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Akiba H, Takayanagi K, Kusano-Arai O, Iwanari H, Hamakubo T, Tsumoto K. Generation of biparatopic antibody through two-step targeting of fragment antibodies on antigen using SpyTag and SpyCatcher. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00418. [PMID: 31993343 PMCID: PMC6976922 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biparatopic fragment antibodies can overcome deficiencies in avidity of conventional antibody fragments. Here, we describe a technology for generating biparatopic antibodies through two-step targeting using a pair of polypeptides, SpyTag and SpyCatcher, that spontaneously react to form a covalent bond between antibody fragments. In this method, two antibody fragments, each targeting different epitopes of the antigen, are fused to SpyTag and to SpyCatcher. When the two polypeptides are serially added to the antigen, their proximity on the antigen results in covalent bond formation and generation of a biparatopic antibody. We validated the system with purified recombinant antigen. Results in antigen-overexpressing cells were promising although further optimization will be required. Because this strategy results in high-affinity targeting with a bipartite molecule that has considerably lower molecular weight than an antibody, this technology is potentially useful for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Akiba
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kensuke Takayanagi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Osamu Kusano-Arai
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.,Department of Protein-protein Interaction Research, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugimachi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, 211-8533, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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102
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Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply categorized as atopic or nonatopic, emerging analyses over the last few decades have revealed a variety of asthma endotypes that are attributed to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of asthma by endotype is primarily routed in different profiles of airway inflammation that contribute to bronchoconstriction. Many asthma therapeutics target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which either enhance bronchodilation or prevent bronchoconstriction. Short-acting and long-acting β 2-agonists are widely used bronchodilators that signal through the activation of the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Short-acting and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are used to reduce bronchoconstriction by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Leukotriene antagonists that block the signaling of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 are used as an add-on therapy to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation induced by cysteinyl leukotrienes. A number of GPCR-targeting asthma drug candidates are also in different stages of development. Among them, antagonists of prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 have advanced into phase III clinical trials. Others, including antagonists of the adenosine A2B receptor and the histamine H4 receptor, are in early stages of clinical investigation. In the past decade, significant research advancements in pharmacology, cell biology, structural biology, and molecular physiology have greatly deepened our understanding of the therapeutic roles of GPCRs in asthma and drug action on these GPCRs. This review summarizes our current understanding of GPCR signaling and pharmacology in the context of asthma treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although current treatment methods for asthma are effective for a majority of asthma patients, there are still a large number of patients with poorly controlled asthma who may experience asthma exacerbations. This review summarizes current asthma treatment methods and our understanding of signaling and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in asthma therapy, and discusses controversies regarding the use of GPCR drugs and new opportunities in developing GPCR-targeting therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
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103
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Akkilic N, Liljeblad M, Blaho S, Hölttä M, Höök F, Geschwindner S. Avidity-Based Affinity Enhancement Using Nanoliposome-Amplified SPR Sensing Enables Low Picomolar Detection of Biologically Active Neuregulin 1. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3166-3174. [PMID: 31724395 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers serve as indicators of disease progression or therapeutic response of an medical intervention, and means for enabling a reliable and sensitive biomarker detection are therefore vital in clinical settings. Most biosensor assays require high-affinity interactions in combination with an enzyme or fluorescent tag to enable detection and frequently employ extensive washing procedures prior to signal readout. Attempts to overcome this limitation by using natural biological partners tend to be demanding, because their very low affinity is frequently not compatible with the need of reaching low limits of detection (LODs), especially for circulating biomarkers that possess short half-lives. To address these challenges, we developed a label-free surface plasmon resonance (SPR) platform for the detection of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) using ErbB4-modified liposomes offering both signal amplification and affinity enhancement via functional multivalent interactions. Through the functional avidity interaction between NRG1 and ErbB4, an LOD of 3.5 picomolar was reached, which is about 60-fold higher than traditional SPR and miniaturized immunoassays. The biosensor displays also an 8-fold higher sensitivity when compared with a single-molecule immunoassay employing the natural binding partner rather than a high-affinity antibody as one of the interaction partners. In fact, the liposome-induced avidity between NRG1 and ErbB4 offered an LOD that was comparable to that obtained using a high-affinity antibody and enabled detection of NRG1 in plasma with a LOD of 36 pM. Employing the liposome-enhanced platform in conjunction with a low-affinity biomarker receptor thus enables the assessment of the functional state of the biomarker at competitive LODs and eliminates the need for high-affinity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Applied Physics, Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
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104
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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105
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Denoël T, Pedrelli L, Pantaleo G, Prior JO. A Robust Method for Assaying the Immunoreactive Fraction in Nonequilibrium Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E177. [PMID: 31817013 PMCID: PMC6958493 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoreactive fraction r provides important information on the functional purity of radiolabeled proteins. It is traditionally determined by saturating the radioimmunoconjugate with an increasing excess of antigen, followed by linear extrapolation to infinite antigen excess in a double inverse "Lindmo plot". Although several reports have described shortcomings in the Lindmo plot, a systematic examination is lacking. Using an experimental and simulation-based approach, we compared-for accuracy, precision and robustness-the Lindmo plot with the "rectangular hyperbola" extrapolation method based on the Langmuir model. The differences between the theoretical and extrapolated r values demonstrate that nonequilibrium and antigen depletion are important sources of error. The mathematical distortions resulting from the linearization of the data in the Lindmo plot induce fragility towards stochastic errors and make it necessary to exclude low bound fractions. The rectangular hyperbola provides robust and precise r estimates from raw binding data, even for slow kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Denoël
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.P.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Luca Pedrelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.P.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - John O. Prior
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.P.); (J.O.P.)
