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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell extrusion preserve the barrier functions of epithelia. Live cell extrusion is the paradigm for homeostatic renewal of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). By extension, as extruded cells are not apoptotic, this form of cell shedding is thought to be largely ignored by lamina propria phagocytes and without immune consequence. RECENT FINDINGS Visualization of apoptotic IEC inside distinct subsets of intestinal phagocytes during homeostasis has highlighted apoptosis as a normal component of the natural turnover of the intestinal epithelium. Analysis of phagocytes with or without apoptotic IEC corpses has shown how apoptotic IEC constrain inflammatory pathways within phagocytes and induce immunosuppressive regulatory CD4 T-cell differentiation. Many of the genes involved overlap with susceptibility genes for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SUMMARY Excessive IEC death and loss-of-barrier function is characteristic of IBD. As regulatory and tolerogenic mechanisms are broken in IBD, a molecular understanding of the precise triggers and modes of IEC death as well as their consequences on intestinal inflammation is necessary. This characterization should guide new therapies that restore homeostatic apoptosis, along with its associated programs of immune tolerance and immunosuppression, to achieve mucosal healing and long-term remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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102
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Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101499. [PMID: 30322146 PMCID: PMC6213552 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in affluent societies is the increase in disorders related to gut and metabolic health. Chronic over nutrition by unhealthy foods high in energy, fat, and sugar, and low in dietary fibre is a key environmental factor responsible for this development, which may cause local and systemic inflammation. A low intake of dietary fibre is a limiting factor for maintaining a viable and diverse microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. A suppressed production of butyrate is crucial, as this short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) can play a key role not only in colonic health and function but also at the systemic level. At both sites, the mode of action is through mediation of signalling pathways involving nuclear NF-κB and inhibition of histone deacetylase. The intake and composition of dietary fibre modulate production of butyrate in the large intestine. While butyrate production is easily adjustable it is more variable how it influences gut barrier function and inflammatory markers in the gut and periphery. The effect of butyrate seems generally to be more consistent and positive on inflammatory markers related to the gut than on inflammatory markers in the peripheral tissue. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in butyrate concentrations in the gut compared with the much lower concentration at more remote sites.
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103
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Choo J, Heo G, Kim SJ, Lee Y, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Chung HY, Im E. Senescence marker protein 30 protects intestinal epithelial cells against inflammation-induced cell death by enhancing Nrf2 activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3668-3678. [PMID: 30266650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) is a calcium-binding protein whose expression decreases during senescence. SMP30 deficiency increases susceptibility to cytokine-induced apoptosis in the liver and to radiation-induced apoptosis in the small intestine. Furthermore, colonic epithelial cell death is associated with the severity of colitis. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the function of SMP30 during intestinal inflammation. In SMP30 deficient mice, colitis was significantly exacerbated as demonstrated by increased mortality (p = 0.001), body weight loss (p = 0.0105 at day 8), rectal bleeding (p = 0.0047 at day 8) and diarrhea (p = 0.0030 at day 8), histological scores (ulcers, p = 0.0002; edema, p = 0.0125; leukocyte infiltration, p = 0.0016) and productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, p = 0.0452; IL-6, p = 0.0074; G-CSF, p = 0.0036). In addition, greater proportions of apoptotic cells and lower levels of anti-apoptotic marker proteins (total PARP-1 and Bcl-2) were observed in the inflamed intestines of SMP30 deficient mice than in wild type controls. In vitro experiments on colonic epithelial cells showed that stable SMP30 expression inhibited but that SMP30 siRNA expression increased TNF-α-induced apoptosis. SMP30 inhibition decreased Nrf2 mRNA expression levels (p < 0.0001), but SMP30 overexpression increased Nrf2 mRNA expression levels (p = 0.0495). The underlying mechanism by which SMP30 protected cells appeared to be by inhibiting Nrf2 ubiquitination and Keap1 expression, and thus enhancing Nrf2 activity. Moreover, SMP30 deficiency increased the incidence of colitis-associated colon cancer as determined by increased mortality (p = 0.0572) and average polyp number (p = 0.0277). Collectively, these findings suggest that SMP30 protects intestinal epithelial cells from apoptosis and this can contribute to amelioration of colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunna Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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104
