces and allows better identification of interfacial water species contributing to different parts of the spectra. Iodine ions emerging at an interface create a surface field that tends to reorient the more loosely bonded water molecules below the topmost layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ji
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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112
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Groenzin H, Li I, Buch V, Shultz MJ. The single-crystal, basal face of ice I(h) investigated with sum frequency generation. J Chem Phys 2008; 127:214502. [PMID: 18067359 DOI: 10.1063/1.2801642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sum frequency generation spectroscopy has been used to investigate the hydrogen-bonded region of single-crystal, hexagonal ice in the temperature range of 113-178 K. The temperature and polarization dependences of the signal are used in conjunction with a recent theoretical model to suggest an interpretation of the bluest and reddest of the hydrogen-bonded peaks. The reddest feature is associated with strong hydrogen bonding; the dynamic polarizability of this feature is primarily parallel to the surface. It is assigned to a cooperative motion among the companion to the free-OH and four-coordinate oscillators hydrogen bonded to dangling lone-pair molecules on the surface. The bluest hydrogen-bonded feature is similarly assigned to a cooperative motion of the OH stretch of dangling lone-pair molecules and of four-coordinate molecules in the lower half bilayer that are hydrogen bonded to free-OH molecules. Reconstruction induced strain is present at as low as 113 K. These results provide a richer picture of the ice surface than has heretofore been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Groenzin
- Pearson Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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113
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Starr DE, Wong EK, Worsnop DR, Wilson KR, Bluhm H. A combined droplet train and ambient pressure photoemission spectrometer for the investigation of liquid/vapor interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3093-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b800717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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114
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Li Q, Hua R, Cheah IJ, Chou KC. Surface Structure Relaxation of Poly(methyl methacrylate). J Phys Chem B 2007; 112:694-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp072147j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ignatius J. Cheah
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Keng C. Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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115
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Buch V, Tarbuck T, Richmond GL, Groenzin H, Li I, Shultz MJ. Sum frequency generation surface spectra of ice, water, and acid solution investigated by an exciton model. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:204710. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2790437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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116
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Lu H, McCartney SA, Sadtchenko V. Fast thermal desorption spectroscopy study of H∕D isotopic exchange reaction in polycrystalline ice near its melting point. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:184701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2786101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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117
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Grannas AM, Bausch AR, Mahanna KM. Enhanced Aqueous Photochemical Reaction Rates after Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11043-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp073802q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Grannas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Alexandra R. Bausch
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Kendell M. Mahanna
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
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118
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Kahan TF, Reid JP, Donaldson DJ. Spectroscopic Probes of the Quasi-Liquid Layer on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11006-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074551o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. F. Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
| | - J. P. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
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119
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Anwar J, Chatchawalsaisin J, Kendrick J. Asymmetric Crystal Growth of α-Resorcinol from the Vapor Phase: Surface Reconstruction and Conformational Change Are the Culprits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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120
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Anwar J, Chatchawalsaisin J, Kendrick J. Asymmetric Crystal Growth of α-Resorcinol from the Vapor Phase: Surface Reconstruction and Conformational Change Are the Culprits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5537-40. [PMID: 17577893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Anwar
- Computational Laboratory, Institution of Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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121
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Madarász A, Rossky PJ, Turi L. Excess electron relaxation dynamics at water/air interfaces. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:234707. [PMID: 17600435 DOI: 10.1063/1.2741514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations of the relaxation of a ground state excess electron at interfaces of different phases of water with air. The investigated systems included ambient water/air, supercooled water/air, Ih ice/air, and amorphous solid water/air interfaces. The present work explores the possible connections of the examined interfacial systems to finite size cluster anions and the three-dimensional infinite, fully hydrated electron. Localization site analyses indicate that in the absence of nuclear relaxation the electron localizes in a shallow potential trap on the interface in all examined systems in a diffuse, surface-bound (SB) state. With relaxation, the weakly bound electron undergoes an ultrafast localization and stabilization on the surface with the concomitant collapse of its radius. In the case of the ambient liquid interface the electron slowly (on the 10 ps time scale) diffuses into the bulk to form an interior-bound state. In each other case, the excess electron persists on the interface in SB states. The relaxation dynamics occur through distinct SB structures which are easily distinguishable by their energetics, geometries, and interactions with the surrounding water bath. The systems exhibiting the most stable SB excess electron states (supercooled water/air and Ih ice/air interfaces) are identified by their characteristic hydrogen-bonding motifs which are found to contain double acceptor-type water molecules in the close vicinity of the electron. These surface states correlate reasonably with those extrapolated to infinite size from simulated water cluster anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adám Madarász
