101
|
Wilson MK, Abergel RJ, Arceneaux JEL, Raymond KN, Byers BR. Temporal production of the two Bacillus anthracis siderophores, petrobactin and bacillibactin. Biometals 2009; 23:129-34. [PMID: 19816776 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis secretes two siderophores, petrobactin (PB) and bacillibactin (BB). These siderophores were temporally produced during germination and outgrowth of spores (the usual infectious form of B. anthracis) in low-iron medium. The siderophore PB was made first while BB secretion began several hours later. Spore outgrowth early in an infection may require PB, whereas delayed BB production suggests a role for BB in the later stages of the infection. Incubation of cultures (inoculated as vegetative cells) at 37 degrees C, as compared to 2 degrees C, increased PB production and decreased secretion of BB, suggesting that the production of PB and BB responded to the host temperature signal. The dual siderophores of B. anthracis may fulfill independent roles in the life cycle of B. anthracis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Peuckert F, Miethke M, Albrecht A, Essen LO, Marahiel M. Strukturbasis und Stereochemie der Triscatecholat-Siderophor- Bindung durch FeuA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
103
|
Zawadzka AM, Abergel RJ, Nichiporuk R, Andersen UN, Raymond KN. Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems in Bacillus cereus: Identification of receptors for anthrax virulence-associated petrobactin . Biochemistry 2009; 48:3645-57. [PMID: 19254027 DOI: 10.1021/bi8018674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During growth under iron limitation, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis, two human pathogens from the Bacillus cereus group of Gram-positive bacteria, secrete two siderophores, bacillibactin (BB) and petrobactin (PB), for iron acquisition via membrane-associated substrate-binding proteins (SBPs) and other ABC transporter components. Since PB is associated with virulence traits in B. anthracis, the PB-mediated iron uptake system presents a potential target for antimicrobial therapies; its characterization in B. cereus is described here. Separate transporters for BB, PB, and several xenosiderophores are suggested by (55)Fe-siderophore uptake studies. The PB precursor, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), and the photoproduct of FePB (FePB(nu)) also mediate iron delivery into iron-deprived cells. Putative SBPs were recombinantly expressed, and their ligand specificity and binding affinity were assessed using fluorescence spectroscopy. The noncovalent complexes of the SBPs with their respective siderophores were characterized using ESI-MS. The differences between solution phase behavior and gas phase measurements are indicative of noncovalent interactions between the siderophores and the binding sites of their respective SBPs. These studies combined with bioinformatics sequence comparison identify SBPs from five putative transporters specific for BB and enterobactin (FeuA), 3,4-DHB and PB (FatB), PB (FpuA), schizokinen (YfiY), and desferrioxamine and ferrichrome (YxeB). The two PB receptors show different substrate ranges: FatB has the highest affinity for ferric 3,4-DHB, iron-free PB, FePB, and FePB(nu), whereas FpuA is specific to only apo- and ferric PB. The biochemical characterization of these SBPs provides the first identification of the transporter candidates that most likely play a role in the B. cereus group pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Zawadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Raza W, Wu H, Shah MAA, Shen Q. Retracted: A catechol type siderophore, bacillibactin: biosynthesis, regulation and transport in Bacillus subtilis. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 48. [PMID: 18785660 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retraction: The following article from the Journal of Basic Microbiology, "A catechol type siderophore, bacillibactin: biosynthesis, regulation and transport in Bacillus subtilis" by Waseem Raza, Hongsheng Wu, Muhammad Ali Abdullah Shah and Qirong Shen, published online on 11 September 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor-in-Chief, Erika Kothe, and the publisher Wiley-VCH. The retraction has been agreed due to substantial overlap of the content of this article with previously published articles in other journals.The Journal of Basic Microbiology apologises to our readership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Raza
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
The major facilitator superfamily-type transporter YmfE and the multidrug-efflux activator Mta mediate bacillibactin secretion in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5143-52. [PMID: 18502870 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00464-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-affinity iron acquisition in Bacillus subtilis is mediated via the bacillibactin catechole siderophore pathway. Three of the four essential pathway steps, bacillibactin synthesis, Fe-bacillibactin uptake, and Fe-bacillibactin hydrolysis have been characterized previously. The functional and regulatory components for bacillibactin secretion, the second step of the siderophore pathway, remained unknown. In this study, the screening of a B. subtilis exporter mutant library led to the identification of the YmfE major facilitator superfamily (MFS)-type transporter as a target for bacillibactin export. Analysis of iron-limited ymfE mutant cultures displayed an eightfold reduced bacillibactin secretion and, on the other hand, a 25-fold increased secretion of the bacillibactin precursor 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. Investigation of the regulatory aspect revealed that bacillibactin secretion is, in contrast to all other components of the pathway, independent of the ferric uptake repressor Fur. Indeed, the MerR-type transcriptional regulator Mta was found to activate both bacillibactin secretion and ymfE gene expression, exposing Mta as an additional regulatory member of the bacillibactin pathway.
