101
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Hartmann A, Muth C, Dabrowski O, Krasemann S, Glatzel M. Exosomes and the Prion Protein: More than One Truth. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:194. [PMID: 28469550 PMCID: PMC5395619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is highly expressed on exosomes. In neurodegenerative diseases, PrPC has at least two functions: It is the substrate for the generation of pathological prion protein (PrPSc), a key player in the pathophysiology of prion diseases. On the other hand, it binds neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aß) oligomers, which are associated with initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This has direct consequences for the role of exosomal expressed PrPC. In prion diseases, exosomal PrP leads to efficient dissemination of pathological prion protein, thus promoting spreading and transmission of the disease. In AD, exosomal PrPC can bind and detoxify Aß oligomers thus acting protective. In both scenarios, assessment of the state of PrPC on exosomes derived from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be useful for diagnostic workup of these diseases. This review sums up current knowledge of the role of exosomal PrPC on different aspects of Alzheimer's and prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hartmann
- Center of Diagnostics, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Muth
- Center of Diagnostics, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Krasemann
- Center of Diagnostics, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Center of Diagnostics, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
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102
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Xiao T, Zhang W, Jiao B, Pan CZ, Liu X, Shen L. The role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer' disease. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:3. [PMID: 28184302 PMCID: PMC5289036 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by most cell types including neurons that function in intercellular communication through transfer of their cargo or encapsulate and eliminate unnecessary cellular components and therefore have a broad impact on nerve development, activation and regeneration. In addition, exosomes have been observed to be involved in spreading pathological misfolded proteins, thereby leading to the onset and propagation of disease. Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and characterized by two types of lesions: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that exosomes are associated with amyloid precursor (APP) and Tau proteins and play a controversial role in Alzheimer’s disease process. In this review, we will discuss the role of exosomes in the metabolism and secretion of APP and Tau proteins and their subsequent impact on AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chu-Zheng Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
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103
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The role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:1178-1186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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104
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Soria FN, Pampliega O, Bourdenx M, Meissner WG, Bezard E, Dehay B. Exosomes, an Unmasked Culprit in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 28197068 PMCID: PMC5281572 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles (30–100 nm) generated from endosomal membranes and known to be released by all cell lineages of the Central Nervous System (CNS). They constitute important vesicles for the secretion and transport of multilevel information, including signaling, toxic, and regulatory molecules. Initially thought to have a function merely in waste disposal, the involvement of exosomes in neuronal development, maintenance, and regeneration through its paracrine and endocrine signaling functions has drawn particular attention in recent years. These vesicles, being involved in the clearance and cell-to-cell spreading of toxic molecules, have been naturally implicated in aging, and in several neurodegenerative diseases associated with pathological conversion of proteins, as well as in the transport of other disease-associated molecules, such as nucleic acids or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our understanding of such unique form of communication may provide not only answers about (patho)physiological processes in the brain, but can also offer means to exploit these vesicles as vehicles for the delivery of biologically relevant molecules or as tools to monitor brain diseases in a non-invasive way. A promising field in expansion, the study of exosomes and related extracellular vesicles has just commenced to unveil their potential as therapeutic tools for brain disorders as well as biomarkers of disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico N Soria
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293Bordeaux, France
| | - Olatz Pampliega
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293Bordeaux, France
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105
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Dinkins MB, Wang G, Bieberich E. Sphingolipid-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles and Alzheimer's Disease: A Decade of Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:757-768. [PMID: 27662306 PMCID: PMC5360538 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged in the last 10 years as a new player in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with high potential for being useful as a diagnostic and treatment tool. Exosomes and other EVs are enriched with the sphingolipid ceramide as well as other more complex glycosphingolipids such as gangliosides. At least a subpopulation of exosomes requires neutral sphingomyelinase activity for their biogenesis and secretion. As ceramide is often elevated in AD, exosome secretion may be affected as well. Here, we review the available data showing that exosomes regulate the aggregation and clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and discuss the differences in data from laboratories regarding Aβ binding, induction of aggregation, and glial clearance. We also summarize available data on the role of exosomes in extracellular tau propagation, AD-related exosomal mRNA/miRNA cargo, and the use of exosomes as biomarker and gene therapy vehicles for diagnosis and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
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106
