101
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O'Shea EF, Cotter PD, Stanton C, Ross RP, Hill C. Production of bioactive substances by intestinal bacteria as a basis for explaining probiotic mechanisms: bacteriocins and conjugated linoleic acid. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 152:189-205. [PMID: 21742394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which intestinal bacteria achieve their associated health benefits can be complex and multifaceted. In this respect, the diverse microbial composition of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) provides an almost unlimited potential source of bioactive substances (pharmabiotics) which can directly or indirectly affect human health. Bacteriocins and fatty acids are just two examples of pharmabiotic substances which may contribute to probiotic functionality within the mammalian GIT. Bacteriocin production is believed to confer producing strains with a competitive advantage within complex microbial environments as a consequence of their associated antimicrobial activity. This has the potential to enable the establishment and prevalence of producing strains as well as directly inhibiting pathogens within the GIT. Consequently, these antimicrobial peptides and the associated intestinal producing strains may be exploited to beneficially influence microbial populations. Intestinal bacteria are also known to produce a diverse array of health-promoting fatty acids. Indeed, certain strains of intestinal bifidobacteria have been shown to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid which has been associated with a variety of systemic health-promoting effects. Recently, the ability to modulate the fatty acid composition of the liver and adipose tissue of the host upon oral administration of CLA-producing bifidobacteria and lactobacilli was demonstrated in a murine model. Importantly, this implies a potential therapeutic role for probiotics in the treatment of certain metabolic and immunoinflammatory disorders. Such examples serve to highlight the potential contribution of pharmabiotic production to probiotic functionality in relation to human health maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen F O'Shea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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102
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McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, Alazzeh AY, Baah J, Teather RM, Stanford K. Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
McAllister, T. A., Beauchemin, K. A., Alazzeh, A. Y., Baah, J., Teather, R. M. and Stanford, K. 2011. Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 193–211. Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have been employed in ruminant production for over 30 yr. Originally, DFM were used primarily in young ruminants to accelerate establishment of the intestinal microflora involved in feed digestion and to promote gut health. Further advancements led to more sophisticated mixtures of DFM that are targeted at improving fiber digestion and preventing ruminal acidosis in mature cattle. Through these outcomes on fiber digestion/rumen health, second-generation DFM have also resulted in improvements in milk yield, growth and feed efficiency of cattle, but results have been inconsistent. More recently, there has been an emphasis on the development of DFM that exhibit activity in cattle against potentially zoonotic pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Regulatory requirements have limited the microbial species within DFM products to organisms that are generally recognized as safe, such as lactic acid-producing bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Enterococcus spp.), fungi (e.g., Aspergillus oryzae), or yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Direct-fed microbials of rumen origin, involving lactate-utilizing species (e.g., Megasphaera elsdenii, Selenomonas ruminantium, Propionibacterium spp.) and plant cell wall-degrading isolates of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens have also been explored, but have not been commercially used. Development of DFM that are efficacious over a wide range of ruminant production systems remains challenging because[0] comprehensive knowledge of microbial ecology is lacking. Few studies have employed molecular techniques to study in detail the interaction of DFM with native microbial communities or the ruminant host. Advancements in the metagenomics of microbial communities and the genomics of microbial–host interactions may enable DFM to be formulated to improve production and promote health, responses that are presently often achieved through the use of antimicrobials in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - A. Y. Alazzeh
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - J. Baah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - R. M. Teather
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4V6 (e-mail: )
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103
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Prisciandaro LD, Geier MS, Butler RN, Cummins AG, Howarth GS. Evidence supporting the use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:239-47. [PMID: 21390944 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903551747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy remains the current best practice for the treatment of neoplasia, the severity of its associated side-effects continues to impact detrimentally on the quality of life. Mucositis can affect both the oral cavity and intestine, and represents one of the most common side-effects of chemotherapy. It is characterized by ulceration, inflammation, diarrhoea, and intense abdominal pain. Despite extensive research there remains no definitive therapy for mucositis. This may be due to the multiple factors which contribute to its pathogenesis, including up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased apoptosis of epithelial cells, alteration of the gastrointestinal microbiota, and damage to the epithelium. Although employed increasingly in other gastrointestinal disorders, probiotics are yet to be comprehensively investigated in the treatment or prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Probiotic-based therapies have been shown to exert beneficial effects, including modulation of the microbiota and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review outlines the current evidence supporting the use of probiotics in intestinal mucositis, and suggests further research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Prisciandaro
- Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia.
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104
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BA Neville, PW O’Toole. Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus salivarius and closely related Lactobacillus species. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:759-74. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus salivarius has been frequently isolated from the mammalian digestive tract and has been studied as a candidate probiotic. Research to date has described the immunomodulatory properties of the species in cell-lines, mice, rats and humans for the alleviation of intestinal disease and the promotion of host well-being. The ability of L. salivarius to inhibit pathogens and tolerate host antimicrobial defenses demonstrates the adaptation of this species to the gastrointestinal niche. L. salivarius is the best characterized of 25 species in the L. salivarius clade of the genus Lactobacillus. Several other species of this clade are candidate probiotics; however, their probiotic potential has not yet been exploited. This review summarizes the research defining the probiotic nature of L. salivarius, by focusing in particular on L. salivarius UCC118 as a representative strain. The emergent research detailing the probiotic potential of other species in this phylogenetic clade will also be discussed.
