101
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Gauglitz GG, Zedler S, von Spiegel F, Fuhr J, von Donnersmarck GH, Faist E. Functional characterization of cultured keratinocytes after acute cutaneous burn injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29942. [PMID: 22359539 PMCID: PMC3281018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to forming the epithelial barrier against the outside environment keratinocytes are immunologically active cells. In the treatment of severely burned skin, cryoconserved keratinocyte allografts gain in importance. It has been proposed that these allografts accelerate wound healing also due to the expression of a favourable - keratinocyte-derived - cytokine and growth factor milieu. Methods In this study the morphology and cytokine expression profile of keratinocytes from skin after acute burn injury was compared to non-burned skin. Skin samples were obtained from patients after severe burn injury and healthy controls. Cells were cultured and secretion of selected inflammatory mediators was quantified using Bioplex Immunoassays. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyse further functional and morphologic parameters. Results Histology revealed increased terminal differentiation of keratinocytes (CK10, CK11) in allografts from non-burned skin compared to a higher portion of proliferative cells (CK5, vimentin) in acute burn injury. Increased levels of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNFα could be detected in culture media of burn injury skin cultures. Both culture groups contained large amounts of IL-1RA. IL-6 and GM-CSF were increased during the first 15 days of culture of burned skin compared to control skin. Levels of VEGF, FGF-basic, TGF-ß und G-CSF were high in both but not significantly different. Cryoconservation led to a diminished mediator synthesis except for higher levels of intracellular IL-1α and IL-1ß. Conclusion Skin allografts from non-burned skin show a different secretion pattern of keratinocyte-derived cytokines and inflammatory mediators compared to keratinocytes after burn injury. As these secreted molecules exert auto- and paracrine effects and subsequently contribute to healing and barrier restoration after acute burn injury therapies affecting this specific cytokine/growth factor micromilieu could be beneficial in burned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd G Gauglitz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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102
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Abstract
Hypertrophic scars are common complications of burn injury and other soft tissue injuries. Excessive extracellular matrix combined with inadequate remodeling of scar tissue results in an aesthetically and functionally unsatisfactory, painful, pruritic scar that can impair function. Treatment options are available to rehabilitation practitioners, but none are entirely satisfactory. An interdisciplinary clinical program is necessary for best outcomes. Challenges to be met by the rehabilitation community include research into the quantification of burn scar measurement, the effects of mechanical forces on wound healing and scar management, and the best combination of surgical, pharmacologic, and therapy interventions to maximize outcome from reconstructive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gabriel
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fire Fighters Burn Treatment Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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103
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Wnt/β-catenin pathway forms a negative feedback loop during TGF-β1 induced human normal skin fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 65:38-49. [PMID: 22041457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition is a key event during wound healing and hypertrophic scar formation. Previous studies suggested Wnt/β-catenin signaling might be involved in the wound healing. However, its specific role in skin fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the specific role of β-catenin during the transforming growth factor-β1 induced normal skin myofibroblasts transition. METHODS By real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western-blot and immunocytochemistry, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cultured human normal skin fibroblasts during TGF-β1 induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition was investigated. The effects of β-catenin on myofibroblasts transition were also investigated when SB-216763, over-expression and siRNA of β-catenin were utilized. In addition, fibroblasts populated collagen lattices contraction assays were conducted to examine the effects of β-catenin on the contractility of the fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1. Furthermore, the effects of β-catenin on the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen types I and III in hypertrophic scar derived fibroblasts were studied. RESULTS The expression of Wnts mRNA and β-catenin protein was up-regulated by TGF-β1 stimulation during the myofibroblasts transition. Both of SB-216763 and β-catenin over-expression was paralleled with decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen types I and III, while siRNA targeting β-catenin leads to up-regulation of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen types I and III. The increased contractility and α-smooth muscle actin expression of the fibroblasts in the collagen lattices induced by TGF-β1 was inhibited by SB-216763. In addition, the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen types I and III in hypertrophic scar derived fibroblasts were also down-regulated by SB-216763. CONCLUSION Specifically in normal skin fibroblasts, β-catenin might be involved in the myofibroblasts transition and negatively regulate the TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast transition.