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106
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Varini K, Lécorché P, Sonnette R, Gassiot F, Broc B, Godard M, David M, Faucon A, Abouzid K, Ferracci G, Temsamani J, Khrestchatisky M, Jacquot G. Target engagement and intracellular delivery of mono- and bivalent LDL receptor-binding peptide-cargo conjugates: Implications for the rational design of new targeted drug therapies. J Control Release 2019; 314:141-161. [PMID: 31644939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery to specific tissues and subcellular compartments is of paramount importance to optimize therapeutic or diagnostic interventions while minimizing side-effects. Using recently identified LDL receptor (LDLR) -targeting small synthetic peptide-vectors conjugated to model cargos of different nature and size, we investigated in LDLR-expressing cells the impact of vector-cargo molecular engineering and coupling valency, as well as the cellular exposure duration on their target engagement and intracellular trafficking and delivery profiles. All vector-cargo conjugates evaluated were found to be delivered to late compartments together with the natural ligand LDL, although to varying extents and with different kinetics. Partial recycling together with the LDLR was also consistently observed. Under continuous cellular exposure, the extent of intracellular vector-cargo delivery primarily relies on their endosomal unloading potential. In this condition, the highest intracellular delivery potential was observed with a monovalent conjugate displaying a rather high LDLR dissociation rate. On the contrary, under transient cellular exposure followed by chase, low dissociation-rate bivalent conjugates revealed a higher intracellular delivery potential than the monovalent conjugate. This was shown to rely on their ability to undergo multiple endocytosis-recycling rounds, with limited release in the ligand-free medium. The absence of reciprocal competition with the natural ligand LDL on their respective intracellular trafficking was also demonstrated, which is essential in terms of potential safety liabilities. These results demonstrate that not only molecular engineering of new therapeutic conjugates of interest, but also the cellular exposure mode used during in vitro evaluations are critical to anticipate and optimize their delivery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varini
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INP, Inst. Neurophysiopathol., Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - B Broc
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | - M Godard
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | - M David
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | - A Faucon
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | | | - G Ferracci
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INP, Inst. Neurophysiopathol., Marseille, France
| | | | - M Khrestchatisky
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INP, Inst. Neurophysiopathol., Marseille, France
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107
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Saw PE, Song EW. Phage display screening of therapeutic peptide for cancer targeting and therapy. Protein Cell 2019; 10:787-807. [PMID: 31140150 PMCID: PMC6834755 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, phage display technology has been announced as the recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018. Phage display technique allows high affinity target-binding peptides to be selected from a complex mixture pool of billions of displayed peptides on phage in a combinatorial library and could be further enriched through the biopanning process; proving to be a powerful technique in the screening of peptide with high affinity and selectivity. In this review, we will first discuss the modifications in phage display techniques used to isolate various cancer-specific ligands by in situ, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo screening methods. We will then discuss prominent examples of solid tumor targeting-peptides; namely peptide targeting tumor vasculature, tumor microenvironment (TME) and over-expressed receptors on cancer cells identified through phage display screening. We will also discuss the current challenges and future outlook for targeting peptide-based therapeutics in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Er-Wei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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108
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Gerber HP, Sibener LV, Lee LJ, Gee M. Intracellular targets as source for cleaner targets for the treatment of solid tumors. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:275-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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109
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Bucaite G, Kang-Pettinger T, Moreira J, Gould HJ, James LK, Sutton BJ, McDonnell JM. Interplay between Affinity and Valency in Effector Cell Degranulation: A Model System with Polcalcin Allergens and Human Patient-Derived IgE Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1693-1700. [PMID: 31462504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An allergic reaction is rapidly generated when allergens bind and cross-link IgE bound to its receptor FcεRI on effector cells, resulting in cell degranulation and release of proinflammatory mediators. The extent of effector cell activation is linked to allergen affinity, oligomeric state, valency, and spacing of IgE-binding epitopes on the allergen. Whereas most of these observations come from studies using synthetic allergens, in this study we have used Timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 7 and birch pollen allergen Bet v 4 to study these effects. Despite the high homology of these polcalcin family allergens, Phl p 7 and Bet v 4 display different binding characteristics toward two human patient-derived polcalcin-specific IgE Abs. We have used native polcalcin dimers and engineered multimeric allergens to test the effects of affinity and oligomeric state on IgE binding and effector cell activation. Our results indicate that polcalcin multimers are required to stimulate high levels of effector cell degranulation when using the humanized RBL-SX38 cell model and that multivalency can overcome the need for high-affinity interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Bucaite
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Kang-Pettinger
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jorge Moreira
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; .,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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110
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Huang PT, Summers BJ, Xu C, Perilla JR, Malikov V, Naghavi MH, Xiong Y. FEZ1 Is Recruited to a Conserved Cofactor Site on Capsid to Promote HIV-1 Trafficking. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2373-2385.e7. [PMID: 31422020 PMCID: PMC6736649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 uses the microtubule network to traffic the viral capsid core toward the nucleus. Viral nuclear trafficking and infectivity require the kinesin-1 adaptor protein FEZ1. Here, we demonstrate that FEZ1 directly interacts with the HIV-1 capsid and specifically binds capsid protein (CA) hexamers. FEZ1 contains multiple acidic, poly-glutamate stretches that interact with the positively charged central pore of CA hexamers. The FEZ1-capsid interaction directly competes with nucleotides and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) that bind at the same location. In addition, all-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulations establish the molecular details of FEZ1-capsid interactions. Functionally, mutation of the FEZ1 capsid-interacting residues significantly reduces trafficking of HIV-1 particles toward the nucleus and early infection. These findings support a model in which the central capsid hexamer pore is a general HIV-1 cofactor-binding hub and FEZ1 serves as a unique CA hexamer pattern sensor to recognize this site and promote capsid trafficking in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Huang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Brady James Summers
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chaoyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Viacheslav Malikov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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111
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Kwon H, Son S, Byun Y. Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)‐Targeted Radionuclide Probes for Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmok Kwon
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyun Son
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
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112
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Christensen NR, Čalyševa J, Fernandes EFA, Lüchow S, Clemmensen LS, Haugaard‐Kedström LM, Strømgaard K. PDZ Domains as Drug Targets. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2:1800143. [PMID: 32313833 PMCID: PMC7161847 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions within protein networks shape the human interactome, which often is promoted by specialized protein interaction modules, such as the postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), discs-large, zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) (PDZ) domains. PDZ domains play a role in several cellular functions, from cell-cell communication and polarization, to regulation of protein transport and protein metabolism. PDZ domain proteins are also crucial in the formation and stability of protein complexes, establishing an important bridge between extracellular stimuli detected by transmembrane receptors and intracellular responses. PDZ domains have been suggested as promising drug targets in several diseases, ranging from neurological and oncological disorders to viral infections. In this review, the authors describe structural and genetic aspects of PDZ-containing proteins and discuss the current status of the development of small-molecule and peptide modulators of PDZ domains. An overview of potential new therapeutic interventions in PDZ-mediated protein networks is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj R. Christensen
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jelena Čalyševa
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Structural and Computational Biology UnitMeyerhofstraße 169117HeidelbergGermany
- EMBL International PhD ProgrammeFaculty of BiosciencesEMBL–Heidelberg UniversityGermany
| | - Eduardo F. A. Fernandes
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne Lüchow
- Department of Chemistry – BMCUppsala UniversityBox 576SE75123UppsalaSweden
| | - Louise S. Clemmensen
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Linda M. Haugaard‐Kedström
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
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113
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Tabasinezhad M, Talebkhan Y, Wenzel W, Rahimi H, Omidinia E, Mahboudi F. Trends in therapeutic antibody affinity maturation: From in-vitro towards next-generation sequencing approaches. Immunol Lett 2019; 212:106-113. [PMID: 31247224 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current advances in antibody engineering driving the strongest growth area in biotherapeutic agents development. Affinity improvement that is mainly important for biological activity and clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies, has still remained a challenging task. In the human body, during a course of immune response affinity maturation increase antibody activity by several rounds of somatic hypermutation and clonal selection in the germinal center. The final outputs are antibodies representing higher affinity and specificity against a particular antigen. In the realm of biotechnology, exploring of mutations which improve antibody affinity while preserving its specificity and stability is an extremely time-consuming and laborious process. Recent advances in computational algorithms and DNA sequencing technologies help researchers to redesign antibody structure to achieve desired properties such as improved binding affinity. In this review, we briefly described the principle of affinity maturation and different corresponding in vitro techniques. Also, we recapitulated the most recent advancements in the field of antibody affinity maturation including computational approaches and next-generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tabasinezhad
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yeganeh Talebkhan
