101
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Kideryová L, Lacina L, Dvoránková B, Stork J, Cada Z, Szabo P, André S, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ, Smetana K. Phenotypic characterization of human keratinocytes in coculture reveals differential effects of fibroblasts from benign fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma) as compared to cells from its malignant form and to normal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 55:18-26. [PMID: 19414239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign and malignant fibrous histiocytoma present with a considerable difference concerning cellular organization in their vicinity. OBJECTIVE Normally appearing epithelium covers the malignant form in contrast to hyperplastic epidermis for benign tumors. It is an open question as to whether the tumor-associated fibroblasts are capable to affect phenotypic features of normal keratinocytes, prompting this comparative analysis. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from benign and malignant fibrous histiocytomas, respectively, and also from normal dermis. The resulting cell populations were thoroughly characterized immunocytochemically using a large panel of antibodies. The three fibroblast preparations were cocultured with normal interfollicular keratinocytes. Their phenotype was characterized for distinct properties including differentiation and proliferation. RESULTS Fibroblasts prepared from both tumor types were phenotypically practically identical with normal dermal fibroblasts. Their activities on keratinocytes were different. Cells prepared from benign fibrous histiocytoma were capable to effect strong expression of keratin 19 and production of a galectin-1-rich extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts isolated from malignant fibrous histiocytoma led to a phenotype very similar to that when keratinocytes were cocultured with normal dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Fibroblasts prepared from benign fibrous histiocytoma were biologically active on keratinocytes in a particular manner. Our results on fibroblast activity are suggested to be relevant for morphologic differences observed in vivo between normal epidermis and epidermis adjacent to the studied tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kideryová
- Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Massardo L, Metz C, Pardo E, Mezzano V, Babul M, Jarpa E, Guzmán AM, André S, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ, Jacobelli S, González A, Soza A. Autoantibodies against galectin-8: their specificity, association with lymphopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus and detection in rheumatoid arthritis and acute inflammation. Lupus 2009; 18:539-46. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203308099973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not been completely defined. From more than a hundred autoantibodies described in SLE, relatively few have been associated with clinical manifestations. The glycan-binding proteins of the galectin family can modulate the immune system. Anti-galectin autoantibodies thus could have functional and/or pathogenic implications in inflammatory processes and autoimmunity. We previously reported function-blocking autoantibodies against galectin-8 (Gal-8) in SLE. Here we tested these autoantibodies against a series of other human galectins and demonstrated their specificity for Gal-8, being detectable in 23% of 78 SLE patients. Remarkably, they associated with lymphopenia (50% of 18 anti-Gal-8-positive versus 18% of 60 anti-Gal-8-negative cases, Fisher’s Exact test two-tailed: P < 0.012). Lymphopenia is a common clinical manifestation in SLE, yet of unknown mechanism. In addition, six of eight patients with both lymphopenia and malar rash had anti-Gal-8 in their sera. Occurrence of these autoantibodies was not confined to SLE as we also found them in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (16%) and septicemia (20%). This study thus establishes occurrence of specific anti-Gal-8 autoantibodies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and in acute inflammation, with an apparent association to a clinical subset in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Massardo
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Metz
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; MIFAB, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Pardo
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; MIFAB, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Mezzano
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Babul
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Jarpa
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - AM Guzmán
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - H Kaltner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - HJ Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - S Jacobelli
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A González
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; MIFAB, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Soza
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; MIFAB, Santiago, Chile
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103