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Zhang XJ, Yuan ZW, Qu C, Yu XT, Huang T, Chen PV, Su ZR, Dou YX, Wu JZ, Zeng HF, Xie Y, Chen JN. Palmatine ameliorated murine colitis by suppressing tryptophan metabolism and regulating gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:34-46. [PMID: 30243842 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), majorly include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, which treatment options remain limited. Here we examined the therapeutic effects of an isoquinoline alkaloid, Palmatine (Pal), on mice experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and explored underlying mechanisms. Colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by administering 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. Pal (50 and 100 mg kg-1) and the positive drug Sulfasalazine (SASP, 200 mg kg-1) were orally administered for 7 days. Disease activity index (DAI) was evaluated on day 8, and colonic tissues were collected for biochemistry analysis. The fecal microbiota was characterized by high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing. And plasma metabolic changes were detected by UPLC-MS. Our results showed that Pal treatment significantly reduced DAI scores and ameliorated colonic injury in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Mucosal integrity was improved and cell apoptosis was inhibited. Moreover, gut microbiota analysis showed that mice received Pal-treatment have higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, but reduced amount of Proteobacteria. Moreover, Pal not only suppressed tryptophan catabolism in plasma, but also decreased the protein expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1, the rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism) in colon tissue. This is consolidated by molecular docking, which suggested that Pal is a potent IDO-1 inhibitor. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Pal ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by mitigating colonic injury, preventing gut microbiota dysbiosis, and regulating tryptophan catabolism, which indicated that Pal has great therapeutic potential for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhong-Wen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Chang Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiu-Ting Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China.
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ping Vicky Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yao-Xing Dou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China.
| | - Jia-Zhen Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China.
| | - Hui-Fang Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China.
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Jian-Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
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105
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Günther J, Seyfert HM. The first line of defence: insights into mechanisms and relevance of phagocytosis in epithelial cells. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:555-565. [PMID: 30182191 PMCID: PMC6223882 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues cover most of the external and internal surfaces of the body and its organs. Inevitably, these tissues serve as first line of defence against inorganic, organic, and microbial intruders. Epithelial cells are the main cell type of these tissues. Besides their function as cellular barrier, there is growing evidence that epithelial cells are of particular relevance as initial sensors of danger and also as executers of adequate defence responses. These cells feature various essential functions to maintain tissue integrity in health and disease. In this review, we survey some of the different innate immune functions of epithelial cells in mucosal tissues being constantly exposed to a plethora of harmless contaminants but also of pathogens. We discuss how epithelial cells avoid inadequate immune responses in such conditions. In particular, we will focus on the diverse types and mechanisms of phagocytosis used by epithelial cells to not only maintain homeostasis but to also harness the host response against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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106
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Sun C, Murata Y, Imada S, Konno T, Kotani T, Saito Y, Yamada H, Matozaki T. Role of Csk in intestinal epithelial barrier function and protection against colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:109-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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107
