101
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Lin G, Wang G, Banie L, Ning H, Shindel AW, Fandel TM, Lue TF, Lin CS. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence with adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:88-95. [PMID: 19878076 PMCID: PMC2871776 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903350265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Effective treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is lacking. This study investigated whether transplantation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) can treat SUI in a rat model. METHODS Rats were induced to develop SUI by postpartum vaginal balloon dilation and bilateral ovariectomy. ADSC were isolated from the peri-ovary fat, examined for stem cell properties, and labeled with thymidine analog BrdU or EdU. Ten rats received urethral injection of saline as a control. Twelve rats received urethral injection of EdU-labeled ADSC and six rats received intravenous injection of BrdU-labeled ADSC through the tail vein. Four weeks later, urinary voiding function was assessed by conscious cystometry. The rats were then killed and their urethras harvested for tracking of ADSC and quantification of elastin, collagen and smooth muscle contents. RESULTS Cystometric analysis showed that eight out 10 rats in the control group had abnormal voiding, whereas four of 12 (33.3%) and two of six (33.3%) rats in the urethra-ADSC and tail vein-ADSC groups, respectively, had abnormal voiding. Histologic analysis showed that the ADSC-treated groups had significantly higher elastin content than the control group and, within the ADSC-treated groups, rats with normal voiding pattern also had significantly higher elastin content than rats with voiding dysfunction. ADSC-treated normal-voiding rats had significantly higher smooth muscle content than control or ADSC-treated rats with voiding dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of ADSC via urethral or intravenous injection is effective in the treatment and/or prevention of SUI in a pre-clinical setting.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Adipose Tissue/physiology
- Adipose Tissue/transplantation
- Animals
- Bromodeoxyuridine
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Injections, Intravenous
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Obstetric Labor Complications/physiopathology
- Obstetric Labor Complications/therapy
- Ovariectomy
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Recovery of Function/physiology
- Urethra/cytology
- Urethra/metabolism
- Urethra/surgery
- Urinary Incontinence, Stress/etiology
- Urinary Incontinence, Stress/physiopathology
- Urinary Incontinence, Stress/therapy
- Urination/physiology
- Vagina/injuries
- Vagina/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiting Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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102
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Menendez P, Catalina P, Rodríguez R, Melen GJ, Bueno C, Arriero M, García-Sánchez F, Lassaletta A, García-Sanz R, García-Castro J. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from infants with MLL-AF4+ acute leukemia harbor and express the MLL-AF4 fusion gene. J Exp Med 2009; 206:3131-41. [PMID: 19995953 PMCID: PMC2806455 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MLL-AF4 fusion is a hallmark genetic abnormality in infant B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) known to arise in utero. The cellular origin of leukemic fusion genes during human development is difficult to ascertain. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several hematological malignances. BM mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) from 38 children diagnosed with cytogenetically different acute leukemias were screened for leukemic fusion genes. Fusion genes were absent in BM-MSCs of childhood leukemias carrying TEL-AML1, BCR-ABL, AML1-ETO, MLL-AF9, MLL-AF10, MLL-ENL or hyperdiploidy. However, MLL-AF4 was detected and expressed in BM-MSCs from all cases of MLL-AF4(+) B-ALL. Unlike leukemic blasts, MLL-AF4(+) BM-MSCs did not display monoclonal Ig gene rearrangements. Endogenous or ectopic expression of MLL-AF4 exerted no effect on MSC culture homeostasis. These findings suggest that MSCs may be in part tumor-related, highlighting an unrecognized role of the BM milieu on the pathogenesis of MLL-AF4(+) B-ALL. MLL-AF4 itself is not sufficient for MSC transformation and the expression of MLL-AF4 in MSCs is compatible with a mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting a differential impact in the hematopoietic system and mesenchyme. The absence of monoclonal rearrangements in MLL-AF4(+) BM-MSCs precludes the possibility of cellular plasticity or de-differentiation of B-ALL blasts and suggests that MLL-AF4 might arise in a population of prehematopoietic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Menendez
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Purificación Catalina
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - René Rodríguez
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Gustavo J. Melen
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ramón García-Sanz
- University Hospital of Salamanca, Department of Haematology, Molecular Biology and HLA Typing Unit, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier García-Castro
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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103
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Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1912-33. [PMID: 19766641 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease has become one of the best-understood HLA-linked disorders. Although it shares many immunologic features with inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease is uniquely characterized by (1) a defined trigger (gluten proteins from wheat and related cereals), (2) the necessary presence of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, and (3) the generation of circulating autoantibodies to the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2). TG2 deamidates certain gluten peptides, increasing their affinity to HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8. This generates a more vigorous CD4(+) T-helper 1 T-cell activation, which can result in intestinal mucosal inflammation, malabsorption, and numerous secondary symptoms and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, gluten elicits innate immune responses that act in concert with the adaptive immunity. Exclusion of gluten from the diet reverses many disease manifestations but is usually not or less efficient in patients with refractory celiac disease or associated autoimmune diseases. Based on the advanced understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease, targeted nondietary therapies have been devised, and some of these are already in phase 1 or 2 clinical trials. Examples are modified flours that have been depleted of immunogenic gluten epitopes, degradation of immunodominant gliadin peptides that resist intestinal proteases by exogenous endopeptidases, decrease of intestinal permeability by blockage of the epithelial ZOT receptor, inhibition of intestinal TG2 activity by transglutaminase inhibitors, inhibition of gluten peptide presentation by HLA-DQ2 antagonists, modulation or inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, and induction of oral tolerance to gluten. These and other experimental therapies will be discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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104