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 112, P.O. Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
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122
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Abstract
A qualitatively new understanding of the nature of ions at the liquid water surface is emerging. Traditionally, the characterization of liquid surfaces has been limited to macroscopic experimental techniques such as surface tension and electrostatic potential measurements, wherein the microscopic picture then has to be inferred by applying theoretical models. Because the surface tension of electrolyte solutions generally increases with ion concentration, all inorganic ions have been thought to be repelled from the air-water interface, leaving the outermost surface layer essentially devoid of ions. This oversimplified picture has recently been challenged: first by chemical kinetics measurements, then by theoretical molecular dynamics simulations using polarizable models, and most recently by new surface sensitive experimental observations. Here we present an overview of the nature of the interfacial structure of electrolyte solutions and give a detailed description of the new picture that is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul B Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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123
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Kahan TF, Donaldson DJ. Photolysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Water and Ice Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:1277-85. [PMID: 17256828 DOI: 10.1021/jp066660t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence detection was used to measure photolysis rates of anthracene and naphthalene at the air-ice interface, and the kinetics were compared to those observed in water solution and at the air-water interface. Direct photolysis proceeds much more quickly at the air-ice interface than at the air-water interface, whereas indirect photolysis due to the presence of nitrate or hydrogen peroxide appears to be suppressed at the ice surface with respect to the liquid water surface. Both naphthalene and anthracene self-associate readily on the ice surface, but not on the water surface. The increase in photolysis rates observed on ice surfaces is not due to this self-association, however. The wavelength dependence of the photolysis indicates that it is due to absorption by the PAH. No dependence of the rate on temperature is seen, either at the liquid water surface or at the ice surface. Molecular oxygen appears to play a complex role in the photolytic loss mechanism, increasing or decreasing the photolysis rate depending on its concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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124
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New Research Tool for Understanding of Surfaces - Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2006.50.6.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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125
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Abstract
The dynamics of a thin film of ice Ih deposited on MgO (001) is studied through molecular dynamics simulations performed with two new potential models of ice. This system is chosen because it is possible to compare the results of the simulations to incoherent neutron quasielastic scattering experiments performed few years ago and to previous molecular dynamics simulations using the TIP4P potential model. The present simulations are performed to determine the evolution of the translational and orientational order parameters of the ice film upon temperature increase in the 250-280 K range. They are also used to calculate the translational and orientational diffusion coefficients of the water molecules in the supported film as a function of the temperature. When using the TIP5P potential, the present results show a better agreement with experimental data than those calculated with the TIP4P potential, especially regarding the temperature above which significant changes are obtained in the dynamics of the water film. Similar conclusions are obtained when using the TIP4P/ice potential, although this latter potential clearly underestimates the translational diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Picaud
- Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire-UMR CNRS 6624, Faculté des Sciences, La Bouloie, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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126
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Suter MT, Andersson PU, Pettersson JBC. Surface properties of water ice at 150–191K studied by elastic helium scattering. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:174704. [PMID: 17100458 DOI: 10.1063/1.2359444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly surface sensitive technique based on elastic scattering of low-energy helium atoms has been used to probe the conditions in the topmost molecular layer on ice in the temperature range of 150-191 K. The elastically scattered intensity decreased slowly as the temperature was increased to about 180 K, followed by a rapid decrease at higher temperatures. An effective surface Debye temperature of 185+/-10 K was calculated from the data below 180 K. The changes in the ice surface above 180 K are interpreted as the onset of an anomalous enhancement of the mean square vibrational amplitude for the surface molecules and/or the onset of a limited amount of disorder in the ice surface. The interpretation is consistent with earlier experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations. The observed changes above 180 K can be considered as the first sign of increased mobility of water molecules in the ice surface, which ultimately leads to the formation of a quasiliquid layer at higher temperatures. A small shift and broadening of the specular peak was also observed in the range of 150-180 K and the effect is explained by the inherent corrugation of the crystalline ice surface. The peak shift became more pronounced with increasing temperature, which indicates that surface corrugation increases as the temperature approaches 180 K. The results have implications for the properties and surface chemistry of atmospheric ice particles, and may contribute to the understanding of solvent effects on the internal molecular motion of hydrated proteins and other organic structures such as DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina T Suter
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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127