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105
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O'Flaherty S, Klaenhammer TR. The role and potential of probiotic bacteria in the gut, and the communication between gut microflora and gut/host. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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106
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Atassi F, Servin AL. Individual and co-operative roles of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the killing activity of enteric strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC933 and vaginal strain Lactobacillus gasseri KS120.1 against enteric, uropathogenic and vaginosis-associated pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 304:29-38. [PMID: 20082639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the killing activity of Lactobacillus strains against bacterial pathogens appears to be multifactorial. Here, we investigate the respective contributions of hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid in killing bacterial pathogens associated with the human vagina, urinary tract or intestine by two hydrogen peroxide-producing strains. In co-culture, the human intestinal strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC933 and human vaginal strain Lactobacillus gasseri KS120.1 strains killed enteric Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344, vaginal Gardnerella vaginalis DSM 4944 and urinary tract Escherichia coli CFT073 pathogens. The cell-free culture supernatants (CFCSs) produced the same reduction in SL1344, DSM 4944 and CFT073 viability, whereas isolated bacteria had no effect. The killing activity of CFCSs was heat-stable. In the presence of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimum essential medium inhibiting the lactic acid-dependent killing activity, CFCSs were less effective at killing of the pathogens. Catalase-treated CFCSs displayed a strong decreased activity. Tested alone, hydrogen peroxide triggered a concentration-dependent killing activity against all three pathogens. Lactic acid alone developed a killing activity only at concentrations higher than that present in CFCSs. In the presence of lactic acid at a concentration present in Lactobacillus CFCSs, hydrogen peroxide displayed enhanced killing activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that for hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus strains, the main metabolites of Lactobacillus, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, act co-operatively to kill enteric, vaginosis-associated and uropathogenic pathogens.
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107
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Prisciandaro L, Geier M, Butler R, Cummins A, Howarth G. Probiotics and their derivatives as treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1906-14. [PMID: 19373788 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that is increasing in prevalence in Western society and has been linked to the development of colorectal cancer. There remains no definitive treatment for IBD, hence recent investigations have focused on the development of new therapeutics, including probiotics, which can reduce intestinal inflammation and restore balance to the gastrointestinal microbiota. Probiotics are currently being studied in greater detail, albeit predominantly in animal models of IBD. Clinical studies have yielded promising findings and justify further investigation. Furthermore, the use of inactivated probiotics as well as the soluble products produced by these bacteria has demonstrated therapeutic potential, and may in fact be more suitable, as there is no risk of sepsis associated with their administration and they can be manufactured with greater quality control. Further research is essential to define the mechanism and source of probiotic action, and to identify more efficacious strains, while future clinical trials must focus on determining whether the bacterial and genetic profiles of IBD patients influence the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Prisciandaro
- Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, (Roseworthy Campus), South Australia.
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108
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Denou E, Rezzonico E, Panoff JM, Arigoni F, Brüssow H. A Mesocosm ofLactobacillus johnsonii,Bifidobacterium longum, andEscherichia coliin the Mouse Gut. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:413-22. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Denou
- Nutrition and Health Department, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, IBFA-ISBIO, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Enea Rezzonico
- Nutrition and Health Department, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Panoff
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, IBFA-ISBIO, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Fabrizio Arigoni
- Nutrition and Health Department, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brüssow
- Nutrition and Health Department, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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109
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Endo A, Futagawa-Endo Y, Kawasaki S, Dicks L, Niimura Y, Okada S. Sodium acetate enhances hydrogen peroxide production inWeissella cibaria. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:136-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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110
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Genes and molecules of lactobacilli supporting probiotic action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 72:728-64, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052326 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00017-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli have been crucial for the production of fermented products for centuries. They are also members of the mutualistic microbiota present in the human gastrointestinal and urogenital tract. Recently, increasing attention has been given to their probiotic, health-promoting capacities. Many human intervention studies demonstrating health effects have been published. However, as not all studies resulted in positive outcomes, scientific interest arose regarding the precise mechanisms of action of probiotics. Many reported mechanistic studies have addressed mainly the host responses, with less attention being focused on the specificities of the bacterial partners, notwithstanding the completion of Lactobacillus genome sequencing projects, and increasing possibilities of genomics-based and dedicated mutant analyses. In this emerging and highly interdisciplinary field, microbiologists are facing the challenge of molecular characterization of probiotic traits. This review addresses the advances in the understanding of the probiotic-host interaction with a focus on the molecular microbiology of lactobacilli. Insight into the molecules and genes involved should contribute to a more judicious application of probiotic lactobacilli and to improved screening of novel potential probiotics.
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111
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Corr SC, Hill C, Gahan CGM. Understanding the mechanisms by which probiotics inhibit gastrointestinal pathogens. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2009; 56:1-15. [PMID: 19389605 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)00601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of probiotic bacteria for the maintenance of general gastrointestinal health and the prevention or treatment of intestinal infections. Whilst probiotics are documented to reduce or prevent specific infectious diseases of the GI tract, the mechanistic basis of this effect remains unclear. It is likely that diverse modes-of-action contribute to inhibition of pathogens in the gut environment and proposed mechanisms include (i) direct antimicrobial activity through production of bacteriocins or inhibitors of virulence gene expression; (ii) competitive exclusion by competition for binding sites or stimulation of epithelial barrier function; (iii) stimulation of immune responses via increases of sIgA and anti-inflammatory cytokines and regulation of proinflammatory cytokines; and (iv) inhibition of virulence gene or protein expression in gastrointestinal pathogens. In this review, we discuss the modes of action by which probiotic bacteria may reduce gastrointestinal infections, and highlight some recent research which demonstrates the mechanistic basis of probiotic cause and effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead C Corr
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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