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Sébert M, Denadai-Souza A, Quaranta M, Racaud-Sultan C, Chabot S, Lluel P, Monjotin N, Alric L, Portier G, Kirzin S, Bonnet D, Ferrand A, Vergnolle N. Thrombin modifies growth, proliferation and apoptosis of human colon organoids: a protease-activated receptor 1- and protease-activated receptor 4-dependent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3656-3668. [PMID: 29959891 PMCID: PMC6109216 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thrombin is massively released upon tissue damage associated with bleeding or chronic inflammation. The effects of this thrombin on tissue regrowth and repair has been scarcely addressed and only in cancer cell lines. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to determine thrombin's pharmacological effects on human intestinal epithelium growth, proliferation and apoptosis, using three-dimensional cultures of human colon organoids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Crypts were isolated from human colonic resections and cultured for 6 days, forming human colon organoids. Cultured organoids were exposed to 10 and 50 mU·mL-1 of thrombin, in the presence or not of protease-activated receptor (PAR) antagonists. Organoid morphology, metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis were followed. KEY RESULTS Thrombin favoured organoid maturation leading to a decreased number of immature cystic structures and a concomitant increased number of larger structures releasing cell debris and apoptotic cells. The size of budding structures, metabolic activity and proliferation were significantly reduced in organoid cultures exposed to thrombin, while apoptosis was dramatically increased. Both PAR1 and PAR4 antagonists inhibited apoptosis regardless of thrombin doses. Thrombin-induced inhibition of proliferation and metabolic activity were reversed by PAR4 antagonist for thrombin's lowest dose and by PAR1 antagonist for thrombin's highest dose. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, our data suggest that the presence of thrombin in the vicinity of human colon epithelial cells favours their maturation at the expense of their regenerative capacities. Our data point to thrombin and its two receptors PAR1 and PAR4 as potential molecular targets for epithelial repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sébert
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Muriel Quaranta
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Portier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvain Kirzin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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108
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Andrews C, McLean MH, Durum SK. Cytokine Tuning of Intestinal Epithelial Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1270. [PMID: 29922293 PMCID: PMC5996247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine serves as both our largest single barrier to the external environment and the host of more immune cells than any other location in our bodies. Separating these potential combatants is a single layer of dynamic epithelium composed of heterogeneous epithelial subtypes, each uniquely adapted to carry out a subset of the intestine’s diverse functions. In addition to its obvious role in digestion, the intestinal epithelium is responsible for a wide array of critical tasks, including maintaining barrier integrity, preventing invasion by microbial commensals and pathogens, and modulating the intestinal immune system. Communication between these epithelial cells and resident immune cells is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and coordinating appropriate responses to disease and can occur through cell-to-cell contact or by the release or recognition of soluble mediators. The objective of this review is to highlight recent literature illuminating how cytokines and chemokines, both those made by and acting on the intestinal epithelium, orchestrate many of the diverse functions of the intestinal epithelium and its interactions with immune cells in health and disease. Areas of focus include cytokine control of intestinal epithelial proliferation, cell death, and barrier permeability. In addition, the modulation of epithelial-derived cytokines and chemokines by factors such as interactions with stromal and immune cells, pathogen and commensal exposure, and diet will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Andrews
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mairi H McLean
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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109
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Liu N, Ma X, Luo X, Zhang Y, He Y, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu G, Wu Z. l-Glutamine Attenuates Apoptosis in Porcine Enterocytes by Regulating Glutathione-Related Redox Homeostasis. J Nutr 2018; 148:526-534. [PMID: 29659951 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death plays a fundamental role in intestinal development and mucosal homeostasis. Dysregulation of these processes is associated with an impaired intestinal-mucosal barrier, reduced nutrient absorption, and initiation and progression of intestinal diseases. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a product of lipid peroxidation, is commonly used to induce oxidative stress in cells. l-Glutamine is known to protect cells from apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Objective This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that l-glutamine attenuates 4-HNE-induced apoptosis by modulating glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (TXN) antioxidant systems and the expression of genes involved in 4-HNE metabolism in enterocytes. Methods Intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) cells were cultured with or without 4-HNE (30 μmol/L) in the presence of 0.05 or 0.25 mmol l-glutamine/L (a physiological concentration in the lumen of the small intestine) for indicated time periods. Cell viability, abundances of apoptotic proteins, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH, and expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of GSH, thioredoxin, and 4-HNE metabolism were determined. Results Compared with basal medium containing 0.05 mmol l-glutamine/L, 4-HNE enhanced apoptosis by 19.6% (P < 0.05) in a caspase-3-dependent manner. This effect was accompanied by elevated intracellular ROS production (39.5% and 85.3% for 2- and 4-h treatment, respectively), increased mitochondrial depolarization by 80%, and decreased intracellular GSH concentrations by 17.7%. These effects of 4-HNE were reduced by 0.25 mmol l-glutamine/L. Further study showed that the protective effect of l-glutamine was associated with the enhanced expression of genes involved in GSH production (including GCLC, GCLM, GSR, CBS, and CTH) by 3.9-14-fold, as well as genes involved in 4-HNE metabolism [e.g., glutathione S-transferase A (GSTA)1 and GSTA4] by 1.9-7.2-fold. The mRNA levels for ADH5, AKR1C1, AKR1A1, and TXNRD1 were enhanced 1.4-8.8-fold by 4-HNE but were not changed in cells co-treated with 4-HNE and l-glutamine. Conclusion These findings indicate that l-glutamine attenuates 4-HNE-induced apoptosis by regulating GSH-related redox homeostasis and enhancing GSTA-mediated metabolism in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoshi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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110
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The matricellular protein CCN1 in tissue injury repair. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:273-279. [PMID: 29357009 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Ccn1 (Cyr61) is essential for cardiovascular development during embryogenesis, whereas in adulthood it is associated with inflammation, wound healing, injury repair, and related pathologies including fibrosis and cancer. Recent studies have found that CCN1 plays a critical role in promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Mechanistically, CCN1 functions through direct interaction with specific integrin receptors expressed in various cell types in the wound tissue microenvironment to coordinate diverse cellular functions for repair. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge on the functions of CCN1 in tissue injury repair and discuss pertinent unanswered questions.
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111
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Chenette EJ, Martin SJ. 50 years of The FEBS Journal: looking back as well as ahead. FEBS J 2018; 284:4162-4171. [PMID: 29251437 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this last issue of 2017, we're celebrating the 50th anniversary of The FEBS Journal. This Editorial considers how the journal has grown and changed from volume 1, issue 1 and outlines our exciting plans for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seamus J Martin
- The FEBS Journal Editorial Office, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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112
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Martin SJ. The FEBS Journal in 2018 - putting a bit of color in your life, and your figures. FEBS J 2018; 285:4-7. [PMID: 29314600 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seamus Martin holds the Smurfit Chair of Medical Genetics at the Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. He works on all aspects of cell death control and is especially interested in the links between cell death, cell stress and inflammation. He received the GlaxoSmithKline Award of The Biochemical Society (2006) and The RDS-Irish Times Boyle Medal (2015) for his work on the role of caspases in apoptosis and was elected to the Royal Irish Academy in 2006 and EMBO in 2009. He is the Editor-in-Chief of The FEBS Journal since 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus J Martin
- The FEBS Journal Editorial Office, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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113
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Holmberg FE, Seidelin JB, Yin X, Mead BE, Tong Z, Li Y, Karp JM, Nielsen OH. Culturing human intestinal stem cells for regenerative applications in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:558-570. [PMID: 28283650 PMCID: PMC5412884 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing globally; in the industrialized world up to 0.5% of the population are affected and around 4.2 million individuals suffer from IBD in Europe and North America combined. Successful engraftment in experimental colitis models suggests that intestinal stem cell transplantation could constitute a novel treatment strategy to re-establish mucosal barrier function in patients with severe disease. Intestinal stem cells can be grown in vitro in organoid structures, though only a fraction of the cells contained are stem cells with regenerative capabilities. Hence, techniques to enrich stem cell populations are being pursued through the development of multiple two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture protocols, as well as co-culture techniques and multiple growth medium compositions. Moreover, research in support matrices allowing for efficient clinical application is in progress. In vitro culture is accomplished by modulating the signaling pathways fundamental for the stem cell niche with a suitable culture matrix to provide additional contact-dependent stimuli and structural support. The aim of this review was to discuss medium compositions and support matrices for optimal intestinal stem cell culture, as well as potential modifications to advance clinical use in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Eo Holmberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Xiaolei Yin
