101
|
Fernández-Acebal P, Plenio MB. Sensing phases of water via nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13453. [PMID: 30194443 PMCID: PMC6128937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-thin layers of liquids on a surface behave differently from bulk liquids due to liquid-surface interactions. Some examples are significant changes in diffusion properties and the temperature at which the liquid-solid phase transition takes place. Indeed, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that thin layers of water on a diamond surface may remain solid even well above room temperature. However, because of the small volumes that are involved, it is exceedingly difficult to examine these phenomena experimentally with current technologies. In this context, shallow NV centres promise a highly sensitive tool for the investigation of magnetic signals emanating from liquids and solids that are deposited on the surface of a diamond. Moreover, NV centres are non-invasive sensors with extraordinary performance even at room-temperature. To that end, we present here a theoretical work, complemented with numerical evidence based on bosonization techniques, that predicts the measurable signal from a single NV centre when interacting with large spin baths in different configurations. In fact, by means of continuous dynamical decoupling, the polarization exchange between a single NV centre and the hydrogen nuclear spins from the water molecules is enhanced, leading to differences in the coherent dynamics of the NV centre that are interpreted as an unambiguous trace of the molecular structure. We therefore propose single NV centres as sensors capable to resolve structural water features at the nanoscale and even sensitive to phase transitions.
Collapse
|
102
|
Zopes J, Herb K, Cujia KS, Degen CL. Three-Dimensional Nuclear Spin Positioning Using Coherent Radio-Frequency Control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:170801. [PMID: 30411956 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.170801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Distance measurements via the dipolar interaction are fundamental to the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to molecular structure determination, but they provide information on only the absolute distance r and polar angle θ between spins. In this Letter, we present a protocol to also retrieve the azimuth angle ϕ. Our method relies on measuring the nuclear precession phase after the application of a control pulse with a calibrated external radio-frequency coil. We experimentally demonstrate three-dimensional positioning of individual ^{13}C nuclear spins in a diamond host crystal relative to the central electronic spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy center. The ability to pinpoint three-dimensional nuclear locations is central for realizing a nanoscale NMR technique that can image the structure of single molecules with atomic resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K S Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Glenn DR, Bucher DB, Lee J, Lukin MD, Park H, Walsworth RL. High-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a solid-state spin sensor. Nature 2018. [PMID: 29542693 DOI: 10.1038/nature25781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum systems that consist of solid-state electronic spins can be sensitive detectors of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals, particularly from very small samples. For example, nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond have been used to record NMR signals from nanometre-scale samples, with sensitivity sufficient to detect the magnetic field produced by a single protein. However, the best reported spectral resolution for NMR of molecules using nitrogen-vacancy centres is about 100 hertz. This is insufficient to resolve the key spectral identifiers of molecular structure that are critical to NMR applications in chemistry, structural biology and materials research, such as scalar couplings (which require a resolution of less than ten hertz) and small chemical shifts (which require a resolution of around one part per million of the nuclear Larmor frequency). Conventional, inductively detected NMR can provide the necessary high spectral resolution, but its limited sensitivity typically requires millimetre-scale samples, precluding applications that involve smaller samples, such as picolitre-volume chemical analysis or correlated optical and NMR microscopy. Here we demonstrate a measurement technique that uses a solid-state spin sensor (a magnetometer) consisting of an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centres in combination with a narrowband synchronized readout protocol to obtain NMR spectral resolution of about one hertz. We use this technique to observe NMR scalar couplings in a micrometre-scale sample volume of approximately ten picolitres. We also use the ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centres to apply NMR to thermally polarized nuclear spins and resolve chemical-shift spectra from small molecules. Our technique enables analytical NMR spectroscopy at the scale of single cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Glenn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Woodhams B, Ansel-Bollepalli L, Surmacki J, Knowles H, Maggini L, de Volder M, Atatüre M, Bohndiek S. Graphitic and oxidised high pressure high temperature (HPHT) nanodiamonds induce differential biological responses in breast cancer cell lines. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12169-12179. [PMID: 29917033 PMCID: PMC6034157 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02177e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds have demonstrated potential as powerful sensors in biomedicine, however, their translation into routine use requires a comprehensive understanding of their effect on the biological system being interrogated. Under normal fabrication processes, nanodiamonds are produced with a graphitic carbon shell, but are often oxidized in order to modify their surface chemistry for targeting to specific cellular compartments. Here, we assessed the biological impact of this purification process, considering cellular proliferation, uptake, and oxidative stress for graphitic and oxidized nanodiamond surfaces. We show for the first time that oxidized nanodiamonds possess improved biocompatibility compared to graphitic nanodiamonds in breast cancer cell lines, with graphitic nanodiamonds inducing higher levels of oxidative stress despite lower uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Woodhams
- Cavendish Laboratory
, Department of Physics
, University of Cambridge
,
JJ Thomson Avenue
, Cambridge
, CB3 0HE
, UK
.