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eskandar Omidinia
- Genetics & Metabolism Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Agnew HD, Coppock MB, Idso MN, Lai BT, Liang J, McCarthy-Torrens AM, Warren CM, Heath JR. Protein-Catalyzed Capture Agents. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9950-9970. [PMID: 30838853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-catalyzed capture agents (PCCs) are synthetic and modular peptide-based affinity agents that are developed through the use of single-generation in situ click chemistry screens against large peptide libraries. In such screens, the target protein, or a synthetic epitope fragment of that protein, provides a template for selectively promoting the noncopper catalyzed azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition click reaction between either a library peptide and a known ligand or a library peptide and the synthetic epitope. The development of epitope-targeted PCCs was motivated by the desire to fully generalize pioneering work from the Sharpless and Finn groups in which in situ click screens were used to develop potent, divalent enzymatic inhibitors. In fact, a large degree of generality has now been achieved. Various PCCs have demonstrated utility for selective protein detection, as allosteric or direct inhibitors, as modulators of protein folding, and as tools for in vivo tumor imaging. We provide a historical context for PCCs and place them within the broader scope of biological and synthetic aptamers. The development of PCCs is presented as (i) Generation I PCCs, which are branched ligands engineered through an iterative, nonepitope-targeted process, and (ii) Generation II PCCs, which are typically developed from macrocyclic peptide libraries and are precisely epitope-targeted. We provide statistical comparisons of Generation II PCCs relative to monoclonal antibodies in which the protein target is the same. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future opportunities of PCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Agnew
- Indi Molecular, Inc. , 6162 Bristol Parkway , Culver City , California 90230 , United States
| | - Matthew B Coppock
- Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Matthew N Idso
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
| | - Bert T Lai
- Indi Molecular, Inc. , 6162 Bristol Parkway , Culver City , California 90230 , United States
| | - JingXin Liang
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
| | - Amy M McCarthy-Torrens
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
| | - Carmen M Warren
- Indi Molecular, Inc. , 6162 Bristol Parkway , Culver City , California 90230 , United States
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue North , Seattle , Washington 98109-5234 , United States
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115
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Porcine Circovirus 2 Uses a Multitude of Weak Binding Sites To Interact with Heparan Sulfate, and the Interactions Do Not Follow the Symmetry of the Capsid. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02222-18. [PMID: 30602608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02222-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the smallest pathogenic virus capable of autonomous replication within its host. Infections result in immunosuppression and subsequent death of the host and are initiated via the attachment of the PCV2 icosahedral capsid to heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate B (CSB) glycosaminoglycans on the cell surface. However, the underlying mechanism of structural recognition remains to be explored. Using heparin, a routinely used analog of heparan sulfate, we demonstrate that increasing lengths of heparin exhibit a greater affinity toward PCV2. Our competition assays indicate that dextran sulfate (8 kDa) has a higher affinity for PCV2 than heparin (12 kDa), chondroitin sulfate B (41 kDa), hyaluronic acid (1.6 MDa), and dextran (6 kDa). This suggests that polymers high in sulfate content are capable of competing with the PCV2-heparan sulfate interaction and, thus, have the potential to inhibit PCV2 infection. Finally, we visualized the interaction between heparin and the PCV2 capsid using cryo-electron microscopy single-particle analysis, symmetry expansion, and focused classification. The image reconstructions provide the first example of an asymmetric distribution of heparin on the surface of an icosahedral virus capsid. We demonstrate that each of the 60 capsid subunits that generate the T=1 capsid can bind heparin via one of five binding sites. However, not all of the binding sites were occupied by heparin, and only one-third to two-thirds of the binding sites were occupied. The binding sites are defined by arginine, lysine, and polar amino acids. Mutating the arginine, lysine, and polar amino acids to alanine diminished the binding capacity of PCV2 to heparin.IMPORTANCE It has been demonstrated that porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) attaches to cells via heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate B (CSB) glycosaminoglycans; however, the underlying structural mechanism describing the HS/CSB recognition by PCV2 remains to be explored. We used cryo-electron microscopy with single-particle analysis, symmetry expansion, and focused classification to visualize the interaction between the PCV2 capsid and heparin, an analog of heparan sulfate, to better than 3.6-Å resolution. We observed that the interaction between PCV2 and heparin does not adhere to the icosahedral symmetry of the capsid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example where the interaction between heparin and an icosahedral capsid does not follow the symmetry elements of the capsid. Our findings also suggest that anionic polymers, such as dextran sulfate, may act to inhibit PCV2 infection.
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Erlendsson S, Thorsen TS, Vauquelin G, Ammendrup-Johnsen I, Wirth V, Martinez KL, Teilum K, Gether U, Madsen KL. Mechanisms of PDZ domain scaffold assembly illuminated by use of supported cell membrane sheets. eLife 2019; 8:39180. [PMID: 30605082 PMCID: PMC6345565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PDZ domain scaffold proteins are molecular modules orchestrating cellular signalling in space and time. Here, we investigate assembly of PDZ scaffolds using supported cell membrane sheets, a unique experimental setup enabling direct access to the intracellular face of the cell membrane. Our data demonstrate how multivalent protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions provide critical avidity for the strong binding between the PDZ domain scaffold proteins, PICK1 and PSD-95, and their cognate transmembrane binding partners. The kinetics of the binding were remarkably slow and binding strength two-three orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic affinity for the isolated PDZ interaction. Interestingly, discrete changes in the intrinsic PICK1 PDZ affinity did not affect overall binding strength but instead revealed dual scaffold modes for PICK1. Our data supported by simulations suggest that intrinsic PDZ domain affinities are finely tuned and encode specific cellular responses, enabling multiplexed cellular functions of PDZ scaffolds. Inside a cell, many different signals carry information that is essential for the cell to remain healthy and perform its role in the body. It is, therefore, very important that the signals are sent to the right places at the right times. Scaffold proteins play an essential role in organizing these signals by bringing specific proteins and other molecules into close contact at particular times and locations within the cell. Defects in scaffolding proteins can lead to cancer, psychiatric disorders and other diseases, so these proteins represent potential new targets for medicinal drugs. Many scaffolding proteins assemble groups of proteins on the surface of the membrane that surrounds the cell. Previous studies have shown that scaffolding proteins are able to bind to several other proteins as well as the membrane itself at the same time. However, the precise way in which scaffolding proteins assemble such groups is not clear because it is technically challenging to study this process in living cells. To overcome this challenge, Erlendsson, Thorsen et al. used a new experimental setup known as supported cell membrane sheets – which provides direct access to the side of the cell membrane that usually faces into the cell – to study two scaffolding proteins known as PICK1 and PSD-95. The experiments show that PICK1 and PSD-95 bind to their partner proteins up to 100 times more strongly than previously observed using other approaches. This is due to the scaffolding proteins binding more strongly to both their partners and the membrane. Unexpectedly, the experiments show that the shape and physical characteristics of the partner protein have no effect on the increase in the strength of the binding. Further experiments suggest that altering the ability of the PDZ domain of PICK1 to bind to partner proteins changes the mode of action of the PICK1 protein so that it can activate different responses in the cell. Together these findings imply that the ability of scaffolding proteins to bind to their partner proteins is finely tuned to encode specific responses in cells in different situations – a hypothesis that Erlendsson, Thorsen et al. are planning to test in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Erlendsson
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Seneca Thorsen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biotechnology, Free University Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ina Ammendrup-Johnsen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Volker Wirth
- Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen L Martinez
- Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare Teilum
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Lindegaard Madsen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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117
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Wang L, Gaigalas AK, DeRose PC. A Model for the Binding of Fluorescently Labeled Anti-Human CD4 Monoclonal Antibodies to CD4 Receptors on Human Lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 123:1-23. [PMID: 34877142 PMCID: PMC7339780 DOI: 10.6028/jres.123.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD4 glycoprotein is a component of the T cell receptor complex which plays an important role in the human immune response. This manuscript describes the measurement and modeling of the binding of fluorescently labeled anti-human CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb; SK3 clone) to CD4 receptors on the surface of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). CD4 mAb fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and CD4 mAb allophycoerythrin (APC) conjugates were obtained from commercial sources. Four binding conditions were performed, each with the same PBMC sample and different CD4 mAb conjugate. Each binding condition consisted of the PBMC sample incubated for 30 min in labeling solutions containing progressively larger concentrations of the CD4 mAb-label conjugate. After the incubation period, the cells were re-suspended in PBS-based buffer and analyzed using a flow cytometer to measure the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the labeled cell populations. A model was developed to estimate the equilibrium concentration of bound CD4 mAb-label conjugates to CD4 receptors on PBMC. A set of parameters was obtained from the best fit of the model to the measured MFI data and the known number of CD4 receptors on PBMC surface. Divalent and monovalent binding had to be invoked for the APC and FITC CD4 mAb conjugates, respectively. This suggests that the mAb binding depends on the size of the label, which has significant implications for quantitative flow cytometry. The study supports the National Institute of Standards and Technology program to develop quantitative flow cytometry measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | | | - Paul C DeRose
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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118