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Wang J, Lu ZH, Gabius HJ, Rohowsky-Kochan C, Ledeen RW, Wu G. Cross-linking of GM1 ganglioside by galectin-1 mediates regulatory T cell activity involving TRPC5 channel activation: possible role in suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4036-45. [PMID: 19299701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several animal autoimmune disorders are suppressed by treatment with the GM1 cross-linking units of certain toxins such as B subunit of cholera toxin (CtxB). Due to the recent observation of GM1 being a binding partner for the endogenous lectin galectin-1 (Gal-1), which is known to ameliorate symptoms in certain animal models of autoimmune disorders, we tested the hypothesis that an operative Gal-1/GM1 interplay induces immunosuppression in a manner evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro systems. Our study of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) indicated suppressive effects by both CtxB and Gal-1 and further highlighted the role of GM1 in demonstrating enhanced susceptibility to EAE in mice lacking this ganglioside. At the in vitro level, polyclonal activation of murine regulatory T (Treg) cells caused up-regulation of Gal-1 that was both cell bound and released to the medium. Similar activation of murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T (Teff) cells resulted in significant elevation of GM1 and GD1a, the neuraminidase-reactive precursor to GM1. Activation of Teff cells also up-regulated TRPC5 channels which mediated Ca(2+) influx upon GM1 cross-linking by Gal-1 or CtxB. This involved co-cross-linking of heterodimeric integrin due to close association of these alpha(4)beta(1) and alpha(5)beta(1) glycoproteins with GM1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of TRPC5 in Teff cells blocked contact-dependent proliferation inhibition by Treg cells as well as Gal-1/CtxB-triggered Ca(2+) influx. Our results thus indicate GM1 in Teff cells to be the primary target of Gal-1 expressed by Treg cells, the resulting co-cross-linking and TRPC5 channel activation contributing importantly to the mechanism of autoimmune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, 07103, USA
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104
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Roda O, Ortiz-Zapater E, Martínez-Bosch N, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Vila-Perelló M, Ampurdanés C, Gabius HJ, André S, Andreu D, Real FX, Navarro P. Galectin-1 is a novel functional receptor for tissue plasminogen activator in pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1379-90, e1-5. [PMID: 19171142 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) exerts many different functions in addition to its role in fibrinolysis. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), tPA is overexpressed and plays an important role in proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. tPA interaction with cell membrane receptors has been related to increased proteolytic activity and to signal transduction through nonenzymatic mechanisms. The aim was to analyze the role of galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous lectin that also is overexpressed in PDA, as a new functional receptor for tPA. METHODS Gal-1/tPA interaction was analyzed using surface plasmon resonance and pull-down assays. Pancreatic cells and tumors were used to study Gal-1 expression and localization by Western blot and immunostaining. Down-regulation of Gal-1 by small interference RNA was used to analyze the involvement of Gal-1/tPA interaction in extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, cell proliferation, and invasion in pancreatic and fibroblastic cells. RESULTS Gal-1/tPA interaction is direct, specific, and of high affinity. Gal-1 moderately increases the catalytic activity of tPA. High Gal-1 levels were detected in PDA cells in culture, where it concentrates at the migration front, and in tissues, where it is expressed in epithelial cells and in the stroma. Down-regulation of Gal-1 abolished the effects of tPA on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, cell proliferation, and invasion, both in pancreatic and in tumor-derived fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a new molecular mechanism by which Gal-1 interaction with tPA contributes to PDA progression involving both transformed epithelial cells and tumor fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Roda
- Cancer Research Programme, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Barcelona, Spain
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105
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Patsos G, André S, Roeckel N, Gromes R, Gebert J, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ. Compensation of loss of protein function in microsatellite-unstable colon cancer cells (HCT116): a gene-dependent effect on the cell surface glycan profile. Glycobiology 2009; 19:726-34. [PMID: 19293232 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors that display a high level of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) accumulate somatic frameshift mutations in several genes. The compensation of this loss of function by transfection represents a suitable approach to tie respective gene deficiency to alterations in cellular characteristics. In view of the emerging significance of cell surface glycans as biochemical signals for presentation/activity of various receptors/integrins and for susceptibility to adhesion/growth-regulatory tissue lectins, we examined the glycophenotype in the MSI-H colon cancer cell line HCT116 for activin type 2 receptor (ACVR2), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and transforming growth factor beta-type 2 receptor (TGFBR2) known to be associated with MSI colorectal carcinogenesis. A panel of probes specific for functional carbohydrate epitopes including human lectins was used to trace changes in cell surface levels, thereby initiating glycan analysis related to MSI. In particular, the presence of core substitutions and branching in N-glycans, the sialylation status of N- and O-glycans, and the presence of Le(a/x)-epitopes were profiled. Transient transfection affected the glycophenotype, depending on the nature of the gene and the probe. The TGFBR2 presence reduced binding of probes specific for a core substitution and increased branch length in N-glycosylation, even reaching a P-value of 0.0016. ACVR2/AIM2 influenced core 1 mucin-type O-glycosylation differentially, upregulation by ACVR2, and downregulation by AIM2. These alterations of cell surface glycosylation by gene products that are not directly associated with the machinery for glycan generation direct attention to pursue analysis of glycosylation in MSI tumor cells on the level of target glycoproteins and open the way for functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Patsos