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Ofer E, Sloutskin E, Tamam L, Ocko BM, Deutsch M. Surface freezing in binary alkane-alcohol mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:021602. [PMID: 17025441 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.021602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface freezing was detected and studied in mixtures of alcohol and alkane molecules, using surface tensiometry and surface-specific x-ray scattering methods. Considering that surface freezing in pure alkanes forms an ordered monolayer and in alcohols it forms an ordered bilayer, the length mismatch repulsion was minimized by varying the carbon number of the alkane component around 2n, where n is the carbon number of the alcohol molecule. A solutionlike behavior was found for all mixtures, where the ideal liquid mixture phase-separates upon freezing both in the bulk and the surface. The solid exhibits a herringbone crystalline phase below an alkane mole fraction phi(t) approximately 0.8 and a rotator phase above it. The surface frozen film below phi(t) is an alkane monolayer exhibiting a next-nearest neighbor molecular tilt of a composition-dependent magnitude. Above phi(t), no diffraction peaks were observed. This could be explained by the intrinsically shorter-range order of the rotator phase and a possible proliferation of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ofer
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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128
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Mikkelsen KV. CORRELATED ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE NONLINEAR RESPONSE METHODS FOR STRUCTURED ENVIRONMENTS. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2006; 57:365-402. [PMID: 16599815 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.57.032905.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
▪ Abstract This contribution concerns a brief outline of structural environment models where correlated electronic structure response methods are utilized for the determination of nonlinear optical properties of molecules. The presentation provides theory and applications of a heterogeneous dielectric media model and a quantum mechanical–classical mechanical model at the level of correlated electronic structure response methods. The correlated electronic structure response methods include the multiconfigurational self-consistent field method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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129
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Shen YR, Ostroverkhov V. Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy on Water Interfaces: Polar Orientation of Water Molecules at Interfaces. Chem Rev 2006; 106:1140-54. [PMID: 16608175 DOI: 10.1021/cr040377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Ron Shen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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130
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Gan W, Wu D, Zhang Z, Feng RR, Wang HF. Polarization and experimental configuration analyses of sum frequency generation vibrational spectra, structure, and orientational motion of the air/water interface. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:114705. [PMID: 16555908 DOI: 10.1063/1.2179794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a detailed study on spectroscopy, structure, and orientational distribution, as well as orientational motion, of water molecules at the air/water interface, investigated with sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS). Quantitative polarization and experimental configuration analyses of the SFG data in different polarizations with four sets of experimental configurations can shed new light on our present understanding of the air/water interface. Firstly, we concluded that the orientational motion of the interfacial water molecules can only be in a limited angular range, instead of rapidly varying over a broad angular range in the vibrational relaxation time as suggested previously. Secondly, because different vibrational modes of different molecular species at the interface has different symmetry properties, polarization and symmetry analyses of the SFG-VS spectral features can help the assignment of the SFG-VS spectra peaks to different interfacial species. These analyses concluded that the narrow 3693 cm(-1) and broad 3550 cm(-1) peaks belong to C(infinityv) symmetry, while the broad 3250 and 3450 cm(-1) peaks belong to the symmetric stretching modes with C2v symmetry. Thus, the 3693 cm(-1) peak is assigned to the free OH, the 3550 cm(-1) peak is assigned to the singly hydrogen-bonded OH stretching mode, and the 3250 and 3450 cm(-1) peaks are assigned to interfacial water molecules as two hydrogen donors for hydrogen bonding (with C2v symmetry), respectively. Thirdly, analysis of the SFG-VS spectra concluded that the singly hydrogen-bonded water molecules at the air/water interface have their dipole vector directed almost parallel to the interface and is with a very narrow orientational distribution. The doubly hydrogen-bonded donor water molecules have their dipole vector pointing away from the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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131
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Gan W, Wu D, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Wang HF. Orientation and Motion of Water Molecules at Air/Water Interface. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1360/cjcp2006.19(1).20.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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132
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Konek CT, Illg KD, Al-Abadleh HA, Voges AB, Yin G, Musorrafiti MJ, Schmidt CM, Geiger FM. Nonlinear Optical Studies of the Agricultural Antibiotic Morantel Interacting with Silica/Water Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:15771-7. [PMID: 16277520 DOI: 10.1021/ja054837b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is now known that the untreated discharge of pharmaceuticals into the environment can impact human health and development and lead to increased drug resistance in biota. Here, we present the first direct interface-specific studies that address the mobility of the widely used agricultural antibiotic morantel, which is commonly present in farm runoff. Surface-bound morantel was spectroscopically identified using second harmonic generation (SHG) via a two-photon resonance of its n-pi* transition and in the C-H stretching region by vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG). Resonantly enhanced SHG adsorption isotherm measurements carried out at the silica/water interface between 6 x 10(-7) and 5 x 10(-5) M morantel concentration result in a free energy of adsorption of 42(2) kJ/mol at pH 7. Finally, real-time tracking of morantel interaction with the silica/water interface shows that the binding events are fully reversible, consistent with its high mobility in silica-rich soil environments. This work thus indicates that pharmaceuticals discharged into the environment can enter the groundwater supply of municipal water systems, at which point their removal is challenging. In addition, the high mobility of morantel in silica-rich soil environments could lead to developing increased interaction of this antibiotic with target organisms, which could respond by increased drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Konek