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Mead
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Tong
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Yang L, Shen L, Li Y, Li Y, Yu S, Wang S. Hyperoside attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice possibly via activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2017; 14:25. [PMID: 29162986 PMCID: PMC5686943 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-017-0172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyperoside (Hyp) is a flavonoid glycoside compound that has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects. However, the impact of Hyp on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been previously explored. Thus, we evaluated the role of Hyp in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis in mice. Methods We established a mouse model of experimental acute colitis by treating mice with drinking water supplemented with 3.0% DSS for 7 days. The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histological features and colonic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were examined using appropriate methods, and COX-2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, NF-κB p65, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in colorectal tissues were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting. Results Hyp significantly attenuated DSS-induced changes in the DAI as well as DSS-induced colonic shortening and histological changes. Hyp also inhibited inflammation, a change reflected by decreases in TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2 and NF-κB p65 expression and increases in IL-10 expression. Hyp suppressed increases in the levels of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Caspase-3 and Bax, but upregulated the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. In addition, Hyp also exerted antioxidant effects. The MDA content was decreased, and the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream targets HO-1 and SOD were increased by Hyp. Conclusions Based on these findings, Hyp possesses the ability to attenuate colitis, possibly by mitigating colonic inflammation and apoptosis via activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Shijie Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
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115
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Holmberg FE, Pedersen J, Jørgensen P, Soendergaard C, Jensen KB, Nielsen OH. Intestinal barrier integrity and inflammatory bowel disease: Stem cell‐based approaches to regenerate the barrier. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik E.O. Holmberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Herlev Denmark
| | - Jannie Pedersen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Herlev Denmark
| | - Peter Jørgensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Herlev Denmark
| | - Christoffer Soendergaard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Herlev Denmark
| | - Kim B. Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC)University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem)University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ole H. Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Herlev Denmark
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116
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Eichner M, Augustin C, Fromm A, Piontek A, Walther W, Bücker R, Fromm M, Krause G, Schulzke JD, Günzel D, Piontek J. In Colon Epithelia, Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Causes Focal Leaks by Targeting Claudins Which are Apically Accessible Due to Tight Junction Derangement. J Infect Dis 2017; 217:147-157. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Eichner
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Augustin
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Piontek
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roland Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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117
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Regulation of inflammation by microbiota interactions with the host. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:851-860. [PMID: 28722709 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of the intestinal microbiota has begun to shift from cataloging individual members of the commensal community to understanding their contributions to the physiology of the host organism in health and disease. Here, we review the effects of the microbiome on innate and adaptive immunological players from epithelial cells and antigen-presenting cells to innate lymphoid cells and regulatory T cells. We discuss recent studies that have identified diverse microbiota-derived bioactive molecules and their effects on inflammation within the intestine and distally at sites as anatomically remote as the brain. Finally, we highlight new insights into how the microbiome influences the host response to infection, vaccination and cancer, as well as susceptibility to autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders.