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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106
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Frol'ová L, Smetana K, Borovská D, Kitanovicová A, Klimesová K, Janatková I, Malícková K, Lukás M, Drastich P, Benes Z, Tucková L, Manning JC, André S, Gabius HJ, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. Detection of galectin-3 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: new serum marker of active forms of IBD? Inflamm Res 2009; 58:503-12. [PMID: 19271150 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is an open question whether multifunctional galectin-3 can be a serum marker in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Western blots and commercial ELISA detected and quantitated the lectin immunocytochemistry using double labeling localized it in tissue sections. RESULTS Serum concentrations were significantly increased in specimen of patients with active and remission-stage ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, associated with emerging positivity of CD14(+) cells. CONCLUSION Enhanced concentration of galectin-3 in serum reflects presence of disease and points to its involvement in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Frol'ová
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4 142 20, Czech Republic
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107
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Abstract
The glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates affords a versatile means to build biochemical signals. These oligosaccharides have an exceptional talent in this respect. They surpass any other class of biomolecule in coding capacity within an oligomer (code word). Four structural factors account for this property: the potential for variability of linkage points, anomeric position and ring size as well as the aptitude for branching (first and second dimensions of the sugar code). Specific intermolecular recognition is favoured by abundant potential for hydrogen/co-ordination bonds and for C-H/pi-interactions. Fittingly, an array of protein folds has developed in evolution with the ability to select certain glycans from the natural diversity. The thermodynamics of this reaction profits from the occurrence of these ligands in only a few energetically favoured conformers, comparing favourably with highly flexible peptides (third dimension of the sugar code). Sequence, shape and local aspects of glycan presentation (e.g. multivalency) are key factors to regulate the avidity of lectin binding. At the level of cells, distinct glycan determinants, a result of enzymatic synthesis and dynamic remodelling, are being defined as biomarkers. Their presence gains a functional perspective by co-regulation of the cognate lectin as effector, for example in growth regulation. The way to tie sugar signal and lectin together is illustrated herein for two tumour model systems. In this sense, orchestration of glycan and lectin expression is an efficient means, with far-reaching relevance, to exploit the coding potential of oligosaccharides physiologically and medically.
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108
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López-Lucendo MF, Solís D, Sáiz JL, Kaltner H, Russwurm R, André S, Gabius HJ, Romero A. Homodimeric Chicken Galectin CG-1B (C-14): Crystal Structure and Detection of Unique Redox-Dependent Shape Changes Involving Inter- and Intrasubunit Disulfide Bridges by Gel Filtration, Ultracentrifugation, Site-Directed Mutagenesis, and Peptide Mass Fingerprinting. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:366-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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109
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André S, Velasco-Torrijos T, Leyden R, Gouin S, Tosin M, Murphy PV, Gabius HJ. Phenylenediamine-based bivalent glycocyclophanes: synthesis and analysis of the influence of scaffold rigidity and ligand spacing on lectin binding in cell systems with different glycomic profiles. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4715-25. [DOI: 10.1039/b913010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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110
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Wang H, He L, Lensch M, Gabius HJ, Fee CJ, Middelberg APJ. Single-Site Cys-Substituting Mutation of Human Lectin Galectin-2: Modulating Solubility in Recombinant Production, Reducing Long-Term Aggregation, and Enabling Site-Specific MonoPEGylation. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3223-30. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800801b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany, and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lizhong He
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany, and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Martin Lensch
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany, and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany, and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Conan J. Fee
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany, and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anton P. J. Middelberg
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany, and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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111