;
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute
, University of Cambridge
, Li Ka Shing Centre
,
Robinson Way
, Cambridge
, CB2 0RE
, UK
| | - Laura Ansel-Bollepalli
- Cavendish Laboratory
, Department of Physics
, University of Cambridge
,
JJ Thomson Avenue
, Cambridge
, CB3 0HE
, UK
.
;
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute
, University of Cambridge
, Li Ka Shing Centre
,
Robinson Way
, Cambridge
, CB2 0RE
, UK
| | - Jakub Surmacki
- Cavendish Laboratory
, Department of Physics
, University of Cambridge
,
JJ Thomson Avenue
, Cambridge
, CB3 0HE
, UK
.
;
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute
, University of Cambridge
, Li Ka Shing Centre
,
Robinson Way
, Cambridge
, CB2 0RE
, UK
| | - Helena Knowles
- Cavendish Laboratory
, Department of Physics
, University of Cambridge
,
JJ Thomson Avenue
, Cambridge
, CB3 0HE
, UK
.
;
| | - Laura Maggini
- Institute for Manufacturing
, Department of Engineering
, University of Cambridge
,
17 Charles Babbage Rd
, Cambridge
, CB3 0FS
, UK
| | - Michael de Volder
- Institute for Manufacturing
, Department of Engineering
, University of Cambridge
,
17 Charles Babbage Rd
, Cambridge
, CB3 0FS
, UK
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory
, Department of Physics
, University of Cambridge
,
JJ Thomson Avenue
, Cambridge
, CB3 0HE
, UK
.
;
| | - Sarah Bohndiek
- Cavendish Laboratory
, Department of Physics
, University of Cambridge
,
JJ Thomson Avenue
, Cambridge
, CB3 0HE
, UK
.
;
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute
, University of Cambridge
, Li Ka Shing Centre
,
Robinson Way
, Cambridge
, CB2 0RE
, UK
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Dhomkar S, Jayakumar H, Zangara PR, Meriles CA. Charge Dynamics in near-Surface, Variable-Density Ensembles of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4046-4052. [PMID: 29733616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the spin properties of superficial shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have been the subject of extensive scrutiny, considerably less attention has been devoted to studying the dynamics of NV charge conversion near the diamond surface. Using multicolor confocal microscopy, here we show that near-surface point defects arising from high-density ion implantation dramatically increase the ionization and recombination rates of shallow NVs compared to those in bulk diamond. Further, we find that these rates grow linearly, not quadratically, with laser intensity, indicative of single-photon processes enabled by NV state mixing with other defect states. Accompanying these findings, we observe NV ionization and recombination in the dark, likely the result of charge transfer to neighboring traps. Despite the altered charge dynamics, we show that one can imprint rewritable, long-lasting patterns of charged-initialized, near-surface NVs over large areas, an ability that could be exploited for electrochemical biosensing or to optically store digital data sets with subdiffraction resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Dhomkar
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Harishankar Jayakumar
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Shagieva F, Zaiser S, Neumann P, Dasari DBR, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Reuter R, Meriles CA, Wrachtrup J. Microwave-Assisted Cross-Polarization of Nuclear Spin Ensembles from Optically Pumped Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3731-3737. [PMID: 29719156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to optically initialize the electronic spin of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has long been considered a valuable resource to enhance the polarization of neighboring nuclei, but efficient polarization transfer to spin species outside the diamond crystal has proven challenging. Here we demonstrate variable-magnetic-field, microwave-enabled cross-polarization from the NV electronic spin to protons in a model viscous fluid in contact with the diamond surface. Further, slight changes in the cross-relaxation rate as a function of the wait time between successive repetitions of the transfer protocol suggest slower molecular dynamics near the diamond surface compared to that in bulk. This observation is consistent with present models of the microscopic structure of a fluid and can be exploited to estimate the diffusion coefficient near a solid-liquid interface, of importance in colloid science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Shagieva
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - S Zaiser
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - P Neumann
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - D B R Dasari
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - R Stöhr
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - A Denisenko
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - R Reuter
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - C A Meriles
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - J Wrachtrup
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , University of Stuttgart , Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Guo J, You S, Wang Z, Peng J, Ma R, Jiang Y. Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29889192 DOI: 10.3791/57193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Water/solid interfaces are ubiquitous and play a key role in many environmental, biophysical, and technological processes. Resolving the internal structure and probing the hydrogen-bond (H-bond) dynamics of the water molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces are fundamental issues of water science, which remains a great challenge owing to the light mass and small size of hydrogen. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a promising tool for attacking these problems, thanks to its capabilities of sub-Ångström spatial resolution, single-bond vibrational sensitivity, and atomic/molecular manipulation. The designed experimental system consists of a Cl-terminated tip and a sample fabricated by dosing water molecules in situ onto the Au(111)-supported NaCl(001) surfaces. The insulating NaCl films electronically decouple the water from the metal substrates, so the intrinsic frontier orbitals of water molecules are preserved. The Cl-tip facilitates the manipulation of the single water molecules, as well as gating the orbitals of water to the proximity of Fermi level (EF) via tip-water coupling. This paper outlines the detailed methods of submolecular resolution imaging, molecular/atomic manipulation, and single-bond vibrational spectroscopy of interfacial water. These studies open up a new route for investigating the H-bonded systems at the atomic scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University