Collapse
|
106
|
Zhou M, Boekhorst J, Francke C, Siezen RJ. LocateP: genome-scale subcellular-location predictor for bacterial proteins. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9:173. [PMID: 18371216 PMCID: PMC2375117 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, various protein subcellular-location (SCL) predictors have been developed. Most of these predictors, like TMHMM 2.0, SignalP 3.0, PrediSi and Phobius, aim at the identification of one or a few SCLs, whereas others such as CELLO and Psortb.v.2.0 aim at a broader classification. Although these tools and pipelines can achieve a high precision in the accurate prediction of signal peptides and transmembrane helices, they have a much lower accuracy when other sequence characteristics are concerned. For instance, it proved notoriously difficult to identify the fate of proteins carrying a putative type I signal peptidase (SPIase) cleavage site, as many of those proteins are retained in the cell membrane as N-terminally anchored membrane proteins. Moreover, most of the SCL classifiers are based on the classification of the Swiss-Prot database and consequently inherited the inconsistency of that SCL classification. As accurate and detailed SCL prediction on a genome scale is highly desired by experimental researchers, we decided to construct a new SCL prediction pipeline: LocateP. Results LocateP combines many of the existing high-precision SCL identifiers with our own newly developed identifiers for specific SCLs. The LocateP pipeline was designed such that it mimics protein targeting and secretion processes. It distinguishes 7 different SCLs within Gram-positive bacteria: intracellular, multi-transmembrane, N-terminally membrane anchored, C-terminally membrane anchored, lipid-anchored, LPxTG-type cell-wall anchored, and secreted/released proteins. Moreover, it distinguishes pathways for Sec- or Tat-dependent secretion and alternative secretion of bacteriocin-like proteins. The pipeline was tested on data sets extracted from literature, including experimental proteomics studies. The tests showed that LocateP performs as well as, or even slightly better than other SCL predictors for some locations and outperforms current tools especially where the N-terminally anchored and the SPIase-cleaved secreted proteins are concerned. Overall, the accuracy of LocateP was always higher than 90%. LocateP was then used to predict the SCLs of all proteins encoded by completed Gram-positive bacterial genomes. The results are stored in the database LocateP-DB [1]. Conclusion LocateP is by far the most accurate and detailed protein SCL predictor for Gram-positive bacteria currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhou
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Genome-scale genotype-phenotype matching of two Lactococcus lactis isolates from plants identifies mechanisms of adaptation to the plant niche. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:424-36. [PMID: 18039825 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01850-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is a primary constituent of many starter cultures used for the manufacturing of fermented dairy products, but the species also occurs in various nondairy niches such as (fermented) plant material. Three genome sequences of L. lactis dairy strains (IL-1403, SK11, and MG1363) are publicly available. An extensive molecular and phenotypic diversity analysis was now performed on two L. lactis plant isolates. Diagnostic sequencing of their genomes resulted in over 2.5 Mb of sequence for each strain. A high synteny was found with the genome of L. lactis IL-1403, which was used as a template for contig mapping and locating deletions and insertions in the plant L. lactis genomes. Numerous genes were identified that do not have homologs in the published genome sequences of dairy L. lactis strains. Adaptation to growth on substrates derived from plant cell walls is evident from the presence of gene sets for the degradation of complex plant polymers such as xylan, arabinan, glucans, and fructans but also for the uptake and conversion of typical plant cell wall degradation products such as alpha-galactosides, beta-glucosides, arabinose, xylose, galacturonate, glucuronate, and gluconate. Further niche-specific differences are found in genes for defense (nisin biosynthesis), stress response (nonribosomal peptide synthesis and various transporters), and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, as well as the expected differences in various mobile elements such as prophages, plasmids, restriction-modification systems, and insertion sequence elements. Many of these genes were identified for the first time in Lactococcus lactis. In most cases good correspondence was found with the phenotypic characteristics of these two strains.