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Szabo P, Dam TK, Smetana K, Dvoránková B, Kübler D, Brewer CF, Gabius HJ. Phosphorylated human lectin galectin-3: analysis of ligand binding by histochemical monitoring of normal/malignant squamous epithelia and by isothermal titration calorimetry. Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 38:68-75. [PMID: 18983621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The human lectin galectin-3 is a multifunctional effector with special functions in regulation of adhesion and apoptosis. Its unique trimodular organization includes the 12-residue N-terminal sequence, a substrate for protein kinase CK1-dependent phosphorylation. As a step towards elucidating its significance, we prepared phosphorylated galectin-3, labelled it and used it as a tool in histochemistry. We monitored normal and malignant squamous epithelia. Binding was suprabasal with obvious positive correlation to the degree of differentiation and negative correlation to proliferation. The staining pattern resembled that obtained with the unmodified lectin. Basal cell carcinomas were invariably negative. The epidermal positivity profile was akin to distribution of the desmosomal protein desmoglein, as also seen with keratinocytes in vitro. In all cases, binding was inhibitable by the presence of lactose, prompting further investigation of the activity of the lectin site by a sensitive biochemical method, i.e. isothermal titration calorimetry. The overall affinity and the individual enthalpic and entropic contributions were determined. No effect of phosphorylation was revealed. This strategic combination of histo- and biochemical techniques applied to an endogenous effector after its processing by a protein kinase thus enabled a detailed monitoring of the binding properties of the post-translationally modified lectin. It underscores the value of using endogenous lectins as a histochemical tool. The documented approach has merit for applications beyond lectinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szabo
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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112
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Zhuo Y, Chammas R, Bellis SL. Sialylation of beta1 integrins blocks cell adhesion to galectin-3 and protects cells against galectin-3-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22177-85. [PMID: 18676377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m8000015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we determined that beta1 integrins from human colon tumors have elevated levels of alpha2-6 sialylation, a modification added by beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltranferase I (ST6Gal-I). Intriguingly, the beta1 integrin is thought to be a ligand for galectin-3 (gal-3), a tumor-associated lectin. The effects of gal-3 are complex; intracellular forms typically protect cells against apoptosis through carbohydrate-independent mechanisms, whereas secreted forms bind to cell surface oligosaccharides and induce apoptosis. In the current study, we tested whether alpha2-6 sialylation of the beta1 integrin modulates binding to extracellular gal-3. Herein we report that SW48 colonocytes lacking alpha2-6 sialylation exhibit beta1 integrin-dependent binding to gal-3-coated tissue culture plates; however, binding is attenuated upon forced expression of ST6Gal-I. Removal of alpha2-6 sialic acids from ST6Gal-I expressors by neuraminidase treatment restores gal-3 binding. Additionally, using a blot overlay approach, we determined that gal-3 binds directly and preferentially to unsialylated, as compared with alpha2-6-sialylated, beta1 integrins. To understand the physiologic consequences of gal-3 binding, cells were treated with gal-3 and monitored for apoptosis. Galectin-3 was found to induce apoptosis in parental SW48 colonocytes (unsialylated), whereas ST6Gal-I expressors were protected. Importantly, gal-3-induced apoptosis was inhibited by function blocking antibodies against the beta1 subunit, suggesting that beta1 integrins are critical transducers of gal-3-mediated effects on cell survival. Collectively, our results suggest that the coordinate up-regulation of gal-3 and ST6Gal-I, a feature that is characteristic of colon carcinoma, may confer tumor cells with a selective advantage by providing a mechanism for blockade of the pro-apoptotic effects of secreted gal-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhuo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To examine the level of expression of galectin-3 in relation to neoplastic progression of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (HSCCs) and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. METHODS Using a polyclonal antibody against galectin-3 without cross-reactivity to other galectins, we analyzed the presence of galectin-3 using quantitative immunohistochemistry in i) a series of 79 HSCCs compared with 16 normal epithelia, 20 low-grade dysplasia (Low_D) and 25 high-grade dysplasia (High_D) and in ii) a series of 58 LSCCs compared with 34 normal epithelia, 12 Low_D, and 18 High_D. In parallel, galectin-3 expression was studied using Western blotting on a series of 19 fresh biopsies from patients presenting a head and neck tumor. RESULTS Western blotting excluded a notable degree of proteolytic truncation of galectin-3 in situ. Immunohistochemical galectin-3 positivity expressed as percentage of cells was significantly higher in LSCCs and HSCCs than in Low_D (P = .01) or High_D (P = .0002), respectively. Increased expression of galectin-3 in HSCCs was accompanied by a shift from the cytoplasmic compartment to the nucleus (P = .007). In intertumor-type comparison, laryngeal carcinomas presented nuclear presence of galectin-3 only rarely (1 of 58 cases in laryngeal cancer vs. 27 of 79 cases in hypopharyngeal cancer, P = .00006) and a comparatively low labeling index (P < 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal an association between level of presence of galectin-3 and neoplastic progression of HSCCs and LSCCs.
