101
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Heise KF, Niehoff M, Feldheim JF, Liuzzi G, Gerloff C, Hummel FC. Differential behavioral and physiological effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy adults of younger and older age. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:146. [PMID: 25071555 PMCID: PMC4091308 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated synaptic transmission have been associated with age-related motor and cognitive functional decline. Since anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) has been suggested to target cortical GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, its potential for the treatment of deficient inhibitory activity and functional decline is being increasingly discussed. Therefore, after-effects of a single session of atDCS on resting-state and event-related short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) as evaluated with double-pulse TMS and dexterous manual performance were examined using a sham-controlled cross-over design in a sample of older and younger participants. The atDCS effect on resting-state inhibition differed in direction, magnitude, and timing, i.e., late relative release of inhibition in the younger and early relative increase in inhibition in the older. More pronounced release of event-related inhibition after atDCS was exclusively seen in the older. Event-related modulation of inhibition prior to stimulation predicted the magnitude of atDCS-induced effects on resting-state inhibition. Specifically, older participants with high modulatory capacity showed a disinhibitory effect comparable to the younger. Beneficial effects on behavior were mainly seen in the older and in tasks requiring higher dexterity, no clear association with physiological changes was found. Differential effects of atDCS on SICI, discussed to reflect GABAergic inhibition at the level of the primary motor cortex, might be distinct in older and younger participants depending on the functional integrity of the underlying neural network. Older participants with preserved modulatory capacity, i.e., a physiologically “young” motor network, were more likely to show a disinhibitory effect of atDCS. These results favor individually tailored application of tDCS with respect to specific target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Niehoff
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - J-F Feldheim
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gianpiero Liuzzi
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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102
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Bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation enhances effector-independent representations of motor synergy and sequence learning. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1037-50. [PMID: 24431461 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2282-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex manual tasks-everything from buttoning up a shirt to playing the piano-fundamentally involve two components: (1) generating specific patterns of muscle activity (here, termed "synergies"); and (2) stringing these into purposeful sequences. Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) has been found to increase the learning of motor sequences, it is unknown whether it can similarly facilitate motor synergy learning. Here, we determined the effects of tDCS on the learning of motor synergies using a novel hand configuration task that required the production of difficult muscular activation patterns. Bihemispheric tDCS was applied to M1 of healthy, right-handed human participants during 4 d of repetitive left-hand configuration training in a double-blind design. tDCS augmented synergy learning, leading subsequently to faster and more synchronized execution. This effect persisted for at least 4 weeks after training. Qualitatively similar tDCS-associated improvements occurred during training of finger sequences in a separate subject cohort. We additionally determined whether tDCS only improved the acquisition of motor memories for specific synergies/sequences or whether it also facilitated more general parts of the motor representations, which could be transferred to novel movements. Critically, we observed that tDCS effects generalized to untrained hand configurations and untrained finger sequences (i.e., were nonspecific), as well as to the untrained hand (i.e., were effector-independent). Hence, bihemispheric tDCS may be a promising adjunct to neurorehabilitative training regimes, in which broad transfer to everyday tasks is highly desirable.
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103
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Krishnan C, Ranganathan R, Kantak SS, Dhaher YY, Rymer WZ. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation alters elbow flexor muscle recruitment strategies. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:443-50. [PMID: 24582369 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is known to reliably alter motor cortical excitability in a polarity dependent fashion such that anodal stimulation increases cortical excitability and cathodal stimulation inhibits cortical excitability. However, the effect of tDCS on agonist and antagonist volitional muscle activation is currently not known. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of motor cortical anodal tDCS on EMG/force relationships of biceps brachii (agonist) and triceps brachii (antagonist) using surface electromyography (EMG). METHODS Eighteen neurologically intact adults (9 tDCS and 9 controls) participated in this study. EMG/force relationships were established by having subjects perform submaximal isometric contractions at several force levels (12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50% of maximum). RESULTS Results showed that anodal tDCS significantly affected the EMG/force relationship of the biceps brachii muscle. Specifically, anodal tDCS increased the magnitude of biceps brachii activation at 37.5% and 50% of maximum. Anodal tDCS also resulted in an increase in the peak force and EMG values during maximal contractions as compared to the control condition. EMG analyses of other elbow muscles indicated that the increase in biceps brachii activation after anodal tDCS was not related to alterations in synergistic or antagonistic muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that anodal tDCS significantly affects the voluntary EMG/force relationship of the agonist muscles without altering the coactivation of the antagonistic muscles. The most likely explanation for the observed greater EMG per unit force after anodal tDCS appears to be related to alterations in motor unit recruitment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Krishnan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rajiv Ranganathan