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
High-affinity iron acquisition is mediated by siderophore-dependent pathways in the majority of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and fungi. Considerable progress has been made in characterizing and understanding mechanisms of siderophore synthesis, secretion, iron scavenging, and siderophore-delivered iron uptake and its release. The regulation of siderophore pathways reveals multilayer networks at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Due to the key role of many siderophores during virulence, coevolution led to sophisticated strategies of siderophore neutralization by mammals and (re)utilization by bacterial pathogens. Surprisingly, hosts also developed essential siderophore-based iron delivery and cell conversion pathways, which are of interest for diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In the last decades, natural and synthetic compounds have gained attention as potential therapeutics for iron-dependent treatment of infections and further diseases. Promising results for pathogen inhibition were obtained with various siderophore-antibiotic conjugates acting as "Trojan horse" toxins and siderophore pathway inhibitors. In this article, general aspects of siderophore-mediated iron acquisition, recent findings regarding iron-related pathogen-host interactions, and current strategies for iron-dependent pathogen control will be reviewed. Further concepts including the inhibition of novel siderophore pathway targets are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Miethke
- Philipps Universität Marburg, FB Chemie Biochemie, Hans Meerwein Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Temmerman R, Vervaeren H, Noseda B, Boon N, Verstraete W. Inhibition ofLegionella pneumophila byBacillus sp. Eng Life Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200620212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
110
|
Gaballa A, Helmann JD. Substrate induction of siderophore transport in Bacillus subtilis mediated by a novel one-component regulator. Mol Microbiol 2007; 66:164-73. [PMID: 17725565 PMCID: PMC3022416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When iron is scarce, Bacillus subtilis expresses genes involved in the synthesis and uptake of the siderophore bacillibactin (BB) and uptake systems to pirate other microbial siderophores. Here, we demonstrate that transcriptional induction of the feuABCybbA operon, encoding the Fe-BB uptake system, is mediated by Btr (formerly YbbB), which is encoded by the immediately upstream gene. Btr contains an AraC-type DNA binding domain fused to a substrate binding protein (SBP) domain related to FeuA, the SBP for Fe-BB uptake. When cells are iron-limited, the Fur-mediated repression of btr is relieved and Btr binds to a conserved direct repeat sequence adjacent to feuA to activate transcription. If BB is present, Btr further activates feuA expression. Btr binds with high affinity to both apo-BB and Fe-BB, and the resulting complex displays a significantly increased efficacy as a transcriptional activator relative to Btr alone. Btr can also activate transcription in response to the structurally similar siderophore enterobactin, although genetic analyses indicate that the two siderophores make distinct interactions with the Btr substrate binding domain. Thus, the FeuABC transporter is optimally expressed under conditions of iron starvation, when Fur-mediated repression is relieved, and in the presence of its cognate substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Helmann
- Corresponding author: Department of Microbiology, 370 Wing Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853,.Phone: 607-255-6570, FAX: 607-255-3904,