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Maljaars CEP, de Souza AC, Halkes KM, Upton PJ, Reeman SM, André S, Gabius HJ, McDonnell MB, Kamerling JP. The application of neoglycopeptides in the development of sensitive surface plasmon resonance-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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115
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Zhuo Y, Chammas R, Bellis SL. Sialylation of β1 Integrins Blocks Cell Adhesion to Galectin-3 and Protects Cells against Galectin-3-induced Apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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116
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Lohr M, Kaltner H, Lensch M, André S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. Cell-type-specific expression of murine multifunctional galectin-3 and its association with follicular atresia/luteolysis in contrast to pro-apoptotic galectins-1 and -7. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:567-81. [PMID: 18597104 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a multifunctional protein with modular design. A distinct expression profile was determined in various murine organs when set into relation to homodimeric galectins-1 and -7. Fittingly, the signature of putative transcription-factor-binding sites in the promoter region of the galectin-3 gene affords a toolbox for a complex combinatorial regulation, distinct from the respective sequence stretches in galectins-1 and -7. A striking example for cell-type specificity was the ovary, where these two lectins were confined to the surface epithelium. Immunohistochemically, galectin-3 was found in macrophages of the cortical interstitium between developing follicles and medullary interstitium, matching the distribution of the F4/80 antigen. With respect to atresia and luteolysis strong signals in granulosa cells of atretic preantral but not antral follicles and increasing positivity in corpora lutea upon regression coincided with DNA fragmentation. Labeled galectin-3 revealed lactose-inhibitable binding to granulosa cells. Also, slender processes of vital granulosa cells which extended into the zona pellucida were positive. This study demonstrates cell-type specificity and cycle-associated regulation for galectin-3 with increased presence in atretic preantral follicles and in late stages of luteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lohr
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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André S, Sansone F, Kaltner H, Casnati A, Kopitz J, Gabius H, Ungaro R. Calix[n]arene‐Based Glycoclusters: Bioactivity of Thiourea‐Linked Galactose/Lactose Moieties as Inhibitors of Binding of Medically Relevant Lectins to a Glycoprotein and Cell‐Surface Glycoconjugates and Selectivity among Human Adhesion/Growth‐Regulatory Galectins. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1649-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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118
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Saussez S, Glinoer D, Chantrain G, Pattou F, Carnaille B, André S, Gabius HJ, Laurent G. Serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels in benign and malignant nodular thyroid disease. Thyroid 2008; 18:705-12. [PMID: 18630998 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the histological expression of galectins is increased in thyroid carcinoma, determination of their serum levels may provide useful preoperative information. The goal of this study was to determine if a difference in galectin serum levels could be detected between benign and malignant nodular thyroid diseases. DESIGN Using validated ELISAs, the concentrations of several galectins were prospectively measured in serum samples from 30 healthy individuals and preoperatively in 90 patients with thyroid disease. Seventy-one patients had multiple thyroid nodules (MTN), 13 patients had a single thyroid nodule (STN), and 6 patients had Graves' disease. Nine of 71 patients with MTN had fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of their nodules and in 7 patients a "benign" diagnosis was made, in 0 patient a "malignant" diagnosis was made, and in 2 patients a "suspicious" diagnosis was made. Six of 13 patients with STN had FNAB of their nodules and in 2 patients a "benign" diagnosis was made, in 3 patients a "malignant" diagnosis was made, and in 1 patient a "suspicious" diagnosis was made. RESULTS Thyroid disease was associated with higher levels of galectins-1 and -3 compared to normal subjects. Using a threshold value of 3.2 ng/mL as a cut-off point, the measurement of serum galectin-3 separated micro- and macropapillary thyroid carcinoma (PAP_CA) from patients with nonmalignant thyroid disease with 74% specificity, 73% sensitivity, 57% positive predictive value, and 85% negative predictive value. Elevated serum galectin-3 concentrations (>3.2 ng/mL) detected 87% of macropapillary thyroid carcinomas and 67% of micropapillary thyroid carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of galectins-1 and -3 are relatively high in patients with thyroid malignancy but there is considerable overlap in serum galectin-3 concentrations between those with benign and malignant nodular thyroid disease and, to a lesser extent, between those with and without nodular thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons-Hainaut, Mons, Belgium.