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118
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Quiros M, Nishio H, Neumann PA, Siuda D, Brazil JC, Azcutia V, Hilgarth R, O'Leary MN, Garcia-Hernandez V, Leoni G, Feng M, Bernal G, Williams H, Dedhia PH, Gerner-Smidt C, Spence J, Parkos CA, Denning TL, Nusrat A. Macrophage-derived IL-10 mediates mucosal repair by epithelial WISP-1 signaling. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3510-3520. [PMID: 28783045 DOI: 10.1172/jci90229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to injury, epithelial cells migrate and proliferate to cover denuded mucosal surfaces and repair the barrier defect. This process is orchestrated by dynamic crosstalk between immune cells and the epithelium; however, the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that IL-10 was rapidly induced following intestinal mucosal injury and was required for optimal intestinal mucosal wound closure. Conditional deletion of IL-10 specifically in CD11c-expressing cells in vivo implicated macrophages as a critical innate immune contributor to IL-10-induced wound closure. Consistent with these findings, wound closure in T cell- and B cell-deficient Rag1-/- mice was unimpaired, demonstrating that adaptive immune cells are not absolutely required for this process. Further, following mucosal injury, macrophage-derived IL-10 resulted in epithelial cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation and subsequent synthesis and secretion of the pro-repair WNT1-inducible signaling protein 1 (WISP-1). WISP-1 induced epithelial cell proliferation and wound closure by activating epithelial pro-proliferative pathways. These findings define the involvement of macrophages in regulating an IL-10/CREB/WISP-1 signaling axis, with broad implications in linking innate immune activation to mucosal wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Quiros
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hikaru Nishio
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Philipp A Neumann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Siuda
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer C Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Veronica Azcutia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roland Hilgarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Monique N O'Leary
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Giovanna Leoni
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mingli Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriela Bernal
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Holly Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Priya H Dedhia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jason Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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119
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Capaldo CT, Powell DN, Kalman D. Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:927-934. [PMID: 28707083 PMCID: PMC5548832 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The colonic mucosa provides a vital defensive barrier separating the body from the microbial populations residing in the intestinal lumen. Indeed, growing evidence shows that loss of this barrier may cause disease or exacerbate disease progression. The loss of barrier integrity increases the translocation of bacterial antigens and stimulates inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, which is the central pathological feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). This review focuses on how intestinal mucus and intercellular tight junctions (TJs) act together to maintain the integrity of the colonic barrier and how barrier integrity is dysregulated in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Capaldo
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street. Whitehead Research Building #143, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Domonica N Powell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Kalman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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120
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Chipuk JE, Martin SJ. Special Issue on Cell Death: Murder, mystery (and a little bit of mayhem) in Manhattan. FEBS J 2017; 283:2565-7. [PMID: 27435017 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Special Issue on Cell Death comprises a series of 12 reviews that span a broad spectrum of topics within highly active research areas in the cell death field. We hope that you will find these pieces to be of interest; we certainly found them to be fresh and engaging and we are grateful to their authors for taking the time to write for The FEBS Journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Russian Federation.
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121
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miR-143 and miR-145 disrupt the cervical epithelial barrier through dysregulation of cell adhesion, apoptosis and proliferation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3020. [PMID: 28596604 PMCID: PMC5465080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms regulating preterm birth (PTB)-associated cervical remodeling remain unclear. Prior work demonstrated an altered miRNA profile, with significant increases in miR-143 and miR-145, in cervical cells of women destined to have a PTB. The study objective was to determine the effect of miR-143 and miR-145 on the cervical epithelial barrier and to elucidate the mechanisms by which these miRNAs modify cervical epithelial cell function. Ectocervical and endocervical cells transfected with miR-negative control, miR-143 or miR-145 were used in cell permeability and flow cytometry assays for apoptosis and proliferation. miR-143 and miR-145 target genes associated with cell adhesion, apoptosis and proliferation were measured. Epithelial cell permeability was increased in miR-143 and miR-145 transfected cervical epithelial cells. Cell adhesion genes, JAM-A and FSCN1, were downregulated with overexpression of miR-143 and miR-145. miR-143 and miR-145 transfection decreased cervical cell number by increasing apoptosis and decreasing cell proliferation through initiation of cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis genes, BCL2 and BIRC5, and proliferation genes, CDK1 and CCND2, were repressed by miR-143 and miR-145. These findings suggest that miR-143 and miR-145 play a significant role in cervical epithelial barrier breakdown through diverse mechanisms and could contribute to premature cervical remodeling associated with PTB.