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Stroncek DF, Jin P, Wang E, Ren J, Sabatino M, Marincola FM. Global transcriptional analysis for biomarker discovery and validation in cellular therapies. Mol Diagn Ther 2009; 13:181-93. [PMID: 19650671 DOI: 10.2165/01250444-200913030-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Potency testing is an important part of the evaluation of cellular therapy products. Potency assays are quantitative measures of a product-specific biologic activity that is linked to a relevant biologic property and, ideally, a product's in vivo mechanism of action. Both in vivo and in vitro assays can be used for potency testing. Since there is often a limited period of time between the completion of production and the release from the laboratory for administration to the patient, in vitro assays such as flow cytometry, ELISA, and cytotoxicity are typically used. Better potency assays are needed to assess the complex and multiple functions of cellular therapy products, some of which are not well understood. Gene expression profiling using microarray technology has been widely and effectively used to assess changes of cells in response to stimuli and to classify cancers. Preliminary studies have shown that the expression of non-coding microRNA (miRNA), which plays an important role in cellular development, differentiation, metabolism, and signal transduction, can distinguish between different types of stem cells and leukocytes. Both gene and miRNA expression profiling have the potential to be important tools for testing the potency of cellular therapies. Potency testing, the complexities associated with potency testing of cellular therapies, and the potential role of gene and miRNA expression microarrays in potency testing of cellular therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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105
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Montes R, Ligero G, Sanchez L, Catalina P, de la Cueva T, Nieto A, Melen GJ, Rubio R, García-Castro J, Bueno C, Menendez P. Feeder-free maintenance of hESCs in mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media: distinct requirements for TGF-beta and IGF-II. Cell Res 2009; 19:698-709. [PMID: 19308090 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A paracrine regulation was recently proposed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) grown in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)-conditioned media (MEF-CM), where hESCs spontaneously differentiate into autologous fibroblast-like cells to maintain culture homeostasis by producing TGF-beta and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in response to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Although the importance of TGF-beta family members in the maintenance of pluripotency of hESCs is widely established, very little is known about the role of IGF-II. In order to ease hESC culture conditions and to reduce xenogenic components, we sought (i) to determine whether hESCs can be maintained stable and pluripotent using CM from human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) rather than MEF-CM, and (ii) to analyze whether the cooperation of bFGF with TGF-beta and IGF-II to maintain hESCs in MEF-CM may be extrapolated to hESCs maintained in allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-CM and HFF-CM. We found that MSCs and HFFs express all FGF receptors (FGFR1-4) and specifically produce TGF-beta in response to bFGF. However, HFFs but not MSCs secrete IGF-II. Despite the absence of IGF-II in MSC-CM, hESC pluripotency and culture homeostasis were successfully maintained in MSC-CM for over 37 passages. Human ESCs derived on MSCs and hESCs maintained in MSC-CM retained hESC morphology, euploidy, expression of surface markers and transcription factors linked to pluripotency and displayed in vitro and in vivo multilineage developmental potential, suggesting that IGF-II may be dispensable for hESC pluripotency. In fact, IGF-II blocking had no effect on the homeostasis of hESC cultures maintained either on HFF-CM or on MSC-CM. These data indicate that hESCs are successfully maintained feeder-free with IGF-II-lacking MSC-CM, and that the previously proposed paracrine mechanism by which bFGF cooperates with TGF-beta and IGF-II in the maintenance of hESCs in MEF-CM may not be fully extrapolated to hESCs maintained in CM from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Montes
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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106
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Mezey E, Mayer B, Németh K. Unexpected roles for bone marrow stromal cells (or MSCs): a real promise for cellular, but not replacement, therapy. Oral Dis 2009; 16:129-35. [PMID: 19656313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult and embryonic stem cells have drawn a lot of attention in the last decade as new tools in regenerative medicine. A variety of such cells have been discovered and put forward as candidates for use in cell replacement therapy. Investigators hope that some, if not all, of our organs can be replaced or restored to function; that new livers, kidneys, and brain cells can be produced. Many reviews have already been written about stem cells and their potential use in regenerating tissues. In this study, we would like to call attention to a different application of a special group of adult stem cells, the stromal cells in the bone marrow (also called mesenchymal stem cells or MSCs). These cells have been discovered to modulate immune function. They can easily be expanded in culture and surprisingly, they also seem not to be immunogenic. Thus, they can be removed from donors, expanded, stored in freezers, and used as allogeneic transplants in a variety of diseases in everyday medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Unit, NIH, NIDCR, CSDB, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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107
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Abate M, Silbernagel KG, Siljeholm C, Di Iorio A, De Amicis D, Salini V, Werner S, Paganelli R. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration? Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:235. [PMID: 19591655 PMCID: PMC2714139 DOI: 10.1186/ar2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic pathogenetic mechanisms of tendinopathies are largely unknown and whether inflammation or degeneration has the prominent role is still a matter of debate. Assuming that there is a continuum from physiology to pathology, overuse may be considered as the initial disease factor; in this context, microruptures of tendon fibers occur and several molecules are expressed, some of which promote the healing process, while others, including inflammatory cytokines, act as disease mediators. Neural in-growth that accompanies the neovessels explains the occurrence of pain and triggers neurogenic-mediated inflammation. It is conceivable that inflammation and degeneration are not mutually exclusive, but work together in the pathogenesis of tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Abate
- Postgraduate School of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University G d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti Scalo, CH, Italy.
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108
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Cortes J, Sanchez L, Ligero G, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Catalina P, Elosua C, Leone P, Montes R, Bueno C, Ramos-Mejía V, Maleno I, García-Pérez J, Menendez P. Mesenchymal stem cells facilitate the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from cryopreserved poor-quality embryos. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1844-51. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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