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Anikeeva N, Fischer NO, Blanchette CD, Sykulev Y. Extent of MHC Clustering Regulates Selectivity and Effectiveness of T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:591-597. [PMID: 30541879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC proteins that present peptide ligands for recognition by TCR form nanoscale clusters on the cell membrane of APCs. How the extent of MHC clustering controls productive TCR engagement and TCR-mediated signaling has not been systematically studied. To evaluate the role of MHC clustering, we exploited nanoscale discoidal membrane mimetics (nanolipoprotein particles) to capture and present peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands at various densities. We examined the binding of these model membrane clusters to the surface of live human CD8+ T cells and the subsequent triggering of intracellular signaling. The data demonstrate that the proximity of pMHC ligands, high association rate of CD8-MHC interactions, and relatively long lifetime of cognate TCR-pMHC complexes emerge as essential parameters, explaining the significance of MHC clustering. Rapid rebinding of CD8 to MHC suggests a dual role of CD8 in facilitating the T cells' hunt for a rare foreign pMHC ligand and the induction of rapid T cell response. Thus, our findings provide a new understanding of how MHC clustering influences multivalent interactions of pMHC ligands with CD8 and TCR on live T cells that regulate Ag recognition, kinetics of intracellular signaling, and the selectivity and efficiency of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Craig D Blanchette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
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119
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Díaz-Perlas C, Oller-Salvia B, Sánchez-Navarro M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Branched BBB-shuttle peptides: chemoselective modification of proteins to enhance blood-brain barrier transport. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8409-8415. [PMID: 30542590 PMCID: PMC6243681 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02415d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hampers the delivery of therapeutic proteins into the brain. BBB-shuttle peptides have been conjugated to therapeutic payloads to increase the permeability of these molecules. However, most BBB-shuttles have several limitations, such as a lack of resistance to proteases and low effectiveness in transporting large biomolecules. We have previously reported on the THRre peptide as a protease-resistant BBB-shuttle that is able to increase the transport of fluorophores and quantum dots in vivo. In this work, we have evaluated the capacity of linear and branched THRre to increase the permeability of proteins in cellular models of the BBB. With this purpose, we have covalently attached peptides with one or two copies of the BBB-shuttle to proteins in order to develop chemically well-defined peptide-protein conjugates. While THRre does not enhance the uptake and transport of a model protein in BBB cellular models, branched THRre peptides displaying two copies of the BBB-shuttle result in a 2.6-fold increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díaz-Perlas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri Reixac 10 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Benjamí Oller-Salvia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri Reixac 10 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Macarena Sánchez-Navarro
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri Reixac 10 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri Reixac 10 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri Reixac 10 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain . ; ;
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry , University of Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1-11 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
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120
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Szlag VM, Rodriguez RS, He J, Hudson-Smith N, Kang H, Le N, Reineke TM, Haynes CL. Molecular Affinity Agents for Intrinsic Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31825-31844. [PMID: 30134102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research at the interface of synthetic materials, biochemistry, and analytical techniques has enabled sensing platforms for applications across many research communities. Herein we review the materials used as affinity agents to create surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensors. Our scope includes those affinity agents (antibody, aptamer, small molecule, and polymer) that facilitate the intrinsic detection of targets relevant to biology, medicine, national security, environmental protection, and food safety. We begin with an overview of the analytical technique (SERS) and considerations for its application as a sensor. We subsequently describe four classes of affinity agents, giving a brief overview on affinity, production, attachment chemistry, and first uses with SERS. Additionally, we review the SERS features of the affinity agents, and the analytes detected by intrinsic SERS with that affinity agent class. We conclude with remarks on affinity agent selection for intrinsic SERS sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Szlag
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Rebeca S Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Jiayi He
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Natalie Hudson-Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Hyunho Kang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Ngoc Le
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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121
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Srinivasan B, Tonddast-Navaei S, Roy A, Zhou H, Skolnick J. Chemical space of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: New approaches for discovering novel drugs for old bugs. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:684-705. [PMID: 30192413 DOI: 10.1002/med.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli Dihydrofolate reductase is an important enzyme that is essential for the survival of the Gram-negative microorganism. Inhibitors designed against this enzyme have demonstrated application as antibiotics. However, either because of poor bioavailability of the small-molecules resulting from their inability to cross the double membrane in Gram-negative bacteria or because the microorganism develops resistance to the antibiotics by mutating the DHFR target, discovery of new antibiotics against the enzyme is mandatory to overcome drug-resistance. This review summarizes the field of DHFR inhibition with special focus on recent efforts to effectively interface computational and experimental efforts to discover novel classes of inhibitors that target allosteric and active-sites in drug-resistant variants of EcDHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Srinivasan
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sam Tonddast-Navaei
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ambrish Roy
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hongyi Zhou
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey Skolnick
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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122
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Vauquelin G. Link between a high k on for drug binding and a fast clinical action: to be or not to be? MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1426-1438. [PMID: 30288218 PMCID: PMC6151451 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Review articles on binding kinetics essentially focus on drugs that dissociate slowly from their target since this is required for the successful treatment of many pathophysiological conditions. Recently, the therapeutic benefit of a high k on (i.e. the second order association rate constant) has also been linked to fast association and to a fast clinical action. Other studies, however, called this assertion into question since additional factors, like the dosing paradigm and the binding mechanism, are important as well. The still ongoing reticence about integrating binding kinetics in lead optimization programs motivated us to critically review the link between the drug's kinetic rate constants and their in vitro and in vivo target occupancy profile, with special focus on k on. The presented simulations tally with a positive link between a drug's effective/observed association rate (which is quite easy to determine in vitro) and the swiftness of its clinical action. On the other hand, the simulations show that the k on-concept should not be confounded with the effective association process since increasing this parameter only enhances the drug's in vitro and in vivo association under certain conditions: the binding mechanism should be suitable, rebinding (and thus the factors within the target's micro-environment that favour this mechanism) should not be too prominent and the dosage should not be kept in par with the drug's affinity. Otherwise, increasing k on could be ineffective or even be counter-productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium .
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123
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Avnir Y, Prachanronarong KL, Zhang Z, Hou S, Peterson EC, Sui J, Zayed H, Kurella VB, McGuire AT, Stamatatos L, Hilbert BJ, Bohn MF, Kowalik TF, Jensen JD, Finberg RW, Wang JP, Goodall M, Jefferis R, Zhu Q, Kurt Yilmaz N, Schiffer CA, Marasco WA. Structural Determination of the Broadly Reactive Anti-IGHV1-69 Anti-idiotypic Antibody G6 and Its Idiotope. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3243-3255. [PMID: 29241550 PMCID: PMC7185437 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy chain IGHV1-69 germline gene exhibits a high level of polymorphism and shows biased use in protective antibody (Ab) responses to infections and vaccines. It is also highly expressed in several B cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. G6 is an anti-idiotypic monoclonal Ab that selectively binds to IGHV1-69 heavy chain germline gene 51p1 alleles that have been implicated in these Ab responses and disease processes. Here, we determine the co-crystal structure of humanized G6 (hG6.3) in complex with anti-influenza hemagglutinin stem-directed broadly neutralizing Ab D80. The core of the hG6.3 idiotope is a continuous string of CDR-H2 residues starting with M53 and ending with N58. G6 binding studies demonstrate the remarkable breadth of binding to 51p1 IGHV1-69 Abs with diverse CDR-H3, light chain, and antigen binding specificities. These studies detail the broad expression of the G6 cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) that further define its potential role in precision medicine. G6 binds to a subset of IGHV1-69 germline-based anti-influenza Abs The structure of humanized G6 with a IGHV1-69 anti-influenza Ab is reported Various binding assays further define the G6 cross-reactive binding idiotope The core binding idiotope of G6 is deduced
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Avnir
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristina L Prachanronarong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Peterson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianhua Sui
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vinodh B Kurella
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brendan J Hilbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Markus-Frederik Bohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Timothy F Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Jensen
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Robert W Finberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer P Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Olson KM, Keresztes A, Tashiro JK, Daconta LV, Hruby VJ, Streicher JM. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Bivalent Selective Antagonist for the Mu-Delta Opioid Receptor Heterodimer that Reduces Morphine Withdrawal in Mice. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6075-6086. [PMID: 29939746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation in the study of the mu-delta opioid receptor heterodimer (MDOR) is that few selective pharmacological tools exist and no heteromer-selective antagonists. We thus designed a series of variable-length (15-41 atoms) bivalent linked peptides with selective but moderate/low-affinity pharmacophores for the mu and delta opioid receptors. We observed a U-shaped MDOR potency/affinity profile in vitro, with the 24-atom spacer length (D24M) producing the highest MDOR potency/affinity (<1 nM) and selectivity (≥89-fold). We further evaluated D24M in mice and observed that D24M dose-dependently antagonized tail flick antinociception produced by the MDOR agonists CYM51010 and Deltorphin-II, without antagonizing the monomer agonists DAMGO and DSLET. We also observed that D24M sharply reduced withdrawal behavior in models of acute and chronic morphine dependence. These findings suggest that D24M is a first-in-class high-potency MDOR-selective antagonist both in vitro and in vivo.
