101
|
Klem K, Gargallo-Garriga A, Rattanapichai W, Oravec M, Holub P, Veselá B, Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Urban O. Distinct Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses to Light Quality in Barley Leaves and Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1026. [PMID: 31475023 PMCID: PMC6703096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light quality modulates plant growth, development, physiology, and metabolism through a series of photoreceptors perceiving light signal and related signaling pathways. Although the partial mechanisms of the responses to light quality are well understood, how plants orchestrate these impacts on the levels of above- and below-ground tissues and molecular, physiological, and morphological processes remains unclear. However, the re-allocation of plant resources can substantially adjust plant tolerance to stress conditions such as reduced water availability. In this study, we investigated in two spring barley genotypes the effect of ultraviolet-A (UV-A), blue, red, and far-red light on morphological, physiological, and metabolic responses in leaves and roots. The plants were grown in growth units where the root system develops on black filter paper, placed in growth chambers. While the growth of above-ground biomass and photosynthetic performance were enhanced mainly by the combined action of red, blue, far-red, and UV-A light, the root growth was stimulated particularly by supplementary far-red light to red light. Exposure of plants to the full light spectrum also stimulates the accumulation of numerous compounds related to stress tolerance such as proline, secondary metabolites with antioxidative functions or jasmonic acid. On the other hand, full light spectrum reduces the accumulation of abscisic acid, which is closely associated with stress responses. Addition of blue light induced accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), sorgolactone, or several secondary metabolites. Because these compounds play important roles as osmolytes, antioxidants, UV screening compounds, or growth regulators, the importance of light quality in stress tolerance is unequivocal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Centro de Investigación Ecológica y Aplicaciones Forestales (CREAF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Centro de Investigación Ecológica y Aplicaciones Forestales (CREAF), Barcelona, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Centro de Investigación Ecológica y Aplicaciones Forestales (CREAF), Barcelona, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Vanhaelewyn L, Bernula P, Van Der Straeten D, Vandenbussche F, Viczián A. UVR8-dependent reporters reveal spatial characteristics of signal spreading in plant tissues. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1030-1045. [PMID: 30838366 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The UV Resistance Locus 8 (UVR8) photoreceptor controls UV-B mediated photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. The aim of this work is to collect and characterize different molecular reporters of photomorphogenic UV-B responses. Browsing available transcriptome databases, we identified sets of genes responding specifically to this radiation and are controlled by pathways initiated from the UVR8 photoreceptor. We tested the transcriptional changes of several reporters and found that they are regulated differently in different parts of the plant. Our experimental system led us to conclude that the examined genes are not controlled by light piping of UV-B from the shoot to the root or signalling molecules which may travel between different parts of the plant body but by local UVR8 signalling. The initiation of these universal signalling steps can be the induction of Elongated Hypocotyl 5 (HY5) and its homologue, HYH transcription factors. We found that their transcript and protein accumulation strictly depends on UVR8 and happens in a tissue autonomous manner. Whereas HY5 accumulation correlates well with the UVR8 signal across cell layers, the induction of flavonoids depends on both UVR8 signal and a yet to be identified tissue-dependent or developmental determinant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vanhaelewyn
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Santos Teixeira JA, Ten Tusscher KH. The Systems Biology of Lateral Root Formation: Connecting the Dots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:784-803. [PMID: 30953788 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The root system is a major determinant of a plant's access to water and nutrients. The architecture of the root system to a large extent depends on the repeated formation of new lateral roots. In this review, we discuss lateral root development from a systems biology perspective. We focus on studies combining experiments with computational modeling that have advanced our understanding of how the auxin-centered regulatory modules involved in different stages of lateral root development exert their specific functions. Moreover, we discuss how these regulatory networks may enable robust transitions from one developmental stage to the next, a subject that thus far has received limited attention. In addition, we analyze how environmental factors impinge on these modules, and the different manners in which these environmental signals are being integrated to enable coordinated developmental decision making. Finally, we provide some suggestions for extending current models of lateral root development to incorporate multiple processes and stages. Only through more comprehensive models we can fully elucidate the cooperative effects of multiple processes on later root formation, and how one stage drives the transition to the next.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Santos Teixeira
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K H Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Zheng Z, Gao S, Wang G. Far red light induces the expression of LHCSR to trigger nonphotochemical quenching in the intertidal green macroalgae Ulva prolifera. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
105
|