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Muth C, Schröck K, Madore C, Hartmann K, Fanek Z, Butovsky O, Glatzel M, Krasemann S. Activation of microglia by retroviral infection correlates with transient clearance of prions from the brain but does not change incubation time. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:590-602. [PMID: 27558169 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible diseases, where conversion of the endogenous prion protein (PrPC ) into a misfolded isoform (PrPSc ) leads to neurodegeneration. Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are activated in neurodegenerative disorders including prion diseases; however, their impact on prion disease pathophysiology is unclear with both beneficial PrPSc -clearing and detrimental potentially neurotoxic effects. Moreover, monocytes entering the brain from the periphery during disease course might add to disease pathophysiology. Here, the degree of microglia activation in the brain of prion infected mice with and without an additional intraperitoneal retrovirus infection was studied. Peripheral murine retrovirus infection leads to activation of parenchymal microglia without recruitment of monocytes. This activation correlated with transient clearance or delay in accumulation of infectious prions specifically from the brain at early time points in the diseases course. Microglia expression profiling showed upregulation of genes involved in protein degradation coinciding with prion clearance. This enforces a concept where microglia act beneficial in prion disease if adequately activated. Once microglia activation has ceased, prion disease reemerges leading to disease kinetics undistinguishable from the situation in prion-only infected mice. This might be caused by the loss of microglial homeostatic function at clinical prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Muth
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schröck
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristin Hartmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zain Fanek
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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107
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Zhao Y, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ. Over-Expressed Pathogenic miRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Prion Disease (PrD) Drive Deficits in TREM2-Mediated Aβ42 Peptide Clearance. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:140. [PMID: 27378912 PMCID: PMC4906923 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One prominent and distinguishing feature of progressive, age-related neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and prion disease (PrD) is the gradual accumulation of amyloids into dense, insoluble end-stage protein aggregates. These polymorphic proteolipid lesions are known to contribute to immunogenic and inflammatory pathology in these insidious and fatal disorders of the human central nervous system (CNS). For example, the evolution of self-aggregating amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, such as the 42 amino acid Aβ42 peptide monomer into higher order aggregates are largely due to: (1) the inability of natural processes to clear them from the cellular environment; and/or (2) the overproduction of these amyloid monomers which rapidly mature into higher order oligomers, fibrils and insoluble, end-stage senile plaques. Cells of the CNS such as microglial (MG) cells have evolved essential homeostatic mechanisms to clear Aβ peptides to avoid their accumulation, however, when defective, these clearance mechanisms become overwhelmed and excessive deposition and aggregation of these amyloids result. This ‘Perspectives’ paper will highlight some emerging concepts on the up-regulation of an inducible microRNA-34a in AD and PrD that drives the down-regulation of the amyloid sensing- and clearance receptor protein TREM2 (the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid/microglial cells). The impairment of this inducible, miRNA-34a-regulated TREM2- and MG-cell based amyloid clearance mechanism may thereby contribute to the age-related amyloidogenesis associated with both AD and PrD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New OrleansLA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New OrleansLA, USA
| | - Vivian Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans LA, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New OrleansLA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New OrleansLA, USA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New OrleansLA, USA
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108
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Exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:193-9. [PMID: 27131734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types, are found everywhere in the body. The role of exosomes in cellular functions has in the past years developed from being considered little more than cellular trashcans, to being proven important intercellular messengers and notable contributors to both health and in disease. A vast number of studies have revealed the multiple, and somewhat controversial role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease. Exosomes have been shown to spread toxic amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau between cells, and they have been suspected of inducing apoptosis and thereby contributing to neuronal loss. On the other hand, exosomes seem to possess the ability to reduce brain amyloid-beta through microglial uptake, and they are known to transfer neuroprotective substances between cells. These features, among many others, make exosomes extremely interesting from the point of view of developing novel therapeutic approaches. The fact that exosomes derived from the central nervous system can be found in bodily fluids also makes them an appealing target for biomarker development, which is not limited only to Alzheimer's disease.
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109
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Cappai R. 'From past to future' - deciphering the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease through the pages of the Journal of Neurochemistry. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:215-223. [PMID: 26996965 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Journal of Neurochemistry has made significant contributions to unraveling the molecular basis for Alzheimer's disease during its 60-year history. To mark its 60th anniversary, this review describes the association between the journal and Alzheimer's disease research - from the early years when Alzheimer's disease was a minor topic in the journal through to the molecular era in the mid-1980s. This coincided with a number of the highly cited Alzheimer's disease studies which described fundamental aspects of the neurochemistry of Alzheimer's disease and encompassed the themes of oxidative stress and post-translational modifications, cholinergic system, tau, purification of Aβ, defining the Aβ toxic species, mechanism of amyloid precursor protein processing, and the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. The Journal of Neurochemistry has made significant contributions toward unraveling the molecular, cellular and pathological basis of Alzheimer's disease through its 60 years. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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110
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Martins VR, Prado MAM. Prion protein in exosomes: partnering Aβ peptides and driving fibrilization. J Neurochem 2016; 137:9-11. [PMID: 26935988 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vilma R Martins
- International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology/Anatomy & Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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