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104
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Varkey M, Ding J, Tredget EE. Differential collagen–glycosaminoglycan matrix remodeling by superficial and deep dermal fibroblasts: Potential therapeutic targets for hypertrophic scar. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7581-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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105
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Ibrahim AE, Dibo SA, Hayek SN, Atiyeh BS. Reverse tissue expansion by liposuction deflation for revision of post-surgical thigh scars. Int Wound J 2011; 8:622-31. [PMID: 21895976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scars hypertrophy and widen when stretching mechanical forces are applied to resilient newly formed collagen before it reaches final maturity marring the final result of many surgical procedures and resulting in a clinical problem for many patients. Scar revision by surgical excision remains the traditional treatment for hypertrophic or widespread scars. It relies upon recruitment of local tissues for closure of the ensuing defect. Providing tension-free skin closure is the best option to avoid recurrence. Although tissue expansion procedure is a valuable and reliable technique for scar revision, it has its own disadvantages and potential complications. We describe an alternative method for scar revision that may be applicable in certain situations. Instead of expanding the soft tissues to make available additional skin, deflation by liposuction may be affected to relax the skin envelope thus indirectly providing additional skin for scar revision. We call this method 'reverse tissue expansion'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir E Ibrahim
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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106
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Yates CC, Bodnar R, Wells A. Matrix control of scarring. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1871-81. [PMID: 21390544 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Repair of wounds usually results in restoration of organ function, even if suboptimal. However, in a minority of situations, the healing process leads to significant scarring that hampers homeostasis and leaves the tissue compromised. This scar is characterized by an excess of matrix deposition that remains poorly organized and weakened. While we know much of the early stages of the repair process, the transition to wound resolution that limits scar formation is poorly understood. This is particularly true of the inducers of scar formation. Here, we present a hypothesis that it is the matrix itself that is a primary driver of scar, rather than being simply the result of other cellular dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia C Yates
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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107
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Behjati M. Worm therapy as a treatment for diabetic foot ulcer: lessons learned from the banks of the Nile. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2010; 9:185-6. [PMID: 21134957 DOI: 10.1177/1534734610389596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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108
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Sun L, Louie MC, Vannella KM, Wilke CA, LeVine AM, Moore BB, Shanley TP. New concepts of IL-10-induced lung fibrosis: fibrocyte recruitment and M2 activation in a CCL2/CCR2 axis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L341-53. [PMID: 21131395 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00122.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is most commonly recognized as an anti-inflammatory cytokine possessing immunosuppressive effects necessary for regulated resolution of proinflammation. However, its role in the development of fibrosis during inflammatory resolution has not been clear. Few prior studies have linked IL-10 with the inhibition of fibrosis principally on the basis of regulating inflammation thought to be driving fibroproliferation. In contrast, in a model of long-term overexpression of IL-10, we observed marked induction of lung fibrosis in mice. The total cell number retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) increased 10-fold in the IL-10 overexpression (IL-10 OE) mice, with significant infiltration of T and B lymphocytes and collagen-producing cells. The presence of increased fibrocytes, isolated from collagenase-digested lungs, was identified by flow cytometry using dual staining of CD45 and collagen 1. Quantitative PCR analysis on an array of chemokine/chemokine receptor genes showed that receptor CCR2 and its ligand, CCL2, were highly upregulated in IL-10 OE mice, suggesting that IL-10-induced fibrocyte recruitment was CCL2/CCR2 specific. Given the prior association of alternatively activated (M(2)) macrophages with development of fibrosis in other disease states, we also examined the effect of IL-10 OE on the M(2) macrophage axis. We observed significantly increased numbers of M(2) macrophages in both BAL and whole lung tissue from the IL-10 OE mice. Administration of rabbit anti-CCL2 antiserum to IL-10 OE mice for three consecutive weeks significantly decreased fibrosis as evidenced by lung hydroxyproline content, compared with mice that received preimmune rabbit serum. These results indicate that overexpression of IL-10 induces fibrosis, in part, by fibrocyte recruitment and M(2) macrophage activation, and likely in a CCL2/CCR2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Disease, Univ. of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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109
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Wu Y, Zhao RCH, Tredget EE. Concise review: bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells in cutaneous repair and regeneration. Stem Cells 2010; 28:905-15. [PMID: 20474078 PMCID: PMC2964514 DOI: 10.1002/stem.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in cutaneous homeostasis and wound healing had long been limited to the contribution of inflammatory cells. Recent studies, however, suggest that the BM contributes a significant proportion of noninflammatory cells to the skin, which are present primarily in the dermis in fibroblast-like morphology and in the epidermis in a keratinocyte phenotype; and the number of these BM-derived cells increases markedly after wounding. More recently, several studies indicate that mesenchymal stem cells derived from the BM could significantly impact wound healing in diabetic and nondiabetic animals, through cell differentiation and the release of paracrine factors, implying a profound therapeutic potential. This review discusses the most recent understanding of the contribution of BM-derived noninflammatory cells to cutaneous homeostasis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojiong Wu
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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110
