101
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Roff DA, Emerson K. EPISTASIS AND DOMINANCE: EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS IN LIFE-HISTORY VERSUS MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/06-165.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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102
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Pertoldi C, García-Perea R, Godoy JA, Delibes M, Loeschcke V. Morphological consequences of range fragmentation and population decline on the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). J Zool (1987) 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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103
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Toro M, Caballero A. Characterization and conservation of genetic diversity in subdivided populations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:1367-78. [PMID: 16048780 PMCID: PMC1569508 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the available tools for analysing genetic diversity in conservation programmes of subdivided populations. Ways for establishing conservation priorities have been developed in the context of livestock populations, both from the classical population genetic analysis and from the more recent Weitzman's approach. We discuss different reasons to emphasize either within or between-population variation in conservation decisions and the methodology to establish some compromise. The comparison between neutral and quantitative variation is reviewed from both theoretical and empirical points of view, and the different procedures for the dynamic management of conserved subdivided populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A Toro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Departamento de Mejora GenéticaCarretera de La Coruña km.7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología Universidad de VigoCampus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Author for correspondence ()
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104
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Konior M, Keller L, Radwan J. Effect of inbreeding and heritability of sperm competition success in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 94:577-81. [PMID: 15742000 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm competition is a potent evolutionary force shaping the reproductive biology of most animal species. Here, we estimated the heritability of sperm competition success in the promiscuous bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Sperm competition success was measured with the sterile male technique as the proportion of eggs fertilised by the second of three males mated with a single female. Sperm competition success responded significantly to selection. The heritability estimated from the response to five generations of selection was 0.13. We also estimated the effect of inbreeding on sperm competition success. Males produced by sib-mating (F=0.25) had a significantly lower sperm competition success than outbred males. The estimated coefficient of inbreeding depression was 0.53. Such high inbreeding depression together with moderately low heritability is consistent with the view that sperm competitive ability is under strong directional selection and strongly influences the reproductive success of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konior
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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105
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Ivy TM, Sakaluk SK. POLYANDRY PROMOTES ENHANCED OFFSPRING SURVIVAL IN DECORATED CRICKETS. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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106
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Bilde T, Lubin Y, Smith D, Schneider JM, Maklakov AA. THE TRANSITION TO SOCIAL INBRED MATING SYSTEMS IN SPIDERS: ROLE OF INBREEDING TOLERANCE IN A SUBSOCIAL PREDECESSOR. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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107
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Lesbarrères D, Primmer CR, Laurila A, Merilä J. Environmental and population dependency of genetic variability-fitness correlations in Rana temporaria. Mol Ecol 2004; 14:311-23. [PMID: 15643973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Considerable effort has been invested in studying the relationship between fitness and genetic variability. While evidence exists both for and against positive genetic variability-fitness correlations (GFC), the possible environment and population-dependency of GFCs has seldom been tested. We investigated GFCs in common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles reared under different temperatures and feeding regimes in four replicate populations. Genetic variability in eight microsatellite loci in 238 parents was used to estimate heterozygosity (H) and mean expected d2 in 158-sibships (4515 offspring). Generalized linear mixed model analyses of offspring fitness traits (survival to metamorphosis, developmental and growth rate) revealed that offspring survival probability was positively correlated with H, and that relationships were similar in all four populations tested. However, significant interaction between other genetic variability measures (d2, relatedness) and treatment conditions indicated that GFCs were detectable in some, but not in all environments. Interestingly, GFCs between survival and both heterozygosity and relatedness were most pronounced in stressful environments (i.e. limited food). Developmental and growth rates were significantly associated with d2 but less with H and relatedness. Furthermore, many of these GFCs were population-specific. These results suggest--in line with the contention that expression of inbreeding depression can be environment dependent--that GFCs can also be highly sensitive to the environmental conditions under which they are measured. The results further suggest that the observed positive correlation between H and survival probability is likely to be explainable by the 'general', rather than by the 'local' or 'direct' effect hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lesbarrères