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Lau SY, Siau JW, Sobota RM, Wang CI, Zhong P, Lane DP, Ghadessy FJ. Synthetic 10FN3-based mono- and bivalent inhibitors of MDM2/X function. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:301-312. [PMID: 30169723 PMCID: PMC6277172 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered non-antibody scaffold proteins constitute a rapidly growing technology for diagnostics and modulation/perturbation of protein function. Here, we describe the rapid and systematic development of high-affinity 10FN3 domain inhibitors of the MDM2 and MDMX proteins. These are often overexpressed in cancer and represent attractive drug targets. Using facile in vitro expression and pull-down assay methodology, numerous design iterations addressing insertion site(s) and spacer length were screened for optimal presentation of an MDM2/X dual peptide inhibitor in the 10FN3 scaffold. Lead inhibitors demonstrated robust, on-target cellular inhibition of MDM2/X leading to activation of the p53 tumor suppressor. Significant improvement to target engagement was observed by increasing valency within a single 10FN3 domain, which has not been demonstrated previously. We further established stable reporter cell lines with tunable expression of EGFP-fused 10FN3 domain inhibitors, and showed their intracellular location to be contingent on target engagement. Importantly, competitive inhibition of MDM2/X by small molecules and cell-penetrating peptides led to a readily observable phenotype, indicating significant potential of the developed platform as a robust tool for cell-based drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S -Y Lau
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J W Siau
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R M Sobota
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Dr, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C -I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - P Zhong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - D P Lane
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - F J Ghadessy
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
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Newman MR, Benoit DSW. In Vivo Translation of Peptide-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems Discovered by Phage Display. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2161-2169. [PMID: 29889510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic compounds with narrow therapeutic windows and significant systemic side effects benefit from targeted drug delivery strategies. Peptide-protein interactions are often exploited for targeting, with phage display a primary method to identify high-affinity peptide ligands that bind cell surface and matrix bound receptors preferentially expressed in target tissues. After isolating and sequencing high-binding phages, peptides are easily synthesized and chemically modified for incorporation into drug delivery systems, including peptide-drug conjugates, polymers, and nanoparticles. This review describes the phage display methodology to identify targeting peptide sequences, strategies to functionalize drug carriers with phage-derived peptides, specific examples of drug carriers with in vivo translation, and limitations and future applications of phage display to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen R Newman
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York 14642 , United States
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York 14642 , United States
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127
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Yang Y, Denton H, Davies OR, Smith-Jackson K, Kerr H, Herbert AP, Barlow PN, Pickering MC, Marchbank KJ. An Engineered Complement Factor H Construct for Treatment of C3 Glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1649-1661. [PMID: 29588430 PMCID: PMC6054357 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is associated with dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement activation, and treatment options for C3G remain limited. Complement factor H (FH) is a potent regulator of the alternative pathway and might offer a solution, but the mass and complexity of FH makes generation of full-length FH far from trivial. We previously generated a mini-FH construct, with FH short consensus repeats 1-5 linked to repeats 18-20 (FH1-5^18-20), that was effective in experimental C3G. However, the serum t1/2 of FH1-5^18-20 was significantly shorter than that of serum-purified FH.Methods We introduced the oligomerization domain of human FH-related protein 1 (denoted by R1-2) at the carboxy or amino terminus of human FH1-5^18-20 to generate two homodimeric mini-FH constructs (FHR1-2^1-5^18-20 and FH1-5^18-20^R1-2, respectively) in Chinese hamster ovary cells and tested these constructs using binding, fluid-phase, and erythrocyte lysis assays, followed by experiments in FH-deficient Cfh-/- mice.Results FHR1-2^1-5^18-20 and FH1-5^18-20^R1-2 homodimerized in solution and displayed avid binding profiles on clustered C3b surfaces, particularly FHR1-2^1-5^18-20 Each construct was >10-fold more effective than FH at inhibiting cell surface complement activity in vitro and restricted glomerular basement membrane C3 deposition in vivo significantly better than FH or FH1-5^18-20 FH1-5^18-20^R1-2 had a C3 breakdown fragment binding profile similar to that of FH, a >5-fold increase in serum t1/2 compared with that of FH1-5^18-20, and significantly better retention in the kidney than FH or FH1-5^18-20Conclusions FH1-5^18-20^R1-2 may have utility as a treatment option for C3G or other complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Harriet Denton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Owen R Davies
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kate Smith-Jackson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Heather Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK; and
| | - Andrew P Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK; and
| | - Paul N Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK; and
| | | | - Kevin J Marchbank
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;
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129
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Bashiruddin NK, Matsunaga Y, Nagano M, Takagi J, Suga H. Facile Synthesis of Dimeric Thioether–Macrocyclic Peptides with Antibody-like Affinity against Plexin-B1. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1847-1851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir K. Bashiruddin
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nagano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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130
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Conibear AC, Pötgens AJG, Thewes K, Altdorf C, Hilzendeger C, Becker CFW. Synthetic Cancer-Targeting Innate Immune Stimulators Give Insights into Avidity Effects. Chembiochem 2018; 19:459-469. [PMID: 29230922 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multispecific and multivalent antibodies are seen as promising cancer therapeutics, and numerous antibody fragments and derivatives have been developed to exploit avidity effects that result in increased selectivity. Most of these multispecific and multivalent antibody strategies make use of recombinant expression of antigen-binding modules. In contrast, chemical synthesis and chemoselective ligations can be used to generate a variety of molecules with different numbers and combinations of binding moieties in a modular and homogeneous fashion. In this study we synthesized a series of targeted immune system engagers (ISErs) by using solid-phase peptide synthesis and chemoselective ligations. To explore avidity effects, we constructed molecules bearing different numbers and combinations of two "binder" peptides that target ephrin A2 and integrin α3 receptors and an "effector" peptide that binds to formyl peptide receptors and stimulates an immune response. We investigated various strategies for generating multivalent and multispecific targeted innate immune stimulators and studied their activities in terms of binding to cancer cells and stimulation of immune cells. This study gives insights into the influence that multivalency and receptor density have on avidity effects and is useful for the design of potential anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - André J G Pötgens
- Syntab Therapeutics GmbH, ZBMT, Pauwelstrasse 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karine Thewes
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Altdorf
- Syntab Therapeutics GmbH, ZBMT, Pauwelstrasse 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Christian F W Becker
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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131
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Sandmark J, Dahl G, Öster L, Xu B, Johansson P, Akerud T, Aagaard A, Davidsson P, Bigalke JM, Winzell MS, Rainey GJ, Roth RG. Structure and biophysical characterization of the human full-length neurturin-GFRa2 complex: A role for heparan sulfate in signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5492-5508. [PMID: 29414779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN) provides trophic support to neurons and is considered a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. It binds to its co-receptor GFRa2, and the resulting NRTN-GFRa2 complex activates the transmembrane receptors rearranged during transfection (RET) or the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We report the crystal structure of NRTN, alone and in complex with GFRa2. This is the first crystal structure of a GFRa with all three domains and shows that domain 1 does not interact directly with NRTN, but it may support an interaction with RET and/or NCAM, via a highly conserved surface. In addition, biophysical results show that the relative concentration of GFRa2 on cell surfaces can affect the functional affinity of NRTN through avidity effects. We have identified a heparan sulfate-binding site on NRTN and a putative binding site in GFRa2, suggesting that heparan sulfate has a role in the assembly of the signaling complex. We further show that mutant NRTN with reduced affinity for heparan sulfate may provide a route forward for delivery of NRTN with increased exposure in preclinical in vivo models and ultimately to Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandmark
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Göran Dahl
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Linda Öster
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Bingze Xu
- the Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Tomas Akerud
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Anna Aagaard
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Janna M Bigalke
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | | | - G Jonah Rainey
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, and