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shailesh S Kantak
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yasin Y Dhaher
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William Z Rymer
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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104
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Suchy Y, Lee JN, Marchand WR. Aberrant cortico–subcortical functional connectivity among women with poor motor control: Toward uncovering the substrate of hyperkinetic perseveration. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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105
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Miyaguchi S, Onishi H, Kojima S, Sugawara K, Tsubaki A, Kirimoto H, Tamaki H, Yamamoto N. Corticomotor excitability induced by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation with and without non-exhaustive movement. Brain Res 2013; 1529:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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106
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Reis J, Fischer JT, Prichard G, Weiller C, Cohen LG, Fritsch B. Time- but not sleep-dependent consolidation of tDCS-enhanced visuomotor skills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:109-17. [PMID: 23960213 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Consolidation of motor skills after training can occur in a time- or sleep-dependent fashion. Recent studies revealed time-dependent consolidation as a common feature of visuomotor tasks. We have previously shown that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with repeated motor training benefits consolidation by the induction of offline skill gains in a complex visuomotor task, preventing the regular occurrence of skill loss between days. Here, we asked 2 questions: What is the time course of consolidation between days for this task and do exogenously induced offline gains develop as a function of time or overnight sleep? We found that both the development of offline skill loss in sham-stimulated subjects and offline skill gains induced by anodal tDCS critically depend on the passage of time after training, but not on overnight sleep. These findings support the view that tDCS interacts directly with the physiological consolidation process. However, in a control experiment, anodal tDCS applied after the training did not induce skill gains, implying that coapplication of tDCS and training is required to induce offline skill gains, pointing to the initiation of consolidation already during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Torben Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - George Prichard
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL London, London, UK and
| | - Cornelius Weiller
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brita Fritsch
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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107
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Meehan SK, Zabukovec JR, Dao E, Cheung KL, Linsdell MA, Boyd LA. One hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over dorsal premotor cortex enhances offline motor memory consolidation for sequence-specific implicit learning. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:3071-9. [PMID: 23834742 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Consolidation of motor memories associated with skilled practice can occur both online, concurrent with practice, and offline, after practice has ended. The current study investigated the role of dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) in early offline motor memory consolidation of implicit sequence-specific learning. Thirty-three participants were assigned to one of three groups of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over left PMd (5 Hz, 1 Hz or control) immediately following practice of a novel continuous tracking task. There was no additional practice following rTMS. This procedure was repeated for 4 days. The continuous tracking task contained a repeated sequence that could be learned implicitly and random sequences that could not. On a separate fifth day, a retention test was performed to assess implicit sequence-specific motor learning of the task. Tracking error was decreased for the group who received 1 Hz rTMS over the PMd during the early consolidation period immediately following practice compared with control or 5 Hz rTMS. Enhanced sequence-specific learning with 1 Hz rTMS following practice was due to greater offline consolidation, not differences in online learning between the groups within practice days. A follow-up experiment revealed that stimulation of PMd following practice did not differentially change motor cortical excitability, suggesting that changes in offline consolidation can be largely attributed to stimulation-induced changes in PMd. These findings support a differential role for the PMd in support of online and offline sequence-specific learning of a visuomotor task and offer converging evidence for competing memory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Meehan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J R Zabukovec
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - E Dao
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K L Cheung
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M A Linsdell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 212-2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
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108
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Saucedo Marquez CM, Zhang X, Swinnen SP, Meesen R, Wenderoth N. Task-specific effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:333. [PMID: 23847505 PMCID: PMC3696911 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a relatively new non-invasive brain stimulation technique that modulates neural processes. When applied to the human primary motor cortex (M1), tDCS has beneficial effects on motor skill learning and consolidation in healthy controls and in patients. However, it remains unclear whether tDCS improves motor learning in a general manner or whether these effects depend on which motor task is acquired. Here we compare whether the effect of tDCS differs when the same individual acquires (1) a Sequential Finger Tapping Task (SEQTAP) and (2) a Visual Isometric Pinch Force Task (FORCE). Both tasks have been shown to be sensitive to tDCS applied over M1, however, the underlying processes mediating learning and memory formation might benefit differently from anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (anodal-tDCS). Thirty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to an anodal-tDCS group or sham-group. Using a double-blind, sham-controlled cross-over design, tDCS was applied over M1 while subjects acquired each of the motor tasks over three consecutive days, with the order being randomized across subjects. We found that anodal-tDCS affected each task differently: the SEQTAP task benefited from anodal-tDCS during learning, whereas the FORCE task showed improvements only at retention. These findings suggest that anodal-tDCS applied over M1 appears to have a task-dependent effect on learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Maria Saucedo Marquez
