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Hörz F, Bastien R, Borg J, Bradley JP, Bridges JC, Brownlee DE, Burchell MJ, Chi M, Cintala MJ, Dai ZR, Djouadi Z, Dominguez G, Economou TE, Fairey SAJ, Floss C, Franchi IA, Graham GA, Green SF, Heck P, Hoppe P, Huth J, Ishii H, Kearsley AT, Kissel J, Leitner J, Leroux H, Marhas K, Messenger K, Schwandt CS, See TH, Snead C, Stadermann FJ, Stephan T, Stroud R, Teslich N, Trigo-Rodríguez JM, Tuzzolino AJ, Troadec D, Tsou P, Warren J, Westphal A, Wozniakiewicz P, Wright I, Zinner E. Impact Features on Stardust: Implications for Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust. Science 2006; 314:1716-9. [PMID: 17170290 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Particles emanating from comet 81P/Wild 2 collided with the Stardust spacecraft at 6.1 kilometers per second, producing hypervelocity impact features on the collector surfaces that were returned to Earth. The morphologies of these surprisingly diverse features were created by particles varying from dense mineral grains to loosely bound, polymineralic aggregates ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size. The cumulative size distribution of Wild 2 dust is shallower than that of comet Halley, yet steeper than that of comet Grigg-Skjellerup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Hörz
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ron Bastien
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Janet Borg
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - John P. Bradley
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - John C. Bridges
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Donald E. Brownlee
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Mark J. Burchell
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Mark J. Cintala
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Zu Rong Dai
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Zahia Djouadi
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Gerardo Dominguez
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Thanasis E. Economou
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Sam A. J. Fairey
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Christine Floss
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ian A. Franchi
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Giles A. Graham
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Simon F. Green
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Philipp Heck
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Peter Hoppe
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Joachim Huth
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Hope Ishii
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Anton T. Kearsley
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jochen Kissel
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jan Leitner
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Hugues Leroux
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Kuljeet Marhas
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Keiko Messenger
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Craig S. Schwandt
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Thomas H. See
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Christopher Snead
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Frank J. Stadermann
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Thomas Stephan
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Rhonda Stroud
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Nick Teslich
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - A. J. Tuzzolino
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - David Troadec
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Peter Tsou
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jack Warren
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Andrew Westphal
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Penelope Wozniakiewicz
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ian Wright
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ernst Zinner
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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