Zhou T, Wang L, Li S, Gao Y, Du Y, Zhao L, Liu W, Yang W. Interactions Between Light Intensity and Phosphorus Nutrition Affect the P Uptake Capacity of Maize and Soybean Seedling in a Low Light Intensity Area. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:183. [PMID: 30838016 PMCID: PMC6390497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To capture more nutrients, root systems of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) exhibit morphological and physiological plasticity to a localized supply of phosphorus (P). However, the mechanisms of the interaction between light intensity and P affecting root morphological and physiological alterations remain unclear. In the present study, the regulation of P uptake capacity of maize and soybean by light intensity and localized P supply was investigated in a low solar radiation area. The plants were grown under continual and disrupted light conditions with homogeneous and heterogeneous P supply. Light capture of maize and soybean increased under the disrupted light condition. Plant dry weight and P uptake were increased by more light capture, particularly when plants were grown in soil with heterogeneous P supply. Similarly, both localized P supply and disrupted light treatment increased the production of fine roots and specific root length in maize. Both homogeneous P supply and disrupted light treatment increased the malate and citrate exudation in the root of soybean. Across all of the experimental treatments, high root morphological plasticity of maize and root physiological plasticity of soybean were associated with lower P concentrations in leaves and greater sucrose concentrations in roots. It is suggested that the carbon (C), exceeded shoot growth capabilities and was transferred to roots as sucrose, which may serve as both a nutritional signal and a C-substrate for root morphological and physiological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongli Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Sichuan Coalfield Geological Bureau, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Swarup R, Bhosale R. Developmental Roles of AUX1/LAX Auxin Influx Carriers in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1306. [PMID: 31719828 PMCID: PMC6827439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin is predominantly synthesized in the shoot apex and developing leaf primordia and from there it is transported to the target tissues e.g. roots. Auxin transport is polar in nature and is carrier-mediated. AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX1/LAX) family members are the major auxin influx carriers whereas PIN-FORMED (PIN) family and some members of the P-GLYCOPROTEIN/ATP-BINDING CASSETTE B4 (PGP/ABCB) family are major auxin efflux carriers. AUX1/LAX auxin influx carriers are multi-membrane spanning transmembrane proteins sharing similarity to amino acid permeases. Mutations in AUX1/LAX genes result in auxin related developmental defects and have been implicated in regulating key plant processes including root and lateral root development, root gravitropism, root hair development, vascular patterning, seed germination, apical hook formation, leaf morphogenesis, phyllotactic patterning, female gametophyte development and embryo development. Recently AUX1 has also been implicated in regulating plant responses to abiotic stresses. This review summarizes our current understanding of the developmental roles of AUX1/LAX gene family and will also briefly discuss the modelling approaches that are providing new insight into the role of auxin transport in plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Swarup
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ranjan Swarup,
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Ma L, Li G. Auxin-Dependent Cell Elongation During the Shade Avoidance Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:914. [PMID: 31354778 PMCID: PMC6640469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant uses multiple photoreceptors and downstream components to rapidly respond to dynamic changes in environmental light. Under shade conditions, many species exhibit shade avoidance responses that promote stem and petiole elongation, thus helping plants reach the sunlight. In the last few years, the regulatory molecular mechanisms by which plants respond to shade signals have been intensively studied. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms underlying auxin-mediated cell elongation in the shade avoidance responses. In the early response to shade signals, auxin biosynthesis, transport, and sensitivity are all rapidly activated, thus promoting cell elongation of the hypocotyls and other organs. Under prolonged shade, increased auxin sensitivity-rather than increased auxin biosynthesis-plays a major role in cell elongation. In addition, we discuss the interaction network of photoreceptors and Phytochrome-Interacting Factors, and the antagonistic regulation of Auxin/Indole Acetic Acid proteins by auxin and light. This review provides perspectives to reframe how we think about shade responses in the natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Ma,
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Gang Li,
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Zhang Y, Wang C, Xu H, Shi X, Zhen W, Hu Z, Huang J, Zheng Y, Huang P, Zhang KX, Xiao X, Hao X, Wang X, Zhou C, Wang G, Li C, Zheng L. HY5 Contributes to Light-Regulated Root System Architecture Under a Root-Covered Culture System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1490. [PMID: 31850011 PMCID: PMC6892842 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Light is essential for plant organogenesis and development. Light-regulated shoot morphogenesis has been extensively studied; however, the mechanisms by which plant roots perceive and respond to aboveground light are largely unknown, particularly because the roots of most terrestrial plants are usually located underground in darkness. To mimic natural root growth conditions, we developed a root-covered system (RCS) in which the shoots were illuminated and the plant roots could be either exposed to light or cultivated in darkness. Using the RCS, we observed that root growth of wild-type plants was significantly promoted when the roots were in darkness, whereas it was inhibited by direct light exposure. This growth change seems to be regulated by ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a master regulator of photomorphogenesis. Light was found to regulate HY5 expression in the roots, while a HY5 deficiency partially abolished the inhibition of growth in roots directly exposed to light, suggesting that HY5 expression is induced by direct light exposure and inhibits root growth. However, no differences in HY5 expression were observed between illuminated and dark-grown cop1 roots, indicating that HY5 may be regulated by COP1-mediated proteasome degradation. We confirmed the crucial role of HY5 in regulating root development in response to light under soil-grown conditions. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that light controls the expression of numerous genes involved in phytohormone signaling, stress adaptation, and metabolic processes in a HY5-dependent manner. In combination with the results of the flavonol quantification and exogenous quercetin application, these findings suggested that HY5 regulates the root response to light through a complex network that integrates flavonol biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species signaling. Collectively, our results indicate that HY5 is a master regulator of root photomorphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chunfei Wang
- Center for Multi-omics Research, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Center for Multi-omics Research, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weibo Zhen
- Center for Multi-omics Research, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Center for Multi-omics Research, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Huang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Yan Zheng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Kun-Xiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xincai Hao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU)/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Wang, ; Chen Li, ; Lanlan Zheng,
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Wang, ; Chen Li, ; Lanlan Zheng,
| | - Lanlan Zheng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Wang, ; Chen Li, ; Lanlan Zheng,
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Sakuraba Y, Kanno S, Mabuchi A, Monda K, Iba K, Yanagisawa S. A phytochrome-B-mediated regulatory mechanism of phosphorus acquisition. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:1089-1101. [PMID: 30518831 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a key macronutrient whose availability has a profound effect on plant growth and productivity. The understanding of the mechanism underlying P availability-responsive P acquisition has expanded largely in the past decade; however, effects of other environmental factors on P acquisition and utilization remain elusive. Here, by imaging natural variation in phosphate uptake in 200 natural accessions of Arabidopsis, we identify two accessions with low phosphate uptake activity, Lm-2 and CSHL-5. In these accessions, natural variants of phytochrome B were found to cause both decreased light sensitivity and lower phosphate uptake. Furthermore, we also found that expression levels of phosphate starvation-responsive genes are directly modulated by phytochrome interacting factors (PIF) PIF4/PIF5 and HY5 transcription factors whose activity is under the control of phytochromes. These findings disclose a new molecular mechanism underlying red-light-induced activation of phosphate uptake, which is responsible for different activity for P acquisition in some natural accessions of Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Sakuraba
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Kanno
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mabuchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keina Monda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Sessa G, Carabelli M, Possenti M, Morelli G, Ruberti I. Multiple Pathways in the Control of the Shade Avoidance Response. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040102. [PMID: 30453622 PMCID: PMC6313891 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To detect the presence of neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants have evolved the ability to perceive and integrate multiple signals. Among them, changes in light quality and quantity are central to elicit and regulate the shade avoidance response. Here, we describe recent progresses in the comprehension of the signaling mechanisms underlying the shade avoidance response, focusing on Arabidopsis, because most of our knowledge derives from studies conducted on this model plant. Shade avoidance is an adaptive response that results in phenotypes with a high relative fitness in individual plants growing within dense vegetation. However, it affects the growth, development, and yield of crops, and the design of new strategies aimed at attenuating shade avoidance at defined developmental stages and/or in specific organs in high-density crop plantings is a major challenge for the future. For this reason, in this review, we also report on recent advances in the molecular description of the shade avoidance response in crops, such as maize and tomato, and discuss their similarities and differences with Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Sessa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Carabelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Possenti