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Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol Med 2010; 17:113-25. [PMID: 20927486 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive scars form as a result of aberrations of physiologic wound healing and may arise following any insult to the deep dermis. By causing pain, pruritus and contractures, excessive scarring significantly affects the patient's quality of life, both physically and psychologically. Multiple studies on hypertrophic scar and keloid formation have been conducted for decades and have led to a plethora of therapeutic strategies to prevent or attenuate excessive scar formation. However, most therapeutic approaches remain clinically unsatisfactory, most likely owing to poor understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the processes of scarring and wound contraction. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology underlying keloid and hypertrophic scar formation and discuss established treatments and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd G Gauglitz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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111
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Candy LHY, Cecilia LTWP, Ping ZY. Effect of different pressure magnitudes on hypertrophic scar in a Chinese population. Burns 2010; 36:1234-41. [PMID: 20541324 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effect of different pressure magnitudes on treatment outcomes of hypertrophic scars, and determine pressure loss over time. METHODS A randomized clinical trial was adopted. 53 hypertrophic scar samples from 17 Chinese participants were recruited and randomly assigned into a high pressure group (20-25 mmHg) and low pressure group (10-15 mmHg) for a five-month intervention program. The scars were assessed objectively before intervention and monthly after intervention for thickness, color (redness, yellowness and lightness) and scar pliability. Pressure magnitude at each assessment was also measured. Two-way repeated ANOVA was used to compare for differences between groups. RESULTS The results showed that both levels of pressure produced reduction in scar thickness and redness, but the improvement in the high pressure group was statistically better than that of the counterpart (both p<0.05). Monthly pressure measurement revealed that pressure loss in the high pressure group was more severe. However, no major changes in other color parameters and pliability were observed for both the groups. CONCLUSION High pressure was demonstrated to be more effective for scar management, but it was also more prone to higher pressure loss. Pressure therapy integrated with regular monitoring of the interface pressure is suggested to improve its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Hoi Yan Candy
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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112
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Abstract
Fibroproliferative disorders (FPDs) are common and serious disorders. Hypertrophic scar (HSc) and keloids represent the dermal equivalents of FPD and impose lower mortality but great morbidity. This article reviews current knowledge in the pathophysiology and molecular and cellular characteristics of postburn HSc. Additionally, current treatment modalities and future treatment options based on advancements in the understanding of the pathophysiology of HSc are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ladak
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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113
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Abstract
Dysregulated wound healing and pathologic fibrosis cause abnormal scarring, leading to poor functional and aesthetic results in hand burns. Understanding the underlying biologic mechanisms involved allows the hand surgeon to better address these issues, and suggests new avenues of research to improve patient outcomes. In this article, the authors review the biology of scar and contracture by focusing on potential causes of abnormal wound healing, including depth of injury, cytokines, cells, the immune system, and extracellular matrix, and explore therapeutic measures designed to target the various biologic causes of poor scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kwan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 2D2.28 WMC, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
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114
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Smith AN, Willis E, Chan VT, Muffley LA, Isik FF, Gibran NS, Hocking AM. Mesenchymal stem cells induce dermal fibroblast responses to injury. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:48-54. [PMID: 19666021 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to promote repair when applied to cutaneous wounds, the mechanism for this response remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of paracrine signaling from mesenchymal stem cells on dermal fibroblast responses to injury including proliferation, migration and expression of genes important in wound repair. Dermal fibroblasts were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells grown in inserts, which allowed for paracrine interactions without direct cell contact. In this co-culture model, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells regulate dermal fibroblast proliferation, migration and gene expression. When co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells, dermal fibroblasts show increased proliferation and accelerated migration in a scratch assay. A chemotaxis assay also demonstrated that dermal fibroblasts migrate towards bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. A PCR array was used to analyze the effect of mesenchymal stem cells on dermal fibroblast gene expression. In response to mesenchymal stem cells, dermal fibroblasts up-regulate integrin alpha 7 expression and down-regulate expression of ICAM1, VCAM1 and MMP11. These observations suggest that mesenchymal stem cells may provide an important early signal for dermal fibroblast responses to cutaneous injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria N Smith
- University of Washington, Campus Box 359796, 300 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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115
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Abstract
Raised skin scars, such as keloid and hypertrophic scars mostly occur post-wounding in the human dermis. There is compelling evidence for a genetic component to these conditions, given the familial predisposition, varied incidence in different ethnic populations and the presence in twins. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding genetic susceptibility to raised dermal scarring. We identified relevant articles by a systematic search of relevant search engines. Key search terms included: keloid disease, hypertrophic scarring, fibrosis, linkage analysis, gene expression, human leucocyte antigen system (HLA), twins, families, case-control association study and congenital syndromes. Numerous candidate genes have been identified, along with potential linkage regions on different chromosomes. Recent data also suggest that carriers of specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles, in particular HLA-DRB1*15, HLA-DQA1*0104, DQB1*0501 and DQB1*0503, are at increased risk of developing keloid scarring. In addition, distinct immunophenotypical profiles can distinguish between keloid and hypertrophic scars. Keloid and hypertrophic scars are multifaceted aberrations of the healing process with as yet incompletely understood aetiologies. Current data suggest a genetic susceptibility with a strong immunogenic component to dermal fibrosis with MHC genes being implicated. It appears unlikely that a single gene is responsible for the development of raised dermal scars. A likely scenario may involve the interaction of several gene pathways in addition to environmental factors. The ability to assess accurately an individual's potential genetic susceptibility to raised scarring may lead to a more personalized approach to their management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Brown