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden,
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Vauquelin G. Distinct in vivo target occupancy by bivalent- and induced-fit-like binding drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4233-4246. [PMID: 28838028 PMCID: PMC5715606 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Optimal drug therapy often requires long-lasting target occupancy While this attribute was usually linked to the drug's pharmacokinetic properties, the dissociation rate is now increasingly recognized to contribute as well. Nearly all the earlier pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) simulations encompassed single-step binding drugs and focused on koff . However, 'micro'-PK mechanisms and more complex binding mechanisms like bivalent- and induced-fit binding may contribute as well. Corresponding binding models are presently explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We compared the 24 h in vivo occupancy over time profiles of prototype bivalent- and induced-fit-like binding drugs (A and B) after one or repeated daily dosings, both without and with rebinding. Special attention was focused on the effect of each of the microscopic rate constants on the occupancy profiles and on the metrics to represent those profiles. KEY RESULTS Although both models can be represented by the same mathematical formulation, drugs A and B display quite different occupancy profiles, even though they have the same potency. These differences can be attributed to the different effects of their microscopic rate constants on their composite koff and also on their susceptibility to experience rebinding. This also affects how the occupancy profiles of bivalent- and induced-fit-like binders progress when repeating the dosings and by changing the dosage. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Closer attention should be paid to more complex binding models in PK-PD simulations. This may help pharmacologists and medicinal chemists to improve the translation of in vitro kinetic measurements from preclinical screening programmes into clinical efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical PharmacologyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
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133
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Chen J, Almo SC, Wu Y. General principles of binding between cell surface receptors and multi-specific ligands: A computational study. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005805. [PMID: 29016600 PMCID: PMC5654264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between membrane receptors and extracellular ligands control cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion, and environmental responsiveness by representing the initial steps of cell signaling pathways. These interactions can be spatial-temporally regulated when different extracellular ligands are tethered. The detailed mechanisms of this spatial-temporal regulation, including the competition between distinct ligands with overlapping binding sites and the conformational flexibility in multi-specific ligand assemblies have not been quantitatively evaluated. We present a new coarse-grained model to realistically simulate the binding process between multi-specific ligands and membrane receptors on cell surfaces. The model simplifies each receptor and each binding site in a multi-specific ligand as a rigid body. Different numbers or types of ligands are spatially organized together in the simulation. These designs were used to test the relation between the overall binding of a multi-specific ligand and the affinity of its cognate binding site. When a variety of ligands are exposed to cells expressing different densities of surface receptors, we demonstrated that ligands with reduced affinities have higher specificity to distinguish cells based on the relative concentrations of their receptors. Finally, modification of intramolecular flexibility was shown to play a role in optimizing the binding between receptors and ligands. In summary, our studies bring new insights to the general principles of ligand-receptor interactions. Future applications of our method will pave the way for new strategies to generate next-generation biologics. In order to adapt to surrounding environments, multiple signaling pathways have been evolved in cells. The first step of these pathways is to detect external stimuli, which is conducted by the dynamic interactions between cell surface receptors and extracellular ligands. As a result, recognition of extracellular ligands by cell surface receptors is an indispensable component of many physiological or pathological activities. In both natural selection and drug design, the presence of multiple binding sites in extracellular ligand complexes (so-called multi-specific ligands) is a common strategy to target different receptors on surface of the same cell. Such spatial organization of ligand binding sites can elaborately modulate the downstream signaling pathways. However, our understanding to the interactions between multi-specific ligands and membrane receptors is largely limited by the fact that these interactions are difficult to quantify and they have only been successfully measured in a very small number of cases in vivo. Using a simple computational model, we can realistically simulate the binding process between specially designed multi-specific ligands and membrane receptors on cell surfaces. This study therefore provides a useful pathway to unravel basic mechanisms of ligand-receptor interactions and design principles for new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reubi JC, Maecke HR. Approaches to Multireceptor Targeting: Hybrid Radioligands, Radioligand Cocktails, and Sequential Radioligand Applications. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:10S-16S. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.186882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Herrington-Symes A, Choi JW, Brocchini S. Interferon dimers: IFN-PEG-IFN. J Drug Target 2017; 25:881-890. [PMID: 28817988 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1363214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly complex proteins can be made by a recombinant chemical approach where proteins that can be made easily can be combined by site-specific chemical conjugation to form multifunctional or more active protein therapeutics. Protein dimers may display increased avidity for cell surface receptors. The increased size of protein dimers may also increase circulation times. Cytokines bind to cell surface receptors that dimerise, so much of the solvent accessible surface of a cytokine is involved in binding to its target. Interferon (IFN) homo-dimers (IFN-PEG-IFN) were prepared by two methods: site-specific bis-alkylation conjugation of PEG to the two thiols of a native disulphide or to two imidazoles on a histidine tag of two His8-tagged IFN (His8IFN). Several control conjugates were also prepared to assess the relative activity of these IFN homo-dimers. The His8IFN-PEG20-His8IFN obtained by histidine-specific conjugation displayed marginally greater in vitro antiviral activity compared to the IFN-PEG20-IFN homo-dimer obtained by disulphide re-bridging conjugation. This result is consistent with previous observations in which enhanced retention of activity was made possible by conjugation to an N-terminal His-tag on the IFN. Comparison of the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of the two IFN homo-dimers prepared by disulphide re-bridging conjugation indicated that IFN-PEG10-IFN was more biologically active than IFN-PEG20-IFN. This result suggests that the size of PEG may influence the antiviral activity of IFN-PEG-IFN homo-dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji-Won Choi
- a Abzena , Babraham Research Campus , Babraham, Cambridge , UK
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de Wit RH, Heukers R, Brink HJ, Arsova A, Maussang D, Cutolo P, Strubbe B, Vischer HF, Bachelerie F, Smit MJ. CXCR4-Specific Nanobodies as Potential Therapeutics for WHIM syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:35-44. [PMID: 28768817 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WHIM syndrome is a rare congenital immunodeficiency disease, named after its main clinical manifestations: warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis, which refers to abnormal accumulation of mature neutrophils in the bone marrow. The disease is primarily caused by C-terminal truncation mutations of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, giving these CXCR4-WHIM mutants a gain of function in response to their ligand CXCL12. Considering the broad functions of CXCR4 in maintaining leukocyte homeostasis, patients are panleukopenic and display altered immune responses, likely as a consequence of impairment in the differentiation and trafficking of leukocytes. Treatment of WHIM patients currently consists of symptom relief, leading to unsatisfactory clinical responses. As an alternative and potentially more effective approach, we tested the potency and efficacy of CXCR4-specific nanobodies on inhibiting CXCR4-WHIM mutants. Nanobodies are therapeutic proteins based on the smallest functional fragments of heavy chain antibodies. They combine the advantages of small-molecule drugs and antibody-based therapeutics due to their relative small size, high stability, and high affinity. We compared the potential of monovalent and bivalent CXCR4-specific nanobodies to inhibit CXCL12-induced CXCR4-WHIM-mediated signaling with the small-molecule clinical candidate AMD3100. The CXCR4-targeting nanobodies displace CXCL12 binding and bind CXCR4-wild type and CXCR4-WHIM (R334X/S338X) mutants and with (sub-) nanomolar affinities. The nanobodies' epitope was mapped to extracellular loop 2 of CXCR4, overlapping with the binding site of CXCL12. Monovalent, and in particular bivalent, nanobodies were more potent than AMD3100 in reducing CXCL12-mediated G protein activation. In addition, CXCR4-WHIM-dependent calcium flux and wound healing of human papillomavirus-immortalized cell lines in response to CXCL12 was effectively inhibited by the nanobodies. Based on these in vitro results, we conclude that CXCR4 nanobodies hold significant potential as alternative therapeutics for CXCR4-associated diseases such as WHIM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond H de Wit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Hendrik J Brink
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Angela Arsova
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - David Maussang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Pasquale Cutolo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Beatrijs Strubbe
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.d.W., R.H., H.J.B., A.A., D.M., H.F.V, M.J.S.); Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Faculté de Médicine-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France (P.C., F.B.); and Ablynx N.V., Zwijnaarde, Belgrium (B.S.)