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122
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Cao B, Zhou X, Ma J, Zhou W, Yang W, Fan D, Hong L. Role of MiRNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1426-1438. [PMID: 28391412 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), mainly including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite improvements in detection, drug treatment and surgery, the pathogenesis of IBD has not been clarified. A number of miRNAs have been found to be involved in the initiation, development and progression of IBD, and they may have the potential to be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Here, we have summarized the recent advances about the roles of miRNAs in IBD and analyzed the contribution of miRNAs to general diagnosis, differential diagnosis and activity judgment of IBD. Furthermore, we have also elaborated the promising role of miRNAs in IBD-related cancer prevention and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- The First Brigade of Student, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The First Brigade of Student, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells that have undergone apoptosis in situ has revealed a division of labor among the tissue resident phagocytes that sample them. Macrophages are uniquely programmed to process internalized apoptotic cell-derived fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleotides, as a reflection of their dominant role in clearing the bulk of apoptotic cells. Dendritic cells carry apoptotic cells to lymph nodes where they signal the emergence and expansion of highly suppressive regulatory CD4 T cells. A broad suppression of inflammation is executed through distinct phagocyte-specific mechanisms. A clever induction of negative regulatory nodes is notable in dendritic cells serving to simultaneously shut down multiple pathways of inflammation. Several of the genes and pathways modulated in phagocytes in response to apoptotic cells have been linked to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our collective understanding of old and new phagocyte functions after apoptotic cell phagocytosis demonstrates the enormity of ways to mediate immune suppression and enforce tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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124
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Ye X, Sun M. AGR2 ameliorates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction via suppression of NF-κB p65-mediated MLCK/p-MLC pathway activation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1206-1214. [PMID: 28339048 PMCID: PMC5403182 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Anterior gradient protein 2 homologue (AGR2) assists in maintaining intestinal homeostasis in dextran sulphate sodium-induced mouse ileocolitis; however, it is unclear whether it modulates intestinal barrier function. Our study aimed to investigate the protective role of AGR2 in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced intestinal epithelial barrier injury. Caco-2 cell monolayers were pre-transfected with an AGR2 plasmid and then exposed to TNF-α. Epithelial permeability was assessed by detecting transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (40 kDa) flux. The protein expression levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-1, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)/p-MLC, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 were determined by western blotting. In addition, the cellular distributions of ZO-1, occludin, F-actin, and NF-κB p65 were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that the AGR2 mRNA and protein expression levels were both decreased in the Caco-2 cell monolayers, while AGR2 overexpression significantly ameliorated TNF-α-induced epithelial barrier hyperpermeability, increased the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and stabilized the cytoskeletal structure. Furthermore, AGR2 inhibited the changes in MLCK, MLC and p-MLC expression in response to TNF-α stimulation. Collectively, our study suggests that AGR2 inhibits TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cell hyperpermeability by regulating TJ and that this protective mechanism may be promoted by inhibition of NF-κB p65-mediated activation of the MLCK/p-MLC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ye
- Department of Paediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated with Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Paediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated with Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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125
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Lechuga S, Ivanov AI. Disruption of the epithelial barrier during intestinal inflammation: Quest for new molecules and mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1183-1194. [PMID: 28322932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a key protective barrier that separates internal organs from the harmful environment of the gut lumen. Increased permeability of the gut barrier is a common manifestation of different inflammatory disorders contributing to the severity of disease. Barrier permeability is controlled by epithelial adherens junctions and tight junctions. Junctional assembly and integrity depend on fundamental homeostatic processes such as cell differentiation, rearrangements of the cytoskeleton, and vesicle trafficking. Alterations of intestinal epithelial homeostasis during mucosal inflammation may impair structure and remodeling of apical junctions, resulting in increased permeability of the gut barrier. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how altered epithelial homeostasis affects the structure and function of adherens junctions and tight junctions in the inflamed gut. Specifically, we focus on the transcription reprogramming of the cell, alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, and junctional endocytosis and exocytosis. We pay special attention to knockout mouse model studies and discuss the relevance of these mechanisms to human gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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126
