101
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Abstract
The modeling of forces during needle insertion into soft tissue is important for accurate surgical simulation, preoperative planning, and intelligent robotic assistance for percutaneous therapies. We present a force model for needle insertion and experimental procedures for acquiring data from ex vivo tissue to populate that model. Data were collected from bovine livers using a one-degree-of-freedom robot equipped with a load cell and needle attachment. computed tomography imaging was used to segment the needle insertion process into phases identifying different relative velocities between the needle and tissue. The data were measured and modeled in three parts: 1) capsule stiffness, a nonlinear spring model; 2) friction, a modified Karnopp model; and 3) cutting, a constant for a given tissue. In addition, we characterized the effects of needle diameter and tip type on insertion force using a silicone rubber phantom. In comparison to triangular and diamond tips, a bevel tip causes more needle bending and is more easily affected by tissue density variations. Forces for larger diameter needles are higher due to increased cutting and friction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Okamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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102
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Heijnsdijk EAM, Pasdeloup A, van der Pijl AJ, Dankelman J, Gouma DJ. The influence of force feedback and visual feedback in grasping tissue laparoscopicaUy. Surg Endosc 2004; 18:980-5. [PMID: 15108104 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-003-9244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the limited force feedback provided by laparoscopic instruments, surgeons may have difficulty in applying the appropriate force on the tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of force feedback and visual feedback on the exerted pinch force. METHODS A grasper with a force sensor in the jaws was developed. Subjects with and without laparoscopic experience grasped and pulled pig bowel with a force of 5 N. The applied pinch force was measured during tasks of 1-s and 1-min duration. Visual feedback was provided in half the measurements. Force feedback was adjusted by changing the mechanical efficiency of the forceps from 30% to 90%. RESULTS The mean pinch force applied was 6.8 N (+/-0.5), whereas the force to prevent slippage was 3.0 N (+/-0.4). Improving the mechanical efficiency had no effect on the pinch force for the 1-s measurements. The amount of excessive pinch force when holding tissue for 1 min was lower at 30% mechanical efficiency compared with 90% (105% vs 131%, p = 0.04). The tissue slipped more often when the subject had no visual feedback (2% vs 8%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Force feedback and visual feedback play a more limited role than expected in the task of grasping tissue with laparoscopic forceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A M Heijnsdijk
- Man-Machine Systems Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
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103
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Tholey G, Pillarisetti A, Green W, Desai JP. Design, Development, and Testing of an Automated Laparoscopic Grasper with 3-D Force Measurement Capability. MEDICAL SIMULATION 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-25968-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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104
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Perez CA, Santibañez AJ, Holzmann CA, Estévez PA, Held CM. Power requirements for vibrotactile piezo-electric and electromechanical transducers. Med Biol Eng Comput 2003; 41:718-26. [PMID: 14686598 DOI: 10.1007/bf02349980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human-machine information transfer through tactile excitation has addressed new applications in virtual reality, robotics, telesurgery, sensory substitution and rehabilitation for the handicapped in the past few years. Power consumption is an important factor in the design of vibrotactile displays, because it affects energy needs and the size, weight, heat dissipation and cost of the associated electronics. An experimental study is presented on the power required to reach tactile thresholds in electromechanical and piezo-electric transducers. Three different waveforms are considered, with an excitatory period formed by a burst of rectangular 50% duty cycle pulses (R50), rectangular low duty cycle pulses (RLO) and sinusoidal pulses (SIN). Ten different pulse repetition periods (RPs) were considered in the range 1/550-1/25 s. The voltage and current waveforms applied to the transducers at sensation thresholds in a group of 12 healthy subjects were sampled and stored in a digital oscilloscope. The average power was determined for each subject, and differences of two orders of magnitude were measured between the electromechanical and the piezo-electric transducer power consumption. Results show that, for the electromechanical transducer, a smaller power consumption of 25 microW was determined for RP = 1/25 s and the RLO waveform. In the case of the piezo-electric transducer, power of 0.21 microW was determined for SIN excitation and RP = 1/250 s. These results show the advantages of reducing power requirements for vibrotactile displays, which can be optimised by the choice of appropriate types of transducer, excitatory waveforms and pulse repetition periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perez
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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105
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106
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Bann S, Khan M, Hernandez J, Munz Y, Moorthy K, Datta V, Rockall T, Darzi A. Robotics in surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2003; 196:784-95. [PMID: 12742213 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(02)01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bann
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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107
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In-Vivo and Postmortem Compressive Properties of Porcine Abdominal Organs. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-39899-8_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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108