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137
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Olsen JG, Teilum K, Kragelund BB. Behaviour of intrinsically disordered proteins in protein-protein complexes with an emphasis on fuzziness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3175-3183. [PMID: 28597296 PMCID: PMC5533869 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not, by themselves, fold into a compact globular structure. They are extremely dynamic and flexible, and are typically involved in signalling and transduction of information through binding to other macromolecules. The reason for their existence may lie in their malleability, which enables them to bind several different partners with high specificity. In addition, their interactions with other macromolecules can be regulated by a variable amount of chemically diverse post-translational modifications. Four kinetically and energetically different types of complexes between an IDP and another macromolecule are reviewed: (1) simple two-state binding involving a single binding site, (2) avidity, (3) allovalency and (4) fuzzy binding; the last three involving more than one site. Finally, a qualitative definition of fuzzy binding is suggested, examples are provided, and its distinction to allovalency and avidity is highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Olsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and the Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare Teilum
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and the Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and the Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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138
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Bondza S, Foy E, Brooks J, Andersson K, Robinson J, Richalet P, Buijs J. Real-time Characterization of Antibody Binding to Receptors on Living Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:455. [PMID: 28484455 PMCID: PMC5401896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular interactions on immune cells is crucial for drug development to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. When characterizing molecular interactions, the use of a relevant living model system is important, as processes such as receptor oligomerization and clustering can influence binding patterns. We developed a protocol to enable time-resolved analysis of ligand binding to receptors on living suspension cells. Different suspension cell lines and weakly adhering cells were tethered to Petri dishes with the help of a biomolecular anchor molecule, and antibody binding was analyzed using LigandTracer. The protocol and assay described in this report were used to characterize interactions involving eight cell lines. Experiments were successfully conducted in three different laboratories, demonstrating the robustness of the protocol. For various antibodies, affinities and kinetic rate constants were obtained for binding to CD20 on both Daudi and Ramos B-cells, the T-cell co-receptor CD3 on Jurkat cells, and the Fcγ receptor CD32 on transfected HEK293 cells, respectively. Analyzing the binding of Rituximab to B-cells resulted in an affinity of 0.7–0.9 nM, which is similar to values reported previously for living B-cells. However, we observed a heterogeneous behavior for Rituximab interacting with B-cells, which to our knowledge has not been described previously. The understanding of complex interactions will be facilitated with the possibility to characterize binding processes in real-time on living immune cells. This provides the chance to broaden the understanding of how binding kinetics relate to biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bondza
- Ridgeview Instruments AB, Vänge, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eleanor Foy
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Karl Andersson
- Ridgeview Instruments AB, Vänge, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James Robinson
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jos Buijs
- Ridgeview Instruments AB, Vänge, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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139
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Schardt JS, Oubaid JM, Williams SC, Howard JL, Aloimonos CM, Bookstaver ML, Lamichhane TN, Sokic S, Liyasova MS, O'Neill M, Andresson T, Hussain A, Lipkowitz S, Jay SM. Engineered Multivalency Enhances Affibody-Based HER3 Inhibition and Downregulation in Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1047-1056. [PMID: 28248115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase HER3 has emerged as a therapeutic target in ovarian, prostate, breast, lung, and other cancers due to its ability to potently activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, especially via dimerization with HER2, as well as for its role in mediating drug resistance. Enhanced efficacy of HER3-targeted therapeutics would therefore benefit a wide range of patients. This study evaluated the potential of multivalent presentation, through protein engineering, to enhance the effectiveness of HER3-targeted affibodies as alternatives to monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Assessment of multivalent affibodies on a variety of cancer cell lines revealed their broad ability to improve inhibition of Neuregulin (NRG)-induced HER3 and Akt phosphorylation compared to monovalent analogues. Engineered multivalency also promoted enhanced cancer cell growth inhibition by affibodies as single agents and as part of combination therapy approaches. Mechanistic investigations revealed that engineered multivalency enhanced affibody-mediated HER3 downregulation in multiple cancer cell types. Overall, these results highlight the promise of engineered multivalency as a general strategy for enhanced efficacy of HER3-targeted therapeutics against a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Schardt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jinan M Oubaid
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sonya C Williams
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James L Howard
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chloe M Aloimonos
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michelle L Bookstaver
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Tek N Lamichhane
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sonja Sokic
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mariya S Liyasova
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Maura O'Neill
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Arif Hussain
- Baltimore VA Medical Center , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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140
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Head SA, Shi WQ, Yang EJ, Nacev BA, Hong SY, Pasunooti KK, Li RJ, Shim JS, Liu JO. Simultaneous Targeting of NPC1 and VDAC1 by Itraconazole Leads to Synergistic Inhibition of mTOR Signaling and Angiogenesis. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:174-182. [PMID: 28103683 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal drug itraconazole was recently found to exhibit potent antiangiogenic activity and has since been repurposed as an investigational anticancer agent. Itraconazole has been shown to exert its antiangiogenic activity through inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, but the molecular mechanism of action was unknown. We recently identified the mitochondrial protein VDAC1 as a target of itraconazole and a mediator of its activation of AMPK, an upstream regulator of mTOR. However, VDAC1 could not account for the previously reported inhibition of cholesterol trafficking by itraconazole, which was also demonstrated to lead to mTOR inhibition. In this study, we demonstrate that cholesterol trafficking inhibition by itraconazole is due to direct inhibition of the lysosomal protein NPC1. We further map the binding site of itraconazole to the sterol-sensing domain of NPC1 using mutagenesis, competition with U18666A, and molecular docking. Finally, we demonstrate that simultaneous AMPK activation and cholesterol trafficking inhibition leads to synergistic inhibition of mTOR, endothelial cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Head
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Wei Q. Shi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Eun Ju Yang
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Benjamin A. Nacev
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Kalyan K. Pasunooti
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Division of Structural Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ruo-Jing Li
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Joong Sup Shim
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- SJ
Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department
of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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141
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Enhanced tumor-targeting selectivity by modulating bispecific antibody binding affinity and format valence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40098. [PMID: 28067257 PMCID: PMC5220356 DOI: 10.1038/srep40098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are considered attractive bio-therapeutic agents owing to their ability to target two distinct disease mediators. Cross-arm avidity targeting of antigen double-positive cancer cells over single-positive normal tissue is believed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy, restrict major escape mechanisms and increase tumor-targeting selectivity, leading to reduced systemic toxicity and improved therapeutic index. However, the interplay of factors regulating target selectivity is not well understood and often overlooked when developing clinically relevant bispecific therapeutics. We show in vivo that dual targeting alone is not sufficient to endow selective tumor-targeting, and report the pivotal roles played by the affinity of the individual arms, overall avidity and format valence. Specifically, a series of monovalent and bivalent bispecific IgGs composed of the anti-HER2 trastuzumab moiety paired with affinity-modulated VH and VL regions of the anti-EGFR GA201 mAb were tested for selective targeting and eradication of double-positive human NCI-H358 non-small cell lung cancer target tumors over single-positive, non-target NCI-H358-HER2 CRISPR knock out tumors in nude mice bearing dual-flank tumor xenografts. Affinity-reduced monovalent bispecific variants, but not their bivalent bispecific counterparts, mediated a greater degree of tumor targeting selectivity, while the overall efficacy against the targeted tumor was not substantially affected.
