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Marshall HH, Vitikainen EIK, Mwanguhya F, Businge R, Kyabulima S, Hares MC, Inzani E, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Mwesige K, Nichols HJ, Sanderson JL, Thompson FJ, Cant MA. Lifetime fitness consequences of early-life ecological hardship in a wild mammal population. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1712-1724. [PMID: 28331582 PMCID: PMC5355200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life ecological conditions have major effects on survival and reproduction. Numerous studies in wild systems show fitness benefits of good quality early-life ecological conditions ("silver-spoon" effects). Recently, however, some studies have reported that poor-quality early-life ecological conditions are associated with later-life fitness advantages and that the effect of early-life conditions can be sex-specific. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the effect of the variability of early-life ecological conditions on later-life fitness. Here, we test how the mean and variability of early-life ecological conditions affect the longevity and reproduction of males and females using 14 years of data on wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). Males that experienced highly variable ecological conditions during development lived longer and had greater lifetime fitness, while those that experienced poor early-life conditions lived longer but at a cost of reduced fertility. In females, there were no such effects. Our study suggests that exposure to more variable environments in early life can result in lifetime fitness benefits, whereas differences in the mean early-life conditions experienced mediate a life-history trade-off between survival and reproduction. It also demonstrates how early-life ecological conditions can produce different selection pressures on males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry H Marshall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | | | - Francis Mwanguhya
- Banded Mongoose Research Project Queen Elizabeth National Park Kasese District Uganda
| | - Robert Businge
- Banded Mongoose Research Project Queen Elizabeth National Park Kasese District Uganda
| | - Solomon Kyabulima
- Banded Mongoose Research Project Queen Elizabeth National Park Kasese District Uganda
| | - Michelle C Hares
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | - Emma Inzani
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | | | - Kenneth Mwesige
- Banded Mongoose Research Project Queen Elizabeth National Park Kasese District Uganda
| | - Hazel J Nichols
- School of Natural Science and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | | | - Faye J Thompson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | - Michael A Cant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Cornwall UK
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102
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Head ML, Jennions MD, Zajitschek SRK. Sexual selection: incorporating non-genetic inheritance. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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103
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Walsh MR, Castoe T, Holmes J, Packer M, Biles K, Walsh M, Munch SB, Post DM. Local adaptation in transgenerational responses to predators. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2271. [PMID: 26817775 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental signals can induce phenotypic changes that span multiple generations. Along with phenotypic responses that occur during development (i.e. 'within-generation' plasticity), such 'transgenerational plasticity' (TGP) has been documented in a diverse array of taxa spanning many environmental perturbations. New theory predicts that temporal stability is a key driver of the evolution of TGP. We tested this prediction using natural populations of zooplankton from lakes in Connecticut that span a large gradient in the temporal dynamics of predator-induced mortality. We reared more than 120 clones of Daphnia ambigua from nine lakes for multiple generations in the presence/absence of predator cues. We found that temporal variation in mortality selects for within-generation plasticity while consistently strong (or weak) mortality selects for increased TGP. Such results provide us the first evidence for local adaptation in TGP and argue that divergent ecological conditions select for phenotypic responses within and across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Todd Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Julian Holmes
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Michelle Packer
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kelsey Biles
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Melissa Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Stephan B Munch
- National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - David M Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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104
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Luquet E, Tariel J. Offspring reaction norms shaped by parental environment: interaction between within- and trans-generational plasticity of inducible defenses. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:209. [PMID: 27733114 PMCID: PMC5062831 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within-generational plasticity (WGP) and transgenerational plasticity (TGP) are mechanisms allowing rapid adaptive responses to fluctuating environments without genetic change. These forms of plasticity have often been viewed as independent processes. Recent evidence suggests that WGP is altered by the environmental conditions experienced by previous generations (i.e., TGP). In the context of inducible defenses, one of the most studied cases of plasticity, the WGP x TGP interaction has been poorly investigated. RESULTS We provide evidence that TGP can alter the reaction norms of inducible defenses in a freshwater snail. The WGP x TGP interaction patterns are trait-specific and lead to decreased slope of reaction norms (behaviour and shell thickness). Offspring from induced parents showed a higher predator avoidance behaviour and a thicker shell than snails from non-induced parents in no predator-cue environment while they reached similar defenses in predator-cue environment. The WGP x TGP interaction further lead to a switch from a plastic towards a constitutive expression of defenses for shell dimensions (flat reaction norm). CONCLUSIONS WGP-alteration by TGP may shape the adaptive responses to environmental change and then has a substantial importance to understand the evolution of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Luquet
- CNRS UMR 5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Université de Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Juliette Tariel
- CNRS UMR 5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Université de Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
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105
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Engqvist L, Reinhold K. Adaptive trans‐generational phenotypic plasticity and the lack of an experimental control in reciprocal match/mismatch experiments. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leif Engqvist
- Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Wohlenstrasse 50A CH‐3032 Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Morgenbreede 45, D‐33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhold
- Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Morgenbreede 45, D‐33615 Bielefeld Germany
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106