| | - Sifan You
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University
| | - Zhichang Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University
| | - Jinbo Peng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University
| | - Runze Ma
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter;
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
|
109
|
Ajoy A, Liu K, Nazaryan R, Lv X, Zangara PR, Safvati B, Wang G, Arnold D, Li G, Lin A, Raghavan P, Druga E, Dhomkar S, Pagliero D, Reimer JA, Suter D, Meriles CA, Pines A. Orientation-independent room temperature optical 13C hyperpolarization in powdered diamond. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar5492. [PMID: 29795783 PMCID: PMC5959305 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization via contact with electronic spins has emerged as an attractive route to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance beyond the traditional limits imposed by magnetic field strength and temperature. Among the various alternative implementations, the use of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond-a paramagnetic point defect whose spin can be optically polarized at room temperature-has attracted widespread attention, but applications have been hampered by the need to align the NV axis with the external magnetic field. We overcome this hurdle through the combined use of continuous optical illumination and a microwave sweep over a broad frequency range. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate our approach using powdered diamond with which we attain bulk 13C spin polarization in excess of 0.25% under ambient conditions. Remarkably, our technique acts efficiently on diamond crystals of all orientations and polarizes nuclear spins with a sign that depends exclusively on the direction of the microwave sweep. Our work paves the way toward the use of hyperpolarized diamond particles as imaging contrast agents for biosensing and, ultimately, for the hyperpolarization of nuclear spins in arbitrary liquids brought in contact with their surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kristina Liu
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raffi Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xudong Lv
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pablo R. Zangara
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Benjamin Safvati
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Grace Li
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Arthur Lin
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Priyanka Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Siddharth Dhomkar
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carlos A. Meriles
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- CUNY–Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Wood AA, Lilette E, Fein YY, Tomek N, McGuinness LP, Hollenberg LCL, Scholten RE, Martin AM. Quantum measurement of a rapidly rotating spin qubit in diamond. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar7691. [PMID: 29736417 PMCID: PMC5935472 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A controlled qubit in a rotating frame opens new opportunities to probe fundamental quantum physics, such as geometric phases in physically rotating frames, and can potentially enhance detection of magnetic fields. Realizing a single qubit that can be measured and controlled during physical rotation is experimentally challenging. We demonstrate quantum control of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center within a diamond rotated at 200,000 rpm, a rotational period comparable to the NV spin coherence time T2. We stroboscopically image individual NV centers that execute rapid circular motion in addition to rotation and demonstrate preparation, control, and readout of the qubit quantum state with lasers and microwaves. Using spin-echo interferometry of the rotating qubit, we are able to detect modulation of the NV Zeeman shift arising from the rotating NV axis and an external DC magnetic field. Our work establishes single NV qubits in diamond as quantum sensors in the physically rotating frame and paves the way for the realization of single-qubit diamond-based rotation sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Wood
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Lilette
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yaakov Y. Fein
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nikolas Tomek
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andy M. Martin
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Kumar A, Capua E, Fontanesi C, Carmieli R, Naaman R. Injection of Spin-Polarized Electrons into a AlGaN/GaN Device from an Electrochemical Cell: Evidence for an Extremely Long Spin Lifetime. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3892-3897. [PMID: 29617105 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Spin-polarized electrons are injected from an electrochemical cell through a chiral self-assembled organic monolayer into a AlGaN/GaN device in which a shallow two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layer is formed. The injection is monitored by a microwave signal that indicates a coherent spin lifetime that exceeds 10 ms at room temperature. The signal was found to be magnetic field independent; however, it depends on the current of the injected electrons, on the length of the chiral molecules, and on the existence of 2DEG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Eyal Capua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari" , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Vivarelli 10 , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Fernández-Acebal P, Rosolio O, Scheuer J, Müller C, Müller S, Schmitt S, McGuinness LP, Schwarz I, Chen Q, Retzker A, Naydenov B, Jelezko F, Plenio MB. Toward Hyperpolarization of Oil Molecules via Single Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1882-1887. [PMID: 29470089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient polarization of organic molecules is of extraordinary relevance when performing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and imaging. Commercially available routes to dynamical nuclear polarization (DNP) work at extremely low temperatures, relying on the solidification of organic samples and thus bringing the molecules out of their ambient thermal conditions. In this work, we investigate polarization transfer from optically pumped nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond to external molecules at room temperature. This polarization transfer is described by both an extensive analytical analysis and numerical simulations based on spin bath bosonization and is supported by experimental data in excellent agreement. These results set the route to hyperpolarization of diffusive molecules in different scenarios and consequently, due to an increased signal, to high-resolution NMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fernández-Acebal
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - O Rosolio
- Racah Institute of Physics , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , 91904 Givat Ram , Israel
| | - J Scheuer
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - C Müller
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - S Müller
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - S Schmitt
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - L P McGuinness
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - I Schwarz
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Q Chen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - A Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , 91904 Givat Ram , Israel
| | - B Naydenov
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - F Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - M B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) , Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein Allee 11 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Single-molecule studies beyond optical imaging: Multi-parameter single-molecule spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
114
|
Schmitt S, Gefen T, Stürner FM, Unden T, Wolff G, Müller C, Scheuer J, Naydenov B, Markham M, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Schwarz I, Plenio M, Retzker A, McGuinness LP, Jelezko F. Submillihertz magnetic spectroscopy performed with a nanoscale quantum sensor. Science 2018; 356:832-837. [PMID: 28546208 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Precise timekeeping is critical to metrology, forming the basis by which standards of time, length, and fundamental constants are determined. Stable clocks are particularly valuable in spectroscopy because they define the ultimate frequency precision that can be reached. In quantum metrology, the qubit coherence time defines the clock stability, from which the spectral linewidth and frequency precision are determined. We demonstrate a quantum sensing protocol in which the spectral precision goes beyond the sensor coherence time and is limited by the stability of a classical clock. Using this technique, we observed a precision in frequency estimation scaling in time T as T-3/2 for classical oscillating fields. The narrow linewidth magnetometer based on single spins in diamond is used to sense nanoscale magnetic fields with an intrinsic frequency resolution of 607 microhertz, which is eight orders of magnitude narrower than the qubit coherence time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schmitt
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tuvia Gefen
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Felix M Stürner
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Unden
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolff
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Scheuer
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center of Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Naydenov
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center of Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew Markham
- Element Six, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Sebastien Pezzagna
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilai Schwarz
- Center of Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Plenio
- Center of Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center of Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Lippens G, Cahoreau E, Millard P, Charlier C, Lopez J, Hanoulle X, Portais JC. In-cell NMR: from metabolites to macromolecules. Analyst 2018; 143:620-629. [PMID: 29333554 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01635b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-cell NMR of macromolecules has gained momentum over the last ten years as an approach that might bridge the branches of cell biology and structural biology. In this review, we put it in the context of earlier efforts that aimed to characterize by NMR the cellular environment of live cells and their intracellular metabolites. Although technical aspects distinguish these earlier in vivo NMR studies and the more recent in cell NMR efforts to characterize macromolecules in a cellular environment, we believe that both share major concerns ranging from sensitivity and line broadening to cell viability. Approaches to overcome the limitations in one subfield thereby can serve the other one and vice versa. The relevance in biomedical sciences might stretch from the direct following of drug metabolism in the cell to the observation of target binding, and thereby encompasses in-cell NMR both of metabolites and macromolecules. We underline the efforts of the field to move to novel biological insights by some selected examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lippens
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.