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Environmental Catalysis, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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133
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Henson BF, Voss LF, Wilson KR, Robinson JM. Thermodynamic model of quasiliquid formation on H2O ice: Comparison with experiment. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:144707. [PMID: 16238416 DOI: 10.1063/1.2056541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new thermodynamic theory of the quasiliquid layer, which has been shown to be effective in modeling the phenomenon in a number of molecular systems. Here we extend our analysis to H(2)O ice, which has obvious implications for environmental and atmospheric chemistry. In the model, the liquid layer exists in contact with an ice defined as a two-dimensional lattice of sites. The system free energy is defined by the bulk free energies of ice I(h) and liquid water and is minimized in the grand canonical ensemble. An additional configurational entropy term arises from the occupation of the lattice sites. Furthermore, the theory predicts that the layer thickness as a function of temperature depends only on the liquid activity. Two additional models are derived, where slightly different approximations are used to define the free energy. With these two models, we illustrate the connection between the quasiliquid phenomenon and multilayer adsorption and the possibility of a two-dimensional phase transition connecting a dilute low coverage phase of adsorbed H(2)O and the quasiliquid phase. The model predictions are in agreement with a subset of the total suite of experimental measurements of the liquid thickness on H(2)O ice as a function of temperature. The theory indicates that the quasiliquid layer is actually equivalent to normal liquid water, and we discuss the impact of such an identification. In particular, observations of the liquid layer to temperatures as low as 200 K indicate the possibility that the quasiliquid is, in fact, an example of deeply supercooled normal water. Finally, we briefly discuss the obvious extension of the pure liquid theory to a thermodynamic theory of interfacial solutions on ice in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Henson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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134
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Al-Abadleh HA, Mifflin AL, Musorrafiti MJ, Geiger FM. Kinetic Studies of Chromium (VI) Binding to Carboxylic Acid- and Methyl Ester-Functionalized Silica/Water Interfaces Important in Geochemistry. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:16852-9. [PMID: 16853144 DOI: 10.1021/jp053006p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Real-time kinetic measurements of hexavalent chromium binding to fused silica surfaces functionalized with carboxylic acid and methyl ester terminal groups are performed in situ using resonantly enhanced surface second harmonic generation (SHG) at pH 7 and 300 K. These functional groups were chosen because of their high abundance in humic acids and related biopolymers. Kinetic measurements are conducted in the submonolayer regime using chromate solution concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-6) to 2 x 10(-5) M. The adsorption rates were analyzed using the standard Langmuir model and the Frumkin-Fowler-Guggenheim model. The desorption kinetics are consistent with a first-order process. These results indicate that hexavalent chromium mobility in carboxylic acid- and ester-rich soil environments increases with decreasing chromate concentrations. Based on the measured half-lives of the adsorbed Cr(VI) species, remobilization of bound hexavalent chromium due to natural or anthropogenic events that lower the chromate concentration in the aqueous phase can occur within minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind A Al-Abadleh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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135
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Engemann S, Reichert H, Dosch H, Bilgram J, Honkimäki V, Snigirev A. Interfacial melting of ice in contact with SiO(2). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:205701. [PMID: 15169368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.205701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The physical behavior of condensed matter can be drastically altered in the presence of interfaces. Using a high-energy x-ray transmission-reflection scheme, we have studied ice-SiO2 model interfaces. We observed the formation of a quasiliquid layer below the bulk melting temperature and determined its thickness and density as a function of temperature. The quasiliquid layer has stronger correlations than water and a large density close to rho(HDA)=1.17 g/cm(3) of high-density amorphous ice suggesting a structural relationship with the postulated high-density liquid phase of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Engemann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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136
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Ji N, Shen YR. Sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy of leucine molecules adsorbed at air–water interface. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:7107-12. [PMID: 15267614 DOI: 10.1063/1.1669375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy was used to study adsorption of leucine molecules at air-water interface from solutions with different concentrations and pH values. The surface density and the orientation of the isopropyl head group of the adsorbed leucine molecules could be deduced from the measurements. It was found that the orientation depends on the surface density, but only weakly on bulk pH value at the saturated surface density. The vibrational spectra of the interfacial water molecules appeared to be strongly affected by the charge state of the adsorbed leucine molecules. Enhancement and inversion of polar orientation of interfacial water molecules by surface charges or field controllable by the bulk pH value were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ji
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, USA
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137
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Souda
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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138