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Evaluating the Role of Vision and Force Feedback in Minimally Invasive Surgery: New Automated Laparoscopic Grasper and A Case Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-39899-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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109
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Characterization of Intra-abdominal Tissues from in vivo Animal Experiments for Surgical Simulation. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-39899-8_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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110
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Prasad SK, Kitagawa M, Fischer GS, Zand J, Talamini MA, Taylor RH, Okamura AM. A Modular 2-DOF Force-Sensing Instrument For Laparoscopic Surgery. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-39899-8_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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111
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Abstract
Virtual reality techniques are now more and more widely used in the field of surgical training. However, the realism of the simulation devices requires a good knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the living organs. To provide perioperative measurement of laparoscopic surgical operations, we equipped a conventional operating grasper with a force sensor and a position sensor. The entire apparatus was connected to a PC that controlled the real-time data acquisition. After calibrating the sensors, we conducted three series of in vivo measurements on animals under video control. A standardized protocol was set up to perform various surgical gestures in a reproducible manner. Under these conditions, we can assess an original tool for a quantitative approach of surgical gestures' mechanics. The preliminary results will be extended by measurements during other operations and with other surgical instruments. The in vivo quantification of the mechanical interactions between operating instruments and anatomical structures is of great interest for the introduction of the force feedback in virtual surgery, for the modeling of the mechanical behavior of living organs, and for the design of new surgical instruments. This quantification of manipulations opens new prospects in the evaluation of surgical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dubois
- Laboratoire de Biophysique (UPRES EA 1049), Institut de Technologie Médicale, Pavillon Vancostenobel, CH&U, Lille, France.
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112
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Surgical Skill Evaluation by Force Data for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Training System. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION — MICCAI 2002 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45786-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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113
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Analysis of Suture Manipulation Forces for Teleoperation with Force Feedback. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION — MICCAI 2002 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45786-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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114
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Hu T, Castellanos AE, Tholey G, Desai JP. Real-Time Haptic Feedback in Laparoscopic Tools for Use in Gastro-Intestinal Surgery*. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION — MICCAI 2002 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45786-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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115
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Rosen J, Hannaford B, Richards CG, Sinanan MN. Markov modeling of minimally invasive surgery based on tool/tissue interaction and force/torque signatures for evaluating surgical skills. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2001; 48:579-91. [PMID: 11341532 DOI: 10.1109/10.918597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The best method of training for laparoscopic surgical skills is controversial. Some advocate observation in the operating room, while others promote animal and simulated models or a combination of surgery-related tasks. A crucial process in surgical education is to evaluate the level of surgical skills. For laparoscopic surgery, skill evaluation is traditionally performed subjectively by experts grading a video of a procedure performed by a student. By its nature, this process uses fuzzy criteria. The objective of the current study was to develop and assess a skill scale using Markov models (MMs). Ten surgeons [five novice surgeons (NS); five expert surgeons (ES)] performed a cholecystectomy and Nissen fundoplication in a porcine model. An instrumented laparoscopic grasper equipped with a three-axis force/torque (F/T) sensor was used to measure the forces/torques at the hand/tool interface synchronized with a video of the tool operative maneuvers. A synthesis of frame-by-frame video analysis and a vector quantization algorithm, allowed to define F/T signatures associated with 14 different types of tool/tissue interactions. The magnitude of F/T applied by NS and ES were significantly different (p < 0.05) and varied based on the task being performed. High F/T magnitudes were applied by NS compared with ES while performing tissue manipulation and vise versa in tasks involved tissue dissection. From each step of the surgical procedures, two MMs were developed representing the performance of three surgeons out of the five in the ES and NS groups. The data obtained by the remaining two surgeons in each group were used for evaluating the performance scale. The final result was a surgical performance index which represented a ratio of statistical similarity between the examined surgeon's MM and the MM of NS and ES. The difference between the performance index value, for a surgeon under study, and the NS/ES boundary, indicated the level of expertise in the surgeon's own group. Using this index, 87.5% of the surgical procedures were correctly classified into the NS and ES groups. The 12.5% of the procedures that were misclassified were performed by the ES and classified as NS. However in these cases the performance index values were very close to the NS/ES boundary. Preliminary data suggest that a performance index based on MM and F/T signatures provides an objective means of distinguishing NS from ES. In addition, this methodology can be further applied to evaluate haptic virtual reality surgical simulators for improving realism in surgical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rosen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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116
