Translation initiation and the fate of bacterial mRNAs

The translation of recombinant proteins in E. coli can be improved by in silico generating and screening random libraries of a -70/+96 mRNA region with respect to the translation initiation codon

Recombinant protein translation in Escherichia coli may be limited by stable (i.e. low free energy) secondary structures in the mRNA translation initiation region. To circumvent this issue, we have set-up a computer tool called ‘ExEnSo’ (Expression Enhancer Software) that generates a random library of 8192 sequences, calculates the free energy of secondary structures of each sequence in the −70/+96 region (base 1 is the translation initiation codon), and then selects the sequence having the highest free energy. The software uses this ‘optimized’ sequence to create a 5′ primer that can be used in PCR experiments to amplify the coding sequence of interest prior to sub-cloning into a prokaryotic expression vector. In this article, we report how ExEnSo was set-up and the results obtained with nine coding sequences with low expression levels in E. coli. The free energy of the −70/+96 region of all these coding sequences was increased compared to the non-optimized sequences. Moreover, the protein expression of eight out of nine of these coding sequences was increased in E. coli, indicating a good correlation between in silico and in vivo results. ExEnSo is available as a free online tool.

The 5' untranslated region of fruA mRNA is required for translational enhancement of FruA synthesis during Myxococcus xanthus development

The fruA gene encodes a DNA-binding response regulator protein essential for the development of Myxococcus xanthus. This gene is transcribed with an unusually long (235 nucleotides) 5' untranslated region (UTR) that has been shown to be absolutely necessary for the induction of FruA synthesis during development. With lacZ as a reporter, it was found in this report that each regional deletion mutation within 5' UTR caused a decrease in beta-galactosidase production. Base substitution mutations that were designed to alter local stem-loop structures also decreased fruA-lacZ expression, however their compensatory mutations could not rescue fruA-lacZ expression at all. A moderate decrease in beta-galactosidase activity was observed from the fruA-lacZ transcriptional fusion lacking fruA 5' UTR; in contrast, expression of the fruA-lacZ translational fusion lacking the 5' UTR was severely impaired. In addition, both the amount and stability of fruA-lacZ mRNA were just moderately reduced in the absence of this 5' UTR. These results suggest that the function of the 5' UTR of fruA mRNA requires integrity of almost the entire region and may depend on the primary sequence. More importantly, fruA 5' UTR modulates the expression of its own gene mainly by enhancing translation efficiency of the transcript.

The small RNA RyhB activates the translation of shiA mRNA encoding a permease of shikimate, a compound involved in siderophore synthesis

RyhB is a small RNA (sRNA) that downregulates about 20 genes involved in iron metabolism. It is expressed under low iron conditions and pairs with specific mRNAs to trigger their rapid degradation by the RNA degradosome. In contrast to this, another study has suggested that RyhB also activates several genes by increasing their mRNA level. Among these activated genes is shiA, which encodes a permease of shikimate, an aromatic compound participating in the biosynthesis of siderophores. Here, we demonstrate in vivo and in vitro that RyhB directly pairs at the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the shiA mRNA to disrupt an intrinsic inhibitory structure that sequesters the ribosome-binding site (Shine-Dalgarno) and the first translation codon. This is the first demonstration of direct gene activation by RyhB, which has been exclusively described in degradation of mRNAs. Our physiological results indicate that the transported compound of the ShiA permease, shikimate, is important under conditions of RyhB expression, that is, iron starvation. This is demonstrated by growth assays in which shikimate or the siderophore enterochelin correct the growth defect observed for a ryhB mutant in iron-limited media.

Increased production of pyruvic acid by Escherichia coli RNase G mutants in combination with cra mutations

The Escherichia coli RNase G is known as an endoribonuclease responsible for the 5'-end maturation of 16S rRNA and degradation of several specific mRNAs such as adhE and eno mRNAs. In this study, we found that an RNase G mutant derived from the MC1061 strain did not grow on a glucose minimal medium. Genetic analysis revealed that simultaneous defects of cra and ilvIH, encoding a transcriptional regulator of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and one of isozymes of acetohydroxy acid synthase, respectively, were required for this phenomenon to occur. The results of additional experiments presented here indicate that the RNase G mutation, in combination with cra mutation, caused the increased production of pyruvic acid from glucose, which was then preferentially converted to valine due to the ilvIH mutation, resulting in depletion of isoleucine. In fact, the rng cra double mutant produced increased amount of pyruvate in the medium. These results suggest that the RNase G mutation could be applied in the breeding of producer strains of pyruvate and its derivatives such as valine.

Messenger RNA Decay

This chapter discusses several topics relating to the mechanisms of mRNA decay. These topics include the following: important physical properties of mRNA molecules that can alter their stability; methods for determining mRNA half-lives; the genetics and biochemistry of proteins and enzymes involved in mRNA decay; posttranscriptional modification of mRNAs; the cellular location of the mRNA decay apparatus; regulation of mRNA decay; the relationships among mRNA decay, tRNA maturation, and ribosomal RNA processing; and biochemical models for mRNA decay. Escherichia coli has multiple pathways for ensuring the effective decay of mRNAs and mRNA decay is closely linked to the cell's overall RNA metabolism. Finally, the chapter highlights important unanswered questions regarding both the mechanism and importance of mRNA decay.