| | - E Cahoreau
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.
| | - P Millard
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.
| | - C Charlier
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, USA
| | - J Lopez
- CERMN, Seccion Quimica, Departemento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima 32, Peru
| | - X Hanoulle
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), University of Lille, CNRS UMR8576, Lille, France
| | - J C Portais
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Kuzmin V, Safiullin K, Dolgorukov G, Stanislavovas A, Alakshin E, Safin T, Yavkin B, Orlinskii S, Kiiamov A, Presnyakov M, Klochkov A, Tagirov M. Angstrom-scale probing of paramagnetic centers location in nanodiamonds by 3He NMR at low temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1476-1484. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preadsorbed nitrogen layers allow to localize paramagnetic centers in nanodiamonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Kuzmin
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Kajum Safiullin
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Gleb Dolgorukov
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | | | - Egor Alakshin
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Timur Safin
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Boris Yavkin
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Orlinskii
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Airat Kiiamov
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Presnyakov
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”
- 123182 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Klochkov
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Murat Tagirov
- Institute of Physics
- Kazan Federal University
- 420008 Kazan
- Russian Federation
- Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Simpson DA, Morrisroe E, McCoey JM, Lombard AH, Mendis DC, Treussart F, Hall LT, Petrou S, Hollenberg LCL. Non-Neurotoxic Nanodiamond Probes for Intraneuronal Temperature Mapping. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12077-12086. [PMID: 29111670 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical biomarkers have been used extensively for intracellular imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. Extending the modality of these probes is a key driver in cell biology. In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in nanodiamond has emerged as a promising candidate for bioimaging and biosensing with low cytotoxicity and stable photoluminescence. Here we study the electrophysiological effects of this quantum probe in primary cortical neurons. Multielectrode array recordings across five replicate studies showed no statistically significant difference in 25 network parameters when nanodiamonds are added at varying concentrations over various time periods, 12-36 h. The physiological validation motivates the second part of the study, which demonstrates how the quantum properties of these biomarkers can be used to report intracellular information beyond their location and movement. Using the optically detected magnetic resonance from the nitrogen-vacancy defects within the nanodiamonds we demonstrate enhanced signal-to-noise imaging and temperature mapping from thousands of nanodiamond probes simultaneously. This work establishes nanodiamonds as viable multifunctional intraneuronal sensors with nanoscale resolution, which may ultimately be used to detect magnetic and electrical activity at the membrane level in excitable cellular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma Morrisroe
- Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Julia M McCoey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Alain H Lombard
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Dulini C Mendis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - François Treussart
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Liam T Hall
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Brain Function, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Chen M, Meng C, Zhang Q, Duan C, Shi F, Du J. Quantum metrology with single spins in diamond under ambient conditions. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The detection of single quantum systems can reveal information that would be averaged out in traditional techniques based on ensemble measurements. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have shown brilliant prospects of performance as quantum bits and atomic sensors under ambient conditions, such as ultra-long coherence time, high fidelity control and readout of the spin state. In particular, the sensitivity of the NV center spin levels to external environmental changes makes it a versatile detector capable of measuring various physical quantities, such as temperature, strain, electric fields and magnetic fields. In this paper, we review recent progress in NV-based quantum metrology, and speculate on its future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Nonvolatile nuclear spin memory enables sensor-unlimited nanoscale spectroscopy of small spin clusters. Nat Commun 2017; 8:834. [PMID: 29018203 PMCID: PMC5635067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In nanoscale metrology, dissipation of the sensor limits its performance. Strong dissipation has a negative impact on sensitivity, and sensor–target interaction even causes relaxation or dephasing of the latter. The weak dissipation of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) sensors in room temperature diamond enables detection of individual target nuclear spins, yet limits the spectral resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to several hundred Hertz, which typically prevents molecular recognition. Here, we use the NV intrinsic nuclear spin as a nonvolatile classical memory to store NMR information, while suppressing sensor back-action on the target using controlled decoupling of sensor, memory, and target. We demonstrate memory lifetimes up to 4 min and apply measurement and decoupling protocols, which exploit such memories efficiently. Our universal NV-based sensor device records single-spin NMR spectra with 13 Hz resolution at room temperature. Dissipation of the sensor is a limiting factor in metrology. Here, Pfender et al. suppress this effect employing the nuclear spin of an NV centre for robust intermediate storage of classical NMR information, allowing then to record single-spin NMR spectra with 13 Hz resolution at room temperature.