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Link RE, Schulam PG, Kavoussi LR. Telesurgery. Remote monitoring and assistance during laparoscopy. Urol Clin North Am 2001; 28:177-88. [PMID: 11277063 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(01)80020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to open surgery, laparoscopy results in less postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization, more rapid return to the work force, a better cosmetic result, and a lower incidence of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions. These advantages are indisputable when comparing large series for cholecystectomy and smaller series for pelvic lymph node dissection, nephrectomy, and bladder neck suspension in experienced hands. Urologists have an obligation to explore the application of these methods to urologic disease and to adjust the standard of care accordingly. Several barriers to the expansion of urologic laparoscopic surgery exist. The experience in extirpative and reconstructive urologic procedures is limited when compared with the data on cholecystectomy. These procedures are technically complex and demand advanced laparoscopic skills and familiarity with laparoscopic anatomy. The steep learning curve translates into long operative times and an unacceptably high rate of complications for inexperienced laparoscopic surgeons. Most practicing urologists have no formal training in advanced laparoscopy, and no formal credentialing guidelines exist. Telesurgical technology may provide one solution to this problem. Through telesurgical mentoring, less experienced surgeons with basic laparoscopic skills could receive training in advanced techniques from a world expert without the need for travel. These systems could also be used to proctor laparoscopic cases for credentialing purposes and to provide a more uniform standard of care. This review has outlined some of the exciting progress made in the field of telesurgery over the past 10 years and described some of the technical and legal obstacles that remain to be surmounted. During the 1990s, urologists were at the forefront of innovation in remote telepresence surgery. As the scope of minimally invasive urologic surgery expands during the first few decades of the twenty-first century, telesurgical mentoring should have an increasingly important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Link
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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117
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In Vivo Data Acquisition Instrument for Solid Organ Mechanical Property Measurement. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION – MICCAI 2001 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45468-3_116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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118
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LiteratureWatch. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2000. [DOI: 10.1089/lap.2000.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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119
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Abstract
The latest dramatic progress in the technologies of the computer industry is likely to increasingly influence the oncologist's daily routine. Besides well known and established telemedical services such as videoconferencing, the most influential trends are the spread of digital hospital infrastructures with unlimited, secured access to all relevant patient information. This article seeks to summarise the most imminent influences of telemedical developments on the future of the oncologist: the effects of telemedical services and electronic infrastructures on clinical workflow and on medical quality management. In addition, the history of telemedicine, recent technologies and the performance of electronic patient records are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ricke
- Department of Radiology, Charité Campus Virchow, Medical Faculty of the Humboldt University, Augustenburgerplatz 1, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
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120
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Rosen J, Hannaford B, MacFarlane MP, Sinanan MN. Force controlled and teleoperated endoscopic grasper for minimally invasive surgery--experimental performance evaluation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1999; 46:1212-21. [PMID: 10513126 DOI: 10.1109/10.790498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Minimally invasive surgery generates new user interfaces which create visual and haptic distortion when compared to traditional surgery. In order to regain the tactile and kinesthetic information that is lost, a computerized force feedback endoscopic surgical grasper (FREG) was developed with computer control and a haptic user interface. The system uses standard unmodified grasper shafts and tips. The FREG can control grasping forces either by surgeon teleoperation control, or under software control. The FREG performance was evaluated using an automated palpation function (programmed series of compressions) in which the grasper measures mechanical properties of the grasped materials. The material parameters obtained from measurements showed the ability of the FREG to discriminate between different types of normal soft tissues (small bowel, lung, spleen, liver, colon, and stomach) and different kinds of artificial soft tissue replication materials (latex/silicone) for simulation purposes. In addition, subjective tests of ranking stiffness of silicone materials using the FREG teleoperation mode showed significant improvement in the performance compared to the standard endoscopic grasper. Moreover, the FREG performance was closer to the performance of the human hand than the standard endoscopic grasper. The FREG as a tool incorporating the force feedback teleoperation technology may provide the basis for application in telesurgery, clinical endoscopic surgery, surgical training, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rosen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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