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Yamada T, Okuyama H, Aruga T, Nishijima M. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Crystalline Multilayer Ice: Surface Modes in the Intermolecular-Vibration Region. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035753x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - H. Okuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - T. Aruga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - M. Nishijima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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139
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Gurau MC, Kim G, Lim SM, Albertorio F, Fleisher HC, Cremer PS. Organization of Water Layers at Hydrophilic Interfaces. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:1231-3. [PMID: 14653003 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Gurau
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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140
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Chu L, Anastasio C. Quantum Yields of Hydroxyl Radical and Nitrogen Dioxide from the Photolysis of Nitrate on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0349132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chu
- Atmosphere Science Program, Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8627
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Atmosphere Science Program, Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8627
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141
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Abbatt JPD. Interactions of Atmospheric Trace Gases with Ice Surfaces: Adsorption and Reaction. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4783-800. [PMID: 14664633 DOI: 10.1021/cr0206418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6.
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142
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Sloutskin E, Wu XZ, Peterson TB, Gang O, Ocko BM, Sirota EB, Deutsch M. Surface freezing in binary mixtures of chain molecules. I. Alkane mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 68:031605. [PMID: 14524779 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.031605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2002] [Revised: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
X-ray surface scattering and surface tension measurements are used to study surface freezing in molten mixtures of alkanes. These binary mixtures consist of protonated and deuterated alkanes, as well as of alkanes of different lengths. As for pure alkanes, a crystalline monolayer is formed at the surface a few degrees above the bulk freezing temperature. The structure of the monolayer has been determined on an angstrom scale. A simple theoretical approach is used to account for the thermodynamical observations at the surface and in the bulk. The model is based on a competition between entropic mixing and a repulsive interaction due to chain-length mismatch. The surface and bulk liquid phases are treated as ideal mixtures, while the solid phases are treated as regular mixtures. The theory is found to account well for all the mixtures studied, both hydrogenated-hydrogenated and hydrogenated-deuterated. The repulsive interaction and its dependence on the chain lengths of the components are determined from fits to the measured data.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sloutskin
- Physics Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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143
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Kubota J, Wada A, Kano SS, Domen K. Time-resolved study of D2O ice crystal on CO/Pt(111) by ultra-short NIR laser pumping: melting and recrystallization without desorption. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)01087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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144
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Ice Nanoparticles and Ice Adsorbate Interactions: FTIR Spectroscopy and Computer Simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05231-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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145
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Bogdan A. Study of finely divided aqueous systems as an aid to understanding the surface chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds: Case of HCl/H2O and HNO3/HCl/H2O systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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146
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Parent P, Laffon C, Mangeney C, Bournel F, Tronc M. Structure of the water ice surface studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the O K-edge. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1519256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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147
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Peeters P, Gielis JJH, van Dongen MEH. The nucleation behavior of supercooled water vapor in helium. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1501885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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148
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Abstract
The presence of snow greatly perturbs the composition of near-surface polar air, and the higher concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) observed result in a greater oxidative capacity of the lower atmosphere. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid, light aldehydes, acetone, and molecular halogens have also been detected. Photolysis of nitrate ions contained in the snow appears to play an important role in creating these perturbations. OH formed in the snowpack can oxidize organic matter and halide ions in the snow, producing carbonyl compounds and halogens that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into snow crystals. These reactions modify the composition of the snow, of the interstitial air, and of the overlying atmosphere. Reconstructing the composition of past atmospheres from ice-core analyses may therefore require complex corrections and modeling for reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Dominé
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, B.P. 96, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex, France.
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149
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Richmond GL. Molecular bonding and interactions at aqueous surfaces as probed by vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2693-724. [PMID: 12175265 DOI: 10.1021/cr0006876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G L Richmond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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150
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Jørgensen S, Ratner MA, Mikkelsen KV. Cubic nonlinear optical response of a molecule in an inhomogeneous solvation environment: A response theory formalism. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1469611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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