Collapse
|
120
|
Xia K. Squeezing giant spin states via geometric phase control in cavity-assisted Raman transitions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12836. [PMID: 28993677 PMCID: PMC5634490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Squeezing ensemble of spins provides a way to surpass the standard quantum limit in quantum metrology and test the fundamental physics as well, and therefore attracts broad interest. Here we propose an experimentally accessible protocol to squeeze a giant ensemble of spins via the geometric phase control (GPC). Using the cavity-assisted Raman transition (CART) in a double Λ-type system, we realize an effective Dicke model. Under the condition of vanishing effective spin transition frequency, we find a particular evolution time where the cavity decouples from the spins and the spin ensemble is squeezed considerably. Our scheme combines the CART and the GPC, and has the potential to improve the sensitivity in quantum metrology with spins by about two orders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Xia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. .,ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Szańkowski P, Ramon G, Krzywda J, Kwiatkowski D, Cywiński Ł. Environmental noise spectroscopy with qubits subjected to dynamical decoupling. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:333001. [PMID: 28569239 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A qubit subjected to pure dephasing due to classical Gaussian noise can be turned into a spectrometer of this noise by utilizing its readout under properly chosen dynamical decoupling (DD) sequences to reconstruct the power spectral density of the noise. We review the theory behind this DD-based noise spectroscopy technique, paying special attention to issues that arise when the environmental noise is non-Gaussian and/or it has truly quantum properties. While we focus on the theoretical basis of the method, we connect the discussed concepts with specific experiments, and provide an overview of environmental noise models relevant for solid-state based qubits, including quantum-dot based spin qubits, superconducting qubits, and NV centers in diamond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Szańkowski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Kehayias P, Jarmola A, Mosavian N, Fescenko I, Benito FM, Laraoui A, Smits J, Bougas L, Budker D, Neumann A, Brueck SRJ, Acosta VM. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a nanostructured diamond chip. Nat Commun 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28775280 PMCID: PMC5543112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond are a promising tool for small-volume nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, but the limited sensitivity remains a challenge. Here we show nearly two orders of magnitude improvement in concentration sensitivity over previous nitrogen-vacancy and picoliter NMR studies. We demonstrate NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions using a nanostructured diamond chip with dense, high-aspect-ratio nanogratings, enhancing the surface area by 15 times. The nanograting sidewalls are doped with nitrogen-vacancies located a few nanometers from the diamond surface to detect the NMR spectrum of roughly 1 pl of fluid lying within adjacent nanograting grooves. We perform 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at room temperature in magnetic fields below 50 mT. Using a solution of CsF in glycerol, we determine that 4 ± 2 × 1012 19F spins in a 1 pl volume can be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 in 1 s of integration. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres in diamond can be used for NMR spectroscopy, but increased sensitivity is needed to avoid long measurement times. Kehayias et al. present a nanostructured diamond grating with a high density of NV centres, enabling NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kehayias
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.,Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
| | - N Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - I Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - F M Benito
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - J Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - L Bougas
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Budker
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.,Helmholtz Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Neumann
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - S R J Brueck
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - V M Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Dynamical sensitivity control of a single-spin quantum sensor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6586. [PMID: 28747731 PMCID: PMC5529433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) defect in diamond is a unique quantum system that offers precision sensing of nanoscale physical quantities at room temperature beyond the current state-of-the-art. The benchmark parameters for nanoscale magnetometry applications are sensitivity, spectral resolution, and dynamic range. Under realistic conditions the NV sensors controlled by conventional sensing schemes suffer from limitations of these parameters. Here we experimentally show a new method called dynamical sensitivity control (DYSCO) that boost the benchmark parameters and thus extends the practical applicability of the NV spin for nanoscale sensing. In contrast to conventional dynamical decoupling schemes, where π pulse trains toggle the spin precession abruptly, the DYSCO method allows for a smooth, analog modulation of the quantum probe’s sensitivity. Our method decouples frequency selectivity and spectral resolution unconstrained over the bandwidth (1.85 MHz–392 Hz in our experiments). Using DYSCO we demonstrate high-accuracy NV magnetometry without |2π| ambiguities, an enhancement of the dynamic range by a factor of 4 · 103, and interrogation times exceeding 2 ms in off-the-shelf diamond. In a broader perspective the DYSCO method provides a handle on the inherent dynamics of quantum systems offering decisive advantages for NV centre based applications notably in quantum information and single molecule NMR/MRI.