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO BOX 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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108
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López-Fanjul C, Fernández A, Toro MA. EPISTASIS AND THE TEMPORAL CHANGE IN THE ADDITIVE VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX INDUCED BY DRIFT. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/04-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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109
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van Oosterhout C, Trigg RE, Carvalho GR, Magurran AE, Hauser L, Shaw PW. Inbreeding depression and genetic load of sexually selected traits: how the guppy lost its spots. J Evol Biol 2003; 16:273-81. [PMID: 14635866 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, few studies have investigated the effects of inbreeding on sexually selected traits, although inbreeding depression on such traits can play an important role in the evolution and ecology of wild populations. Sexually selected traits such as ornamentation and courtship behaviour may not be primary fitness characters, but selection and dominance coefficients of their mutations will resemble those of traits under natural selection. Strong directional selection, for instance, through female mate-choice, purges all but the most recessive deleterious mutations, and the remaining dominance variation will result in inbreeding depression once populations undergo bottlenecks. We analysed the effects of inbreeding on sexually selected traits (colour pattern and courtship behaviour) in the male guppy, Poecilia reticulata, from Trinidad, and found a significant decline in the frequency of mating behaviour and colour spots. Such effects occurred although the genetic basis of these traits, many of which are Y-linked and hemizygous, would be expected to leave relatively little scope for inbreeding depression. Findings suggest that these sexually selected traits could reflect the genetic condition or health of males, and thus may be informative mate-cue characters for female choice as suggested by the 'good genes' model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C van Oosterhout
- Molecular Ecology & Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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110
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RADWAN JACEK, WATSON PAULJ, FARSLOW JAMES, THORNHILL RANDY. Procrustean analysis of fluctuating asymmetry in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Astigmata: Acaridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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111
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López-Fanjul C, Fernández A, Toro MA. The effect of neutral nonadditive gene action on the quantitative index of population divergence. Genetics 2003; 164:1627-33. [PMID: 12930766 PMCID: PMC1462662 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/164.4.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For neutral additive genes, the quantitative index of population divergence (Q(ST)) is equivalent to Wright's fixation index (F(ST)). Thus, divergent or convergent selection is usually invoked, respectively, as a cause of the observed increase (Q(ST) > F(ST)) or decrease (Q(ST) < F(ST)) of Q(ST) from its neutral expectation (Q(ST) = F(ST)). However, neutral nonadditive gene action can mimic the additive expectations under selection. We have studied theoretically the effect of consecutive population bottlenecks on the difference F(ST) - Q(ST) for two neutral biallelic epistatic loci, covering all types of marginal gene action. With simple dominance, Q(ST) < F(ST) for only low to moderate frequencies of the recessive alleles; otherwise, Q(ST) > F(ST). Additional epistasis extends the condition Q(ST) < F(ST) to a broader range of frequencies. Irrespective of the type of nonadditive action, Q(ST) < F(ST) generally implies an increase of both the within-line additive variance after bottlenecks over its ancestral value (V(A)) and the between-line variance over its additive expectation (2F(ST)V(A)). Thus, both the redistribution of the genetic variance after bottlenecks and the F(ST) - Q(ST) value are governed largely by the marginal properties of single loci. The results indicate that the use of the F(ST) - Q(ST) criterion to investigate the relative importance of drift and selection in population differentiation should be restricted to pure additive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Fanjul
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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112