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119
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Beer A, André S, Kaltner H, Lensch M, Franz S, Sarter K, Schulze C, Gaipl US, Kern P, Herrmann M, Gabius HJ. Human galectins as sensors for apoptosis/necrosis-associated surface changes of granulocytes and lymphocytes. Cytometry A 2008; 73:139-47. [PMID: 18186087 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the glycomic profile can significantly affect the cells' communication with the environment. Plant lectins have so far been used to address the issue as to whether the courses of apoptosis or necrosis are associated with such alterations. We, here, initiate the study of members of the family of functionally pleiotropic human galectins in this respect. Established protocols for the induction of apoptosis/necrosis of blood cells and for flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide were combined with cell surface staining using biotinylated galectins at a nontoxic concentration. The galectin panel covered members from all three subfamilies. Flow cytometry revealed specific binding of galectins to viable control cells and conspicuous staining differences when testing apoptotic or necrotic cells. Onset and especially progression of cell death led to pronounced reactivity with the proto-type galectins-1, -2, and -7 and tandem-repeat-type galectin-4. Extent of staining depended on the nature and stage of cell death, type of dying cell, and type of galectin. Galectins act as sensors for cell-death-associated surface changes. Staining of late-apoptotic polymorphonuclear cells was particularly strong. Examining the functional significance of this result may reveal a new aspect within the surveillance system to protect against autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Beer
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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120
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Versatile strategy for the synthesis of biotin-labelled glycans, their immobilization to establish a bioactive surface and interaction studies with a lectin on a biochip. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:633-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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121
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Saussez S, Decaestecker C, Lorfevre F, Chevalier D, Mortuaire G, Kaltner H, André S, Toubeau G, Gabius HJ, Leroy X. Increased expression and altered intracellular distribution of adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins galectins-1 and -7 during tumour progression in hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Histopathology 2008; 52:483-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.02973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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122
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Kübler D, Hung CW, Dam TK, Kopitz J, André S, Kaltner H, Lohr M, Manning JC, He L, Wang H, Middelberg A, Brewer CF, Reed J, Lehmann WD, Gabius HJ. Phosphorylated human galectin-3: facile large-scale preparation of active lectin and detection of structural changes by CD spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:716-22. [PMID: 18302943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 has a unique modular design. Its short N-terminal stretch can be phosphorylated, relevant for nuclear export and anti-anoikis/apoptosis activity. Enzymatic modification by casein kinase 1 at constant ATP concentration yielded mg quantities of mono- and diphosphorylated derivatives at Ser5/Ser11 in a 2:1 ratio. Their carbohydrate-inhibitable binding to asialofetuin, cell surfaces of three tumor lines, rabbit erythrocytes leading to haemagglutination and cytoplasmic sites in fixed tissue sections was not markedly altered relative to phosphate-free galectin-3. Spectroscopically, phosphorylation induced alterations in the far UV CD, indicative of an increase in ordered structure. This is accompanied by changes in the environment of aromatic amino acids signified by shifts in the near UV CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kübler
- Biomolecular Interactions, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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123
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Kaltner H, Solís D, Kopitz J, Lensch M, Lohr M, Manning JC, Mürnseer M, Schnölzer M, André S, Sáiz JL, Gabius HJ. Prototype chicken galectins revisited: characterization of a third protein with distinctive hydrodynamic behaviour and expression pattern in organs of adult animals. Biochem J 2007; 409:591-9. [PMID: 17887955 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prototype galectins are versatile modulators of cell adhesion and growth via their reactivity to certain carbohydrate and protein ligands. These functions and the galectins' marked developmental regulation explain their attractiveness as models to dissect divergent evolution after gene duplication. Only two members have so far been assumed to constitute this group in chicken, namely the embryonic muscle/liver form {C-16 or CLL-I [16 kDa; chicken lactose lectin, later named CG-16 (chicken galectin-16)]} and the embryonic skin/intestine form (CLL-II or C-14; later named CG-14). In the present study, we report on the cloning and expression of a third prototype CG. It has deceptively similar electrophoretic mobility compared with recombinant C-14, the protein first isolated from embryonic skin, and turned out to be identical with the intestinal protein. Hydrodynamic properties unusual for a homodimeric galectin and characteristic traits in the proximal promoter region set it apart from the two already known CGs. Their structural vicinity to galectin-1 prompts their classification as CG-1A (CG-16)/CG-1B (CG-14), whereas sequence similarity to mammalian galectin-2 gives reason to refer to the intestinal protein as CG-2. The expression profiling by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies discerned non-overlapping expression patterns for the three CGs in several organs of adult animals. Overall, the results reveal a network of three prototype galectins in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kaltner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 München, Germany
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124
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O-glycan regulation of apoptosis and proliferation in colorectal cancer cell lines. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:1372-4. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0351372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth pathways are mediated through protein–glycan interactions including O-glycosylation. Investigation of these growth pathways can be carried out using appropriate inhibitors to identify stage-specific events. We have adopted this approach to study a group of benzyl-O-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine analogues in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Exposure to O-glycan inhibitors resulted in the induction of apoptosis, a block in proliferation, accumulation of intracellular aryl-glycans and changes in related genes as detected by gene array. Colorectal cancer cell lines susceptible to the inhibitors showed growth arrest with all compounds. However, a differential action of each inhibitor was detected in the pattern of genes affected and in the structure of aryl-glycans formed.
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