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El-Remessy AB, Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Patel V, Al-Gayyar MMH, Pillai BA, Pacher P. Cannabinoid 1 receptor activation contributes to vascular inflammation and cell death in a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy and a human retinal cell line. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1567-78. [PMID: 21373835 PMCID: PMC3375271 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent studies have demonstrated that cannabinoid-1 (CB(1)) receptor blockade ameliorated inflammation, endothelial and/or cardiac dysfunction, and cell death in models of nephropathy, atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy. However the role of CB(1) receptor signalling in diabetic retinopathy remains unexplored. Using genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of the CB(1) receptor with SR141716 (rimonabant) in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy or in human primary retinal endothelial cells (HREC) exposed to high glucose, we explored the role of CB(1) receptors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin in C57BL/6J Cb(1) (also known as Cnr1)(+/+) and Cb(1)(-/-) mice aged 8 to 12 weeks. Samples from mice retina or HREC were used to determine: (1) apoptosis; (2) activity of nuclear factor kappa B, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3; (3) content of 3-nitrotyrosine and reactive oxygen species; and (4) activation of p38/Jun N-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). RESULTS Deletion of CB(1) receptor or treatment of diabetic mice with CB(1) receptor antagonist SR141716 prevented retinal cell death. Treatment of diabetic mice or HREC cells exposed to high glucose with SR141716 attenuated the oxidative and nitrative stress, and reduced levels of nuclear factor κB, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In addition, SR141716 attenuated the diabetes- or high glucose-induced pro-apoptotic activation of MAPK and retinal vascular cell death. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Activation of CB(1) receptors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy by facilitating MAPK activation, oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling. Conversely, CB(1) receptor inhibition may be beneficial in the treatment of this devastating complication of diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/deficiency
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retina/physiopathology
- Retinal Vasculitis/metabolism
- Retinal Vasculitis/physiopathology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Streptozocin/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. El-Remessy
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - M. Rajesh
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC-9413, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
| | - P. Mukhopadhyay
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC-9413, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
| | - B. Horváth
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC-9413, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA. Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V. Patel
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC-9413, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
| | - M. M. H. Al-Gayyar
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - B. A. Pillai
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - P. Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC-9413, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Rajesh M, Matsumoto S, Saito K, Bátkai S, Patel V, Tanchian G, Gao RY, Cravatt BF, Haskó G, Pacher P. Fatty acid amide hydrolase is a key regulator of endocannabinoid-induced myocardial tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:179-95. [PMID: 21070851 PMCID: PMC3022384 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that increased levels of endocannabinoids in various cardiovascular disorders (e.g., various forms of shock, cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis) through the activation of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors may promote cardiovascular dysfunction and tissue injury. We have investigated the role of the main endocannabinoid anandamide-metabolizing enzyme (fatty acid amide hydrolase; FAAH) in myocardial injury induced by an important chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX; known for its cardiotoxicity mediated by increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation), using well-established acute and chronic cardiomyopathy models in mice. The DOX-induced myocardial oxidative/nitrative stress (increased 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyl, and nitrotyrosine levels and decreased glutathione content) correlated with multiple cell death markers, which were enhanced in FAAH knockout mice exhibiting significantly increased DOX-induced mortality and cardiac dysfunction compared to their wild type. The effects of DOX in FAAH knockouts were attenuated by CB(1) receptor antagonists. Furthermore, anandamide induced enhanced cell death in human cardiomyocytes pretreated with FAAH inhibitor and enhanced sensitivity to ROS generation in inflammatory cells of FAAH knockouts. These results suggest that in pathological conditions associated with acute oxidative/nitrative stress FAAH plays a key role in controlling the tissue injury that is, at least in part, mediated by the activation of CB(1) receptors by endocannabinoids.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Amidohydrolases/physiology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Cardiomyopathies/chemically induced
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Endocannabinoids
- Heart/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bėla Horváth
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sándor Bátkai
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Galin Tanchian
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Y Gao
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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105
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Liu H, Liu W, Liao Y, Cheng L, Liu Q, Ren X, Shi L, Tu X, Wang QK, Guo AY. CADgene: a comprehensive database for coronary artery disease genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:D991-6. [PMID: 21045063 PMCID: PMC3013698 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex, multifactorial disease and a leading cause of mortality world wide. Over the past decades, great efforts have been made to elucidate the underlying genetic basis of CAD and massive data have been accumulated. To integrate these data together and to provide a useful resource for researchers, we developed the CADgene, a comprehensive database for CAD genes. We manually extracted CAD-related evidence for more than 300 candidate genes for CAD from over 1300 publications of genetic studies. We classified these candidate genes into 12 functional categories based on their roles in CAD. For each gene, we extracted detailed information from related studies (e.g. the size of case–control, population, SNP, odds ratio, P-value, etc.) and made useful annotations, which include general gene information, Gene Ontology annotations, KEGG pathways, protein–protein interactions and others. Besides the statistical number of studies for each gene, CADgene also provides tools to search and show the most frequently studied candidate genes. In addition, CADgene provides cumulative data from 11 publications of CAD-related genome-wide association studies. CADgene has a user-friendly web interface with multiple browse and search functions. It is freely available at http://www.bioguo.org/CADgene/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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