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Dermatological Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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116
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Tanwar PS, Lee HJ, Zhang L, Zukerberg LR, Taketo MM, Rueda BR, Teixeira JM. Constitutive activation of Beta-catenin in uterine stroma and smooth muscle leads to the development of mesenchymal tumors in mice. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:545-52. [PMID: 19403928 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.075648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leiomyomas and other mesenchymally derived tumors are the most common neoplasms of the female reproductive tract. Presently, very little is known about the etiology and progression of these tumors, which are the primary indication for hysterectomies. Dysregulated WNT signaling through beta-catenin is a well-established mechanism for tumorigenesis. We have developed a mouse model that expresses constitutively activated beta-catenin in uterine mesenchyme driven by the expression of Cre recombinase knocked into the Müllerian-inhibiting substance type II receptor promoter locus to investigate its effects on uterine endometrial stroma and myometrium. These mice show myometrial hyperplasia and develop mesenchymal tumors with 100% penetrance that exhibit histological and molecular characteristics of human leiomyomas and endometrial stromal sarcomas. By immunohistochemistry, we also show that both transforming growth factor beta and the mammalian target of rapamycin are induced by constitutive activation of beta-catenin. The prevalence of the tumors was greater in multiparous mice, suggesting that their development may be a hormonally driven process or that changes in uterine morphology during pregnancy and after parturition induce injury and repair mechanisms that stimulate tumorigenesis from stem/progenitor cells, which normally do not express constitutively activated beta-catenin. Additionally, adenomyosis and endometrial gland hyperplasia were occasionally observed in some mice. These results show evidence suggesting that dysregulated, stromal, and myometrial WNT/beta-catenin signaling has pleiotropic effects on uterine function and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S Tanwar
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology Services, and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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117
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Tredget
- Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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118
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De Felice B, Garbi C, Santoriello M, Santillo A, Wilson RR. Differential apoptosis markers in human keloids and hypertrophic scars fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 327:191-201. [PMID: 19224335 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are benign skin tumors and are the effect of a dysregulated wound-healing process in genetically predisposed patients. They are characterized by formation of excess scar tissue beyond the boundaries of the wound. Keloids are often confused with hypertrophic scars because of an apparent lack of morphologic differences. The molecular distinction between scars and keloid is still controversial and, until today, there is no appropriate treatment yet for keloid disease. In this study, we have found, for the first time, p53 mutations in both hypertrophic scar and keloids fibroblasts from cultured cells to various extents. Since p53 plays a central role in the DNA damage response by inducing cell cycle arrest and/or apoptotic cell death, we also set up time course experiments making cell cultures at different times to investigate the phenomenon of apoptosis and its involvement in the process of pathological scarring in both hypertrophic scars and keloids. The extent of apoptosis in this study was investigated by DNA fragmentation and MTT assays, propidium iodide staining, p53 expression, and subcellular distribution. Moreover, the correlation of apoptosis and ROS levels in keloid and hypertrophic scars fibroblasts was assessed. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that determine the regulation of apoptosis during wound healing might allow us to therapeutically modulate these pathways so that apoptotic cell death is reactivated in dysregulated and hypertrophic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna De Felice
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Naples II, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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119
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Abstract
Burn wounds give rise to the largest scars we can find in human pathology, influencing patients' quality of life. Despite the improved knowledge on pathophysiology, efficacy of the various treatments remains unsatisfactory. In this short review recent literature is examined with a focus on recent data on postburn pathological scars epidemiology and risk factors, which underline the high prevalence and the long evolution, pointing to identify this illness as a systemic inflammatory one, more frequent in women and in those of younger age, regulated by local factors relevant in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Stella
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Burn Center
and Skin Bank, Trauma Center, Turin, Italy,
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Burn Center
and Skin Bank, Trauma Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Nicola Gangemi
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Burn Center
and Skin Bank, Trauma Center, Turin, Italy
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120
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Keen D. A review of research examining the regulatory role of lymphocytes in normal wound healing. J Wound Care 2008; 17:218-20, 222. [PMID: 18546997 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2008.17.5.29173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes play a distinct, regulatory role in normal wound healing through the secretion of lymphokines. This paper evaluates the current research on the regulatory role of lymphocytes and their secretions in normal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keen
- Carmarthenshire NHS Trust, Wales. UK.
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