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Chen XH, Koumoutsi A, Scholz R, Eisenreich A, Schneider K, Heinemeyer I, Morgenstern B, Voss B, Hess WR, Reva O, Junge H, Voigt B, Jungblut PR, Vater J, Süssmuth R, Liesegang H, Strittmatter A, Gottschalk G, Borriss R. Comparative analysis of the complete genome sequence of the plant growth–promoting bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 25:1007-14. [PMID: 17704766 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is a Gram-positive, plant-associated bacterium, which stimulates plant growth and produces secondary metabolites that suppress soil-borne plant pathogens. Its 3,918-kb genome, containing an estimated 3,693 protein-coding sequences, lacks extended phage insertions, which occur ubiquitously in the closely related Bacillus subtilis 168 genome. The B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 genome reveals an unexpected potential to produce secondary metabolites, including the polyketides bacillaene and difficidin. More than 8.5% of the genome is devoted to synthesizing antibiotics and siderophores by pathways not involving ribosomes. Besides five gene clusters, known from B. subtilis to mediate nonribosomal synthesis of secondary metabolites, we identified four giant gene clusters absent in B. subtilis 168. The pks2 gene cluster encodes the components to synthesize the macrolactin core skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hua Chen
- Bakteriengenetik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität, Chausseestrasse 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Passalacqua KD, Bergman NH, Lee JY, Sherman DH, Hanna PC. The global transcriptional responses of Bacillus anthracis Sterne (34F2) and a Delta sodA1 mutant to paraquat reveal metal ion homeostasis imbalances during endogenous superoxide stress. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3996-4013. [PMID: 17384197 PMCID: PMC1913413 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00185-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray analyses were conducted to evaluate the paraquat-induced global transcriptional response of Bacillus anthracis Sterne (34F(2)) to varying levels of endogenous superoxide stress. Data revealed that the transcription of genes putatively involved in metal/ion transport, bacillibactin siderophore biosynthesis, the glyoxalase pathway, and oxidoreductase activity was perturbed most significantly. A B. anthracis mutant lacking the superoxide dismutase gene sodA1 (Delta sodA1) had transcriptional responses to paraquat similar to, but notably larger than, those of the isogenic parental strain. A small, unique set of genes was found to be differentially expressed in the Delta sodA1 mutant relative to the parental strain during growth in rich broth independently of induced oxidative stress. The bacillibactin siderophore biosynthetic genes were notably overexpressed in Sterne and Delta sodA1 cells after treatment with paraquat. The bacillibactin siderophore itself was isolated from the supernatants and lysates of cells grown in iron-depleted medium and was detected at lower levels after treatment with paraquat. This suggests that, while transcriptional regulation of these genes is sensitive to changes in the redox environment, additional levels of posttranscriptional control may exist for bacillibactin biosynthesis, or the enzymatic siderophore pipeline may be compromised by intracellular superoxide stress or damage. The Delta sodA1 mutant showed slower growth in a chelated iron-limiting medium but not in a metal-depleted medium, suggesting a connection between the intracellular redox state and iron/metal ion acquisition in B. anthracis. A double mutant lacking both the sodA1 and sodA2 genes (Delta sodA1 Delta sodA2) was attenuated for growth in manganese-depleted medium, suggesting a slight level of redundancy between sodA1 and sodA2, and a role for the sod genes in manganese homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla D Passalacqua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Miethke M, Westers H, Blom EJ, Kuipers OP, Marahiel MA. Iron starvation triggers the stringent response and induces amino acid biosynthesis for bacillibactin production in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:8655-7. [PMID: 17012385 PMCID: PMC1698241 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01049-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deprivation in bacteria causes the derepression of genes controlled by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur). The present microarray analysis of iron-starved Bacillus subtilis cells grown in minimal medium unveils additional physiological effects on a large number of genes linked to stringent-response regulation and to genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis associated with pathways essential for bacillibactin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Miethke
- Fachbereich Chemie/Biochemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|