- KU Leuven, Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity , Heverlee , Belgium
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109
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Cuypers K, Leenus DJF, van den Berg FE, Nitsche MA, Thijs H, Wenderoth N, Meesen RLJ. Is motor learning mediated by tDCS intensity? PLoS One 2013; 8:e67344. [PMID: 23826272 PMCID: PMC3691194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tDCS has been shown to improve motor learning, previous studies reported rather small effects. Since physiological effects of tDCS depend on intensity, the present study evaluated this parameter in order to enhance the effect of tDCS on skill acquisition. The effect of different stimulation intensities of anodal tDCS (atDCS) was investigated in a double blind, sham controlled crossover design. In each condition, thirteen healthy subjects were instructed to perform a unimanual motor (sequence) learning task. Our results showed (1) a significant increase in the slope of the learning curve and (2) a significant improvement in motor performance at retention for 1.5 mA atDCS as compared to sham tDCS. No significant differences were reported between 1 mA atDCS and sham tDCS; and between 1.5 mA atDCS and 1 mA atDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Cuypers
- BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Daphnie J. F. Leenus
- BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Femke E. van den Berg
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Michael A. Nitsche
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Thijs
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- I-BioStat - Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinfirmatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raf L. J. Meesen
- BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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110
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Evolution of premotor cortical excitability after cathodal inhibition of the primary motor cortex: a sham-controlled serial navigated TMS study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57425. [PMID: 23437385 PMCID: PMC3578858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Premotor cortical regions (PMC) play an important role in the orchestration of motor function, yet their role in compensatory mechanisms in a disturbed motor system is largely unclear. Previous studies are consistent in describing pronounced anatomical and functional connectivity between the PMC and the primary motor cortex (M1). Lesion studies consistently show compensatory adaptive changes in PMC neural activity following an M1 lesion. Non-invasive brain modification of PMC neural activity has shown compensatory neurophysiological aftereffects in M1. These studies have contributed to our understanding of how M1 responds to changes in PMC neural activity. Yet, the way in which the PMC responds to artificial inhibition of M1 neural activity is unclear. Here we investigate the neurophysiological consequences in the PMC and the behavioral consequences for motor performance of stimulation mediated M1 inhibition by cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Purpose The primary goal was to determine how electrophysiological measures of PMC excitability change in order to compensate for inhibited M1 neural excitability and attenuated motor performance. Hypothesis Cathodal inhibition of M1 excitability leads to a compensatory increase of ipsilateral PMC excitability. Methods We enrolled 16 healthy participants in this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover design study. All participants underwent navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) to identify PMC and M1 corticospinal projections as well as to evaluate electrophysiological measures of cortical, intracortical and interhemispheric excitability. Cortical M1 excitability was inhibited using cathodal tDCS. Finger-tapping speeds were used to examine motor function. Results Cathodal tDCS successfully reduced M1 excitability and motor performance speed. PMC excitability was increased for longer and was the only significant predictor of motor performance. Conclusion The PMC compensates for attenuated M1 excitability and contributes to motor performance maintenance.
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111
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Moore TL, Schettler SP, Killiany RJ, Rosene DL, Moss MB. Impairment in delayed nonmatching to sample following lesions of dorsal prefrontal cortex. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126:772-80. [PMID: 23088539 DOI: 10.1037/a0030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex has been identified as essential for executive function, as well as for aspects of rule learning and recognition memory. As part of our studies to assess prefrontal cortical function in the monkey, we evaluated the effects of damage to the dorsal prefrontal cortex (DPFC) on the Category Set Shifting Task (CSST), a test of abstraction and set-shifting, and on the Delayed Nonmatching to Sample (DNMS) task, a benchmark test of rule learning and recognition memory. The DPFC lesions in this study included dorsolateral and dorsomedial aspects of the PFC. In a previous report, we published evidence of an impairment on the CSST as a consequence of DPFC lesions (Moore, Schettler, Killiany, Rosene, & Moss, 2009). Here we report that monkeys with lesions of the DPFC were also markedly impaired relative to controls on both the acquisition (rule learning) and performance (recognition memory) conditions of trial-unique DNMS. The presence and extent of the deficits that we observed were of some surprise and support the possibility that the dorsal prefrontal cortex plays a more direct role in learning and recognition memory than had been previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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