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Joron M, Brakefield PM. Captivity masks inbreeding effects on male mating success in butterflies. Nature 2003; 424:191-4. [PMID: 12853956 DOI: 10.1038/nature01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 04/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Small isolated populations are frequently genetically less diverse than core populations, resulting in higher homozygosity that can hamper their long-term survival. The decrease in fitness of organisms owing to matings between relatives is well known from captive and laboratory animals. Such inbreeding can have strongly deleterious effects on life-history traits and survival, and can be critical to the success of population conservation. Because pedigrees are hard to follow in the wild, most field studies have used marker loci to establish that fitness declines with increasing homozygosity. Very few have experimentally explored the effects of inbreeding in the wild, or compared observations in the laboratory with field conditions. Here, using a technique involving the transfer of marker dusts during copulation, we show that a small decrease in mating success of captive inbred male butterflies in cages is greatly accentuated in conditions with unconstrained flight. Our results have important implications for conservation and for studies of sexual selection because they show that the behaviours underlying patterns of mating can be profoundly influenced by a history of inbreeding or by any restraining experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Joron
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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113
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114
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115
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Henter HJ. INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND HAPLODIPLOIDY: EXPERIMENTAL MEASURES IN A PARASITOID AND COMPARISONS ACROSS DIPLOID AND HAPLODIPLOID INSECT TAXA. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/02-751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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116
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Day SB, Bryant EH, Meffert LM. THE INFLUENCE OF VARIABLE RATES OF INBREEDING ON FITNESS, ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIVENESS, AND EVOLUTIONARY POTENTIAL. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/02-713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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117
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Fernández J, Rodríguez-Ramilo ST, Pérez-Figueroa A, López-Fanjul C, Caballero A. LACK OF NONADDITIVE GENETIC EFFECTS ON EARLY FECUNDITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0558:longeo]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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118
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Kruuk LEB, Sheldon BC, Merilä J. Severe inbreeding depression in collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:1581-9. [PMID: 12184828 PMCID: PMC1691074 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes and magnitude of inbreeding depression are of considerable importance for a wide range of issues in evolutionary and conservation biology, but we have only a limited understanding of inbreeding depression in natural populations. Here, we present a study of inbreeding in a large wild population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). Inbreeding was rare, to the extent that we detected only 1.04% of 2139 matings over 18 years that resulted in offspring with a non-zero inbreeding coefficient, f > 0. When it did occur, inbreeding caused a significant reduction in the egg-hatching rate, in fledgling skeletal size and in post-fledging juvenile survival, with the number of offspring being recruited to the breeding population from a nest of f = 0.25 being reduced by 94% relative to a non-inbred nest. A maximum-likelihood estimate of the number of lethal equivalents per gamete was very high at B = 7.47, indicating a substantial genetic load in this population. There was also a non-significant tendency for inbreeding depression to increase with the strength of selection on a trait. The probability of mating between close relatives (f = 0.25) increased throughout the breeding season, possibly reflecting increased costs of inbreeding avoidance. Our results illustrate how severe inbreeding depression and considerable genetic load may exist in natural populations, but detecting them may require extensive long-term datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loeske E B Kruuk
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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119
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Schiegg K, Pasinelli G, Walters JR, Daniels SJ. Inbreeding and experience affect response to climate change by endangered woodpeckers. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:1153-9. [PMID: 12061959 PMCID: PMC1691008 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, female red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) have laid eggs increasingly earlier in response to a changing climate, as has been observed in several other bird species breeding at north temperate latitudes. Within each year, females that lay earlier are more productive than females that lay later. However, inexperienced females, experienced females who change mates and inbred birds have not adjusted to the changing climate by laying earlier, and have suffered reproductive costs as a result. Failure to respond to global climate change may be a further example of the reduced ability of inbred animals to respond to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schiegg
- Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0406, USA.
