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Qi F, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Dong Z, Yan Y, Lamb D, Bucheli TD, Choppala G, Duan L, Semple KT. Pyrogenic carbon in Australian soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:849-857. [PMID: 28215804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogenic carbon (PyC), the combustion residues of fossil fuel and biomass, is a versatile soil fraction active in biogeochemical processes. In this study, the chemo-thermal oxidation method (CTO-375) was applied to investigate the content and distribution of PyC in 30 Australian agricultural, pastoral, bushland and parkland soil with various soil types. Soils were sampled incrementally to 50cm in 6 locations and at another 7 locations at 0-10cm. Results showed that PyC in Australian soils typically ranged from 0.27-5.62mg/g, with three Dermosol soils ranging within 2.58-5.62mg/g. Soil PyC contributed 2.0-11% (N=29) to the total organic carbon (TOC), with one Ferrosol as high as 26%. PyC was concentrated either in the top (0-10cm) or bottom (30-50cm) soil layers, with the highest PyC:TOC ratio in the bottom (30-50cm) soil horizon in all soils. Principal component analysis - multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) suggested the silt-associated organic C factor accounted for 38.5% of the variation in PyC. Our findings suggest that PyC is an important fraction of the TOC (2.0-11%, N=18) and chemically recalcitrant organic C (ROC) obtained by chemical C fractionation method accounts for a significant proportion of soil TOC (47.3-84.9%, N=18). This is the first study comparing these two methods, and it indicates both CTO-375 and C speciation methods can determine a fraction of recalcitrant organic C. However, estimated chemically recalcitrant organic carbon pool (ROC) was approximately an order of magnitude greater than that of thermally stable organic carbon (PyC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yubo Yan
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dane Lamb
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Girish Choppala
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore 2480, NSW, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Duran R, Cravo-Laureau C. Role of environmental factors and microorganisms in determining the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:814-830. [PMID: 28201512 PMCID: PMC5091036 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in marine ecosystems and originate from natural sources and anthropogenic activities. PAHs enter the marine environment in two main ways, corresponding to chronic pollution or acute pollution by oil spills. The global PAH fluxes in marine environments are controlled by the microbial degradation and the biological pump, which plays a role in particle settling and in sequestration through bioaccumulation. Due to their low water solubility and hydrophobic nature, PAHs tightly adhere to sediments leading to accumulation in coastal and deep sediments. Microbial assemblages play an important role in determining the fate of PAHs in water and sediments, supporting the functioning of biogeochemical cycles and the microbial loop. This review summarises the knowledge recently acquired in terms of both chronic and acute PAH pollution. The importance of the microbial ecology in PAH-polluted marine ecosystems is highlighted as well as the importance of gaining further in-depth knowledge of the environmental services provided by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Duran
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Cristiana Cravo-Laureau
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
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Surawski NC, Sullivan AL, Roxburgh SH, Meyer CPM, Polglase PJ. Incorrect interpretation of carbon mass balance biases global vegetation fire emission estimates. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11536. [PMID: 27146785 PMCID: PMC4858743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation fires are a complex phenomenon in the Earth system with many global impacts, including influences on global climate. Estimating carbon emissions from vegetation fires relies on a carbon mass balance technique that has evolved with two different interpretations. Databases of global vegetation fire emissions use an approach based on ‘consumed biomass', which is an approximation to the biogeochemically correct ‘burnt carbon' approach. Here we show that applying the ‘consumed biomass' approach to global emissions from vegetation fires leads to annual overestimates of carbon emitted to the atmosphere by 4.0% or 100 Tg compared with the ‘burnt carbon' approach. The required correction is significant and represents ∼9% of the net global forest carbon sink estimated annually. Vegetation fire emission studies should use the ‘burnt carbon' approach to quantify and understand the role of this burnt carbon, which is not emitted to the atmosphere, as a sink enriched in carbon. Vegetation fires contribute to global carbon emissions, but uncertainty exists due to inconsistencies in the treatment of post-burn combustion. Here, it is shown that the ‘consumed biomass' approach overestimates emissions by 4%, which can be corrected using an alternative ‘burnt carbon' method.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Surawski
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - A L Sullivan
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - S H Roxburgh
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - C P Mick Meyer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - P J Polglase
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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