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Dey S, Proulx SR, Teotónio H. Adaptation to Temporally Fluctuating Environments by the Evolution of Maternal Effects. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002388. [PMID: 26910440 PMCID: PMC4766184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms live in temporally fluctuating environments. Theory predicts that the evolution of deterministic maternal effects (i.e., anticipatory maternal effects or transgenerational phenotypic plasticity) underlies adaptation to environments that fluctuate in a predictably alternating fashion over maternal-offspring generations. In contrast, randomizing maternal effects (i.e., diversifying and conservative bet-hedging), are expected to evolve in response to unpredictably fluctuating environments. Although maternal effects are common, evidence for their adaptive significance is equivocal since they can easily evolve as a correlated response to maternal selection and may or may not increase the future fitness of offspring. Using the hermaphroditic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we here show that the experimental evolution of maternal glycogen provisioning underlies adaptation to a fluctuating normoxia-anoxia hatching environment by increasing embryo survival under anoxia. In strictly alternating environments, we found that hermaphrodites evolved the ability to increase embryo glycogen provisioning when they experienced normoxia and to decrease embryo glycogen provisioning when they experienced anoxia. At odds with existing theory, however, populations facing irregularly fluctuating normoxia-anoxia hatching environments failed to evolve randomizing maternal effects. Instead, adaptation in these populations may have occurred through the evolution of fitness effects that percolate over multiple generations, as they maintained considerably high expected growth rates during experimental evolution despite evolving reduced fecundity and reduced embryo survival under one or two generations of anoxia. We develop theoretical models that explain why adaptation to a wide range of patterns of environmental fluctuations hinges on the existence of deterministic maternal effects, and that such deterministic maternal effects are more likely to contribute to adaptation than randomizing maternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdhadip Dey
- Institut de Biologie de l´École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Stephen R. Proulx
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Henrique Teotónio
- Institut de Biologie de l´École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
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107
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González-Forero M. Stable eusociality via maternal manipulation when resistance is costless. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2208-23. [PMID: 26341103 PMCID: PMC4685003 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In many eusocial species, queens use pheromones to influence offspring to express worker phenotypes. Although evidence suggests that queen pheromones are honest signals of the queen's reproductive health, here I show that queen's honest signalling can result from ancestral maternal manipulation. I develop a mathematical model to study the coevolution of maternal manipulation, offspring resistance to manipulation and maternal resource allocation. I assume that (i) maternal manipulation causes offspring to be workers against offspring's interests; (ii) offspring can resist at no direct cost, as is thought to be the case with pheromonal manipulation; and (iii) the mother chooses how much resource to allocate to fertility and maternal care. In the coevolution of these traits, I find that maternal care decreases, thereby increasing the benefit that offspring obtain from help, which in the long run eliminates selection for resistance. Consequently, ancestral maternal manipulation yields stable eusociality despite costless resistance. Additionally, ancestral manipulation in the long run becomes honest signalling that induces offspring to help. These results indicate that both eusociality and its commonly associated queen honest signalling can be likely to originate from ancestral manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González-Forero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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108
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Kuijper B, Johnstone RA. Parental effects and the evolution of phenotypic memory. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:265-76. [PMID: 26492510 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence for nongenetic inheritance, the ecological conditions that favour the evolution of heritable parental or grandparental effects remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically explore the evolution of parental effects in a patch-structured population with locally changing environments. When selection favours the production of a mix of offspring types, this mix differs according to the parental phenotype, implying that parental effects are favoured over selection for bet-hedging in which the mixture of offspring phenotypes produced does not depend on the parental phenotype. Positive parental effects (generating a positive correlation between parental and offspring phenotype) are favoured in relatively stable habitats and when different types of local environment are roughly equally abundant, and can give rise to long-term parental inheritance of phenotypes. By contrast, unstable habitats can favour negative parental effects (generating a negative correlation between parental and offspring phenotype), and under these circumstances, even slight asymmetries in the abundance of local environmental states select for marked asymmetries in transmission fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kuijper
- CoMPLEX, Center of Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - R A Johnstone
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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109
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Tufto J. Genetic evolution, plasticity, and bet-hedging as adaptive responses to temporally autocorrelated fluctuating selection: A quantitative genetic model. Evolution 2015; 69:2034-49. [PMID: 26140293 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive responses to autocorrelated environmental fluctuations through evolution in mean reaction norm elevation and slope and an independent component of the phenotypic variance are analyzed using a quantitative genetic model. Analytic approximations expressing the mutual dependencies between all three response modes are derived and solved for the joint evolutionary outcome. Both genetic evolution in reaction norm elevation and plasticity are favored by slow temporal fluctuations, with plasticity, in the absence of microenvironmental variability, being the dominant evolutionary outcome for reasonable parameter values. For fast fluctuations, tracking of the optimal phenotype through genetic evolution and plasticity is limited. If residual fluctuations in the optimal phenotype are large and stabilizing selection is strong, selection then acts to increase the phenotypic variance (bet-hedging adaptive). Otherwise, canalizing selection occurs. If the phenotypic variance increases with plasticity through the effect of microenvironmental variability, this shifts the joint evolutionary balance away from plasticity in favor of genetic evolution. If microenvironmental deviations experienced by each individual at the time of development and selection are correlated, however, more plasticity evolves. The adaptive significance of evolutionary fluctuations in plasticity and the phenotypic variance, transient evolution, and the validity of the analytic approximations are investigated using simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Tufto
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics/Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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