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ida Ruberti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Liu L, Li Y, She G, Zhang X, Jordan B, Chen Q, Zhao J, Wan X. Metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analyses reveal an essential role of UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in response to shading. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:233. [PMID: 30314466 PMCID: PMC6186127 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is the most popular nonalcoholic beverage worldwide for its pleasant characteristics and healthful properties. Catechins, theanine and caffeine are the major natural products in tea buds and leaves that determine tea qualities such as infusion colors, tastes and fragrances, as well as their health benefits. Shading is a traditional and effective practice to modify natural product accumulation and to enhance the tea quality in tea plantation. However, the mechanism underlying the shading effects is not fully understood. This study aims to explore the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis under shading by using both metabolomic and transcriptional analyses. RESULTS While shading enhanced chlorophyll accumulation, major catechins, including C, EC, GC and EGC, decreased significantly in tea buds throughout the whole shading period. The reduction of catechins and flavonols were consistent with the simultaneous down-regulation of biosynthetic genes and TFs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Of 16 genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, F3'H and FLS significantly decreased throughout shading while the others (PAL, CHSs, DFR, ANS, ANR and LAR, etc.) temporally decreased in early or late shading stages. Gene co-expression cluster analysis suggested that a number of photoreceptors and potential genes involved in UV-B signal transductions (UVR8_L, HY5, COP1 and RUP1/2) showed decreasing expression patterns consistent with structural genes (F3'H, FLS, ANS, ANR, LAR, DFR and CHSs) and potential TFs (MYB4, MYB12, MYB14 and MYB111) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, when compared with genes in the UV-A/blue and red/far-red light signal transductions. The KEGG enrichment and matrix correlation analyses also attributed the regulation of catechin biosynthesis to the UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway. Further UV-B treatment in the controlled environment confirmed UV-B induction on flavonols and EGCG accumulation in tea leaves. CONCLUSIONS We proposed that catechin biosynthesis in C. sinensis leaves is predominantly regulated by UV through the UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway to MYB12/MYB4 downstream effectors, to modulate flavonoid accumulation. Our study provides new insights into our understanding of regulatory mechanisms for shading-enhanced tea quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Xianchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Brian Jordan
- Centre for Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647 New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Dröge-Laser W, Snoek BL, Snel B, Weiste C. The Arabidopsis bZIP transcription factor family-an update. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:36-49. [PMID: 29860175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The basic (region) leucine zippers (bZIPs) are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors in eukaryotic organisms. Here, we have updated the classification of the Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP-family, comprising 78 members, which have been assorted into 13 groups. Arabidopsis bZIPs are involved in a plethora of functions related to plant development, environmental signalling and stress response. Based on the classification, we have highlighted functional and regulatory aspects of selected well-studied bZIPs, which may serve as prototypic examples for the particular groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dröge-Laser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| | - Basten L Snoek
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Snel
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Weiste
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Küpers JJ, van Gelderen K, Pierik R. Location Matters: Canopy Light Responses over Spatial Scales. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:865-873. [PMID: 30037654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants use light as a signal to determine neighbour proximity in dense vegetation. Far-red (FR) light reflected from neighbour plants elicits an array of growth responses throughout the plant. Recently, various light quality-induced signals have been discovered that travel between organs and tissue layers. These signals share upstream and downstream components, but can have opposing effects on cell growth. The question is how plants can coordinate these spatial signals into various growth responses in remote tissues. This coordination allows plants to adapt to the environment, and understanding the underlying mechanisms could allow precision engineering of crops. To achieve this understanding, plant photobiology research will need to focus increasingly on spatial signalling at the whole-plant level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Küpers
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Zhou JJ, Luo J. The PIN-FORMED Auxin Efflux Carriers in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2759. [PMID: 30223430 PMCID: PMC6164769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionality of auxin flow is closely related to the asymmetric subcellular location of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. All PIN proteins have a conserved structure with a central hydrophilic loop domain, which harbors several phosphosites targeted by a set of protein kinases. The activities of PIN proteins are finely regulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli at multiple layers-including transcriptional and epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional modifications, subcellular trafficking, as well as PINs' recycling and turnover-to facilitate the developmental processes in an auxin gradient-dependent manner. Here, the recent advances in the structure, evolution, regulation and functions of PIN proteins in plants will be discussed. The information provided by this review will shed new light on the asymmetric auxin-distribution-dependent development processes mediated by PIN transporters in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
|
116
|
Hayes S. Improving on the Humble Spud. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:5-6. [PMID: 29720531 PMCID: PMC5933138 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
|