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Shimizu M. Multifunctions of dietary polyphenols in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:93-99. [PMID: 28911547 PMCID: PMC9333418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Food for specified health use is a type of functional food approved by the Japanese government, with more than 1250 products in 10 health-claim categories being approved as of April 2016. Polyphenols are currently used as functional ingredients in seven of the 10 categories. Although they have not yet been used for the food-for-specified-health-use category of “gut health promotion,” polyphenols are expected to contribute to the future development of gut-modulating food. Intestinal functions include digestion/absorption, acting as a barrier, recognition of external factors, and signal transduction. Owing to incessant exposure to external stress factors including food substances, bacteria, and environmental chemicals, intestines are always inflammatory to some extent, which may cause damage to and dysfunction of intestinal tissues depending on the situation. We identified food factors that could suppress immoderate inflammation in the intestines. In addition to certain amino acids and peptides, polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid and isoflavones were found to suppress inflammation in intestinal cells. Intestinal inflammation is caused by various factors in diverse mechanisms. Recent studies revealed that activation of pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins, in epithelial cells triggers intestinal inflammation. Intracellular receptors or signaling molecules controlling the intestinal detoxification system are also involved in the regulation of inflammation. Differentiation of regulatory T cells by activating a transcription factor Foxp-3 is known to suppress intestinal inflammation. A variety of phytochemicals including polyphenols modulate these receptors and signaling molecules, and are thus anti-inflammatory. Polyphenols affect epigenetic changes occurring in intestinal tissues by interacting with the enzymes responsible for DNA methylation and histone acetylation. New types of anti-inflammatory food factors may be discovered by examining dietary substances that interact with the abovementioned target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shimizu
- Corresponding author: Department of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan. E-mail address:
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127
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Epigenetic Changes in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 106:139-189. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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128
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Cummings RJ, Barbet G, Bongers G, Hartmann BM, Gettler K, Muniz L, Furtado GC, Cho J, Lira SA, Blander JM. Different tissue phagocytes sample apoptotic cells to direct distinct homeostasis programs. Nature 2016; 539:565-569. [PMID: 27828940 PMCID: PMC5807003 DOI: 10.1038/nature20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recognition and removal of apoptotic cells by professional phagocytes, including dendritic cells and macrophages, preserves immune self-tolerance and prevents chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathologies. The diverse array of phagocytes that reside within different tissues, combined with the necessarily prompt nature of apoptotic cell clearance, makes it difficult to study this process in situ. The full spectrum of functions executed by tissue-resident phagocytes in response to homeostatic apoptosis, therefore, remains unclear. Here we show that mouse apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which undergo continuous renewal to maintain optimal barrier and absorptive functions, are not merely extruded to maintain homeostatic cell numbers, but are also sampled by a single subset of dendritic cells and two macrophage subsets within a well-characterized network of phagocytes in the small intestinal lamina propria. Characterization of the transcriptome within each subset before and after in situ sampling of apoptotic IECs revealed gene expression signatures unique to each phagocyte, including macrophage-specific lipid metabolism and amino acid catabolism, and a dendritic-cell-specific program of regulatory CD4+ T-cell activation. A common 'suppression of inflammation' signature was noted, although the specific genes and pathways involved varied amongst dendritic cells and macrophages, reflecting specialized functions. Apoptotic IECs were trafficked to mesenteric lymph nodes exclusively by the dendritic cell subset and served as critical determinants for the induction of tolerogenic regulatory CD4+ T-cell differentiation. Several of the genes that were differentially expressed by phagocytes bearing apoptotic IECs overlapped with susceptibility genes for inflammatory bowel disease. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the consequences of apoptotic cell sampling, advance our understanding of how homeostasis is maintained within the mucosa and set the stage for development of novel therapeutics to alleviate chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Cummings
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gaetan Barbet
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gerold Bongers
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Boris M Hartmann
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA
| | - Kyle Gettler
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Luciana Muniz
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Glaucia C Furtado
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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