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142
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An allosteric conduit facilitates dynamic multisite substrate recognition by the SCF Cdc4 ubiquitin ligase. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13943. [PMID: 28045046 PMCID: PMC5216119 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase SCFCdc4 mediates phosphorylation-dependent elimination of numerous substrates by binding one or more Cdc4 phosphodegrons (CPDs). Methyl-based NMR analysis of the Cdc4 WD40 domain demonstrates that Cyclin E, Sic1 and Ash1 degrons have variable effects on the primary Cdc4WD40 binding pocket. Unexpectedly, a Sic1-derived multi-CPD substrate (pSic1) perturbs methyls around a previously documented allosteric binding site for the chemical inhibitor SCF-I2. NMR cross-saturation experiments confirm direct contact between pSic1 and the allosteric pocket. Phosphopeptide affinity measurements reveal negative allosteric communication between the primary CPD and allosteric pockets. Mathematical modelling indicates that the allosteric pocket may enhance ultrasensitivity by tethering pSic1 to Cdc4. These results suggest negative allosteric interaction between two distinct binding pockets on the Cdc4WD40 domain may facilitate dynamic exchange of multiple CPD sites to confer ultrasensitive dependence on substrate phosphorylation.
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143
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Joshi T, Yan D, Hamed O, Tannheimer SL, Phillips GB, Wright CD, Kim M, Salmon M, Newton R, Giembycz MA. GS-5759, a Bifunctional β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist and Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with a Unique Mode of Action: Effects on Gene Expression in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:324-340. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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144
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Vauquelin G. Cell membranes… and how long drugs may exert beneficial pharmacological activity in vivo. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:673-82. [PMID: 27135195 PMCID: PMC5338106 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The time course of the beneficial pharmacological effect of a drug has long been considered to depend merely on the temporal fluctuation of its free concentration. Only in the last decade has it become widely accepted that target-binding kinetics can also affect in vivo pharmacological activity. Although current reviews still essentially focus on genuine dissociation rates, evidence is accumulating that additional micro-pharmacokinetic (PK) and -pharmacodynamic (PD) mechanisms, in which the cell membrane plays a central role, may also increase the residence time of a drug on its target. The present review provides a compilation of otherwise widely dispersed information on this topic. The cell membrane can intervene in drug binding via the following three major mechanisms: (i) by acting as a sink/repository for the drug; (ii) by modulating the conformation of the drug and even by participating in the binding process; and (iii) by facilitating the approach (and rebinding) of the drug to the target. To highlight these mechanisms, we focus on drugs that are currently used in clinical therapy, such as the antihypertensive angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist candesartan, the atypical antipsychotic agent clozapine and the bronchodilator salmeterol. Although the role of cell membranes in PK-PD modelling is gaining increasing interest, many issues remain unresolved. It is likely that novel biophysical and computational approaches will provide improved insights in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department Molecular and Biochemical PharmacologyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
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145
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Peck EM, Battles PM, Rice DR, Roland FM, Norquest KA, Smith BD. Pre-Assembly of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Multivalent Molecular Probes for Biological Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1400-10. [PMID: 27088305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A programmable pre-assembly method is described and shown to produce near-infrared fluorescent molecular probes with tunable multivalent binding properties. The modular assembly process threads one or two copies of a tetralactam macrocycle onto a fluorescent PEGylated squaraine scaffold containing a complementary number of docking stations. Appended to the macrocycle periphery are multiple copies of a ligand that is known to target a biomarker. The structure and high purity of each threaded complex was determined by independent spectrometric methods and also by gel electrophoresis. Especially helpful were diagnostic red-shift and energy transfer features in the absorption and fluorescence spectra. The threaded complexes were found to be effective multivalent molecular probes for fluorescence microscopy and in vivo fluorescence imaging of living subjects. Two multivalent probes were prepared and tested for targeting of bone in mice. A pre-assembled probe with 12 bone-targeting iminodiacetate ligands produced more bone accumulation than an analogous pre-assembled probe with six iminodiacetate ligands. Notably, there was no loss in probe fluorescence at the bone target site after 24 h in the living animal, indicating that the pre-assembled fluorescent probe maintained very high mechanical and chemical stability on the skeletal surface. The study shows how this versatile pre-assembly method can be used in a parallel combinatorial manner to produce libraries of near-infrared fluorescent multivalent molecular probes for different types of imaging and diagnostic applications, with incremental structural changes in the number of targeting groups, linker lengths, linker flexibility, and degree of PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Peck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul M Battles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Felicia M Roland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kathryn A Norquest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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146
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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147
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Vauquelin G, Van Liefde I, Swinney DC. On the different experimental manifestations of two-state 'induced-fit' binding of drugs to their cellular targets. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1268-85. [PMID: 26808227 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
'Induced-fit' binding of drugs to a target may lead to high affinity, selectivity and a long residence time, and this mechanism has been proposed to apply to many drugs with high clinical efficacy. It is a multistep process that initially involves the binding of a drug to its target to form a loose RL complex and a subsequent isomerization/conformational change to yield a tighter binding R'L state. Equations with the same mathematical form may also describe the binding of bivalent antibodies and related synthetic drugs. Based on a selected range of 'microscopic' rate constants and variables such as the ligand concentration and incubation time, we have simulated the experimental manifestations that may go along with induced-fit binding. Overall, they validate different experimental procedures that have been used over the years to identify such binding mechanisms. However, they also reveal that each of these manifestations only becomes perceptible at particular combinations of rate constants. The simulations also show that the durable nature of R'L and the propensity of R'L to be formed repeatedly before the ligand dissociates will increase the residence time. This review may help pharmacologists and medicinal chemists obtain preliminary indications for identifying an induced-fit mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Van Liefde
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David C Swinney
- Institute for Rare and Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Mountain View, CA, USA
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148
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Target engagement and drug residence time can be observed in living cells with BRET. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10091. [PMID: 26631872 PMCID: PMC4686764 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic action of drugs is predicated on their physical engagement with cellular targets. Here we describe a broadly applicable method using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to reveal the binding characteristics of a drug with selected targets within intact cells. Cell-permeable fluorescent tracers are used in a competitive binding format to quantify drug engagement with the target proteins fused to Nanoluc luciferase. The approach enabled us to profile isozyme-specific engagement and binding kinetics for a panel of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Our analysis was directed particularly to the clinically approved prodrug FK228 (Istodax/Romidepsin) because of its unique and largely unexplained mechanism of sustained intracellular action. Analysis of the binding kinetics by BRET revealed remarkably long intracellular residence times for FK228 at HDAC1, explaining the protracted intracellular behaviour of this prodrug. Our results demonstrate a novel application of BRET for assessing target engagement within the complex milieu of the intracellular environment.
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149
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Vauquelin G, Huber W, Swinney DC. Experimental Methods to Determine Binding Kinetics. THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF DRUG BINDING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527673025.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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150
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Vauquelin G. On the 'micro'-pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms that contribute to long-lasting drug action. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1085-98. [PMID: 26165720 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1067196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optimal drug therapy often requires continuing high levels of target occupancy. Besides the traditional pharmacokinetic (PK) contribution thereto, drug-target interactions that comprise successive 'microscopic' steps as well as the intervention of the cell membrane and other 'micro'-anatomical structures nearby may help attaining this objective. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the 'micro'-pharmacodynamic (PD) and PK mechanisms that may increase a drug's residence time. Special focus is on induced-fit- and bivalent ligand binding models as well as on the ability of the plasma membrane surrounding the target to act as a repository for the drug (e.g., microkinetic model), to actively participate in the binding process (e.g., exosite model) and, along with microanatomical elements like synapses and interstitial spaces, to act on the drug's diffusion properties (reduction in dimensionality and drug-rebinding models). EXPERT OPINION The PK profile, as well as the target dissociation kinetics of a drug, may fail to account for its long-lasting efficiency in intact tissues and in vivo. This lacuna could potentially be alleviated by incorporating some of the enumerated 'microscopic' mechanisms and, to unveil them, dedicated experiments on sufficiently physiologically relevant biological material like cell monolayers can already be implemented early on in the lead optimization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- a Free University Brussels (VUB), Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology Department , Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium +32 2 6291955 ; +32 2 6291358 ;
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