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120
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Cortese MD, Norry FM, Piccinali R, Hasson E. DIRECT AND CORRELATED RESPONSES TO ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL TIME AND WING LENGTH IN DROSOPHILA BUZZATII. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[2541:dacrta]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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121
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122
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Amos W, Wilmer JW, Fullard K, Burg TM, Croxall JP, Bloch D, Coulson T. The influence of parental relatedness on reproductive success. Proc Biol Sci 2001; 268:2021-7. [PMID: 11571049 PMCID: PMC1088844 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between fitness and parental similarity has been dominated by studies of how inbreeding depression lowers fecundity in incestuous matings. A widespread implicit assumption is that adult fitness (reproduction) of individuals born to parents who are not unusually closely related is more or less equal. Examination of three long-lived vertebrates, the long-finned pilot whale, the grey seal and the wandering albatross reveals significant negative relationships between parental similarity and genetic estimates of reproductive success. This effect could, in principle, be driven by a small number of low quality, inbred individuals. However, when the data are partitioned into individuals with above average and below average parental similarity, we find no evidence that the slopes differ, suggesting that the effect is more or less similar across the full range of parental similarity values. Our results thus uncover a selective pressure that favours not only inbreeding avoidance, but also the selection of maximally dissimilar mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Amos
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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123
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Radwan J, Drewniak M. Inbreeding depression for size but not for symmetry in Drosophila melanogaster. Hereditas 2001; 134:85-9. [PMID: 11525069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2001.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Radwan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical Academy, ul. Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Krakow, Poland.
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124
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Roff DA, DeRose MA. THE EVOLUTION OF TRADE-OFFS: EFFECTS OF INBREEDING ON FECUNDITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CRICKET GRYLLUS FIRMUS. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0111:teotoe]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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125
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Aspi J. Inbreeding and outbreeding depression in male courtship song characters in Drosophila montana. Heredity (Edinb) 2000; 84 ( Pt 3):273-82. [PMID: 10762398 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila montana, male courtship song frequency is closely associated with male courtship success and offspring survival. Other pulse characters (pulse length and cycle number) may also affect female mate choice, whereas pulse train characters (interpulse interval, pulse number and pulse train length) are not associated with these male fitness components. Inbreeding depression in these song characters was investigated by comparing the songs of inbred and outbred fly strains. The average change in most song characters as a result of inbreeding was only a few percent. However, in male song frequency the average inbreeding depression was about 14%, suggesting that this song character is associated with fitness. Outbreeding depression and the genetic architecture of song characters were investigated with interpopulation crosses and joint scaling tests. For pulse train characters the generation means show only evidence of additivity, and the existence of dominance or epistasis in these characters was strongly rejected in each case. In pulse characters the means of the F1 males were lower than the average of the parental generations. In pulse length and cycle number this difference was attributable to dominance alone. In frequency there was outbreeding depression also in the F2 generation, suggesting a break-up of favourable epistatic gene combinations. The outbreeding depression in this character in the F1 generation was caused by dominance, and in the F2 also by duplicate epistasis between dominant decreasers. The possible role of outbreeding depression and epistasis in speciation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aspi
- University of Oulu, Department of Biology, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401 Oulu, Finland.
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126
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Abstract
The evolution of quantitative characters can be described by the equation Deltaz=GP-1S where Deltaz is the vector of mean responses, G is the matrix of additive genetic variances and covariances, P is the matrix of phenotypic variances and covariances and S is the vector of selection differentials. This equation can be used to predict changes in trait values or to retrospectively estimate the selection gradient and is thus a central equation of evolutionary quantitative genetics. Genetic variances and covariances will be reduced by stabilizing selection, directional selection and drift, and increased by mutation. Changes in trait values resulting from directional selection that are comparable with differences observed among species are readily obtainable in short geological time spans (<5000 generations) with selection intensities so small that they would have an insignificant effect on the G matrix (of course it is possible that such changes came about by strong selection over a few generations, followed by long periods of stasis; there is insufficient evidence to presently distinguish these two possibilities). On the other hand, observed effective population sizes are sufficiently small that considerable changes in G can be expected from drift alone. The action of drift can be distinguished from selection because the former produces a proportional change in G whereas the latter, in general, will not. A survey of studies examining variation in G suggests that the null hypothesis that most of the variation can be attributed to drift rather than selection cannot be rejected. However, more research on the predicted statistical distribution of G as a result of selection and/or drift is required and further development of statistical tests to distinguish these two forces needs to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Roff
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1.
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