Collapse
|
124
|
Chen Q, Schwarz I, Plenio MB. Dissipatively Stabilized Quantum Sensor Based on Indirect Nuclear-Nuclear Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:010801. [PMID: 28731761 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose to use a dissipatively stabilized nitrogen vacancy (NV) center as a mediator of interaction between two nuclear spins that are protected from decoherence and relaxation of the NV due to the periodical resets of the NV center. Under ambient conditions this scheme achieves highly selective high-fidelity quantum gates between nuclear spins in a quantum register even at large NV-nuclear distances. Importantly, this method allows for the use of nuclear spins as a sensor rather than a memory, while the NV spin acts as an ancillary system for the initialization and readout of the sensor. The immunity to the decoherence and relaxation of the NV center leads to a tunable sharp frequency filter while allowing at the same time the continuous collection of the signal to achieve simultaneously high spectral selectivity and high signal-to-noise ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik & IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - I Schwarz
- Institut für Theoretische Physik & IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - M B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik & IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Bar-Gill
- Department of Applied Physics and Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Alex Retzker
- Department of Applied Physics and Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Microwave-free nuclear magnetic resonance at molecular scales. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15950. [PMID: 28671183 PMCID: PMC5500877 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the nanoscale is a major challenge, as the resolution of conventional methods is limited to mesoscopic scales. Approaches based on quantum spin probes, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond, have achieved nano-NMR under ambient conditions. However, the measurement protocols require application of complex microwave pulse sequences of high precision and relatively high power, placing limitations on the design and scalability of these techniques. Here we demonstrate NMR on a nanoscale organic environment of proton spins using the NV centre while eliminating the need for microwave manipulation of either the NV or the environmental spin states. We also show that the sensitivity of our significantly simplified approach matches that of existing techniques using the NV centre. Removing the requirement for coherent manipulation while maintaining measurement sensitivity represents a significant step towards the development of robust, non-invasive nanoscale NMR probes. Nitrogen vacancy centres can be used for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance detection but this typically involves strong microwave control pulses, making practical realizations difficult. Here the authors demonstrate a microwave-free spectroscopic protocol that can detect spins in external samples.
Collapse
|
127
|
|
128
|
Aslam N, Pfender M, Neumann P, Reuter R, Zappe A, Fávaro de Oliveira F, Denisenko A, Sumiya H, Onoda S, Isoya J, Wrachtrup J. Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with chemical resolution. Science 2017; 357:67-71. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key analytical technique in chemistry, biology, and medicine. However, conventional NMR spectroscopy requires an at least nanoliter-sized sample volume to achieve sufficient signal. We combined the use of a quantum memory and high magnetic fields with a dedicated quantum sensor based on nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond to achieve chemical shift resolution in 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy of 20-zeptoliter sample volumes. We demonstrate the application of NMR pulse sequences to achieve homonuclear decoupling and spin diffusion measurements. The best measured NMR linewidth of a liquid sample was ~1 part per million, mainly limited by molecular diffusion. To mitigate the influence of diffusion, we performed high-resolution solid-state NMR by applying homonuclear decoupling and achieved a 20-fold narrowing of the NMR linewidth.
Collapse
|
129
|
Boss JM, Cujia KS, Zopes J, Degen CL. Quantum sensing with arbitrary frequency resolution. Science 2017; 356:837-840. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Boss
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K. S. Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. L. Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Fávaro de Oliveira F, Antonov D, Wang Y, Neumann P, Momenzadeh SA, Häußermann T, Pasquarelli A, Denisenko A, Wrachtrup J. Tailoring spin defects in diamond by lattice charging. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15409. [PMID: 28513581 PMCID: PMC5442357 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic-size spin defects in solids are unique quantum systems. Most applications require nanometre positioning accuracy, which is typically achieved by low-energy ion implantation. A drawback of this technique is the significant residual lattice damage, which degrades the performance of spins in quantum applications. Here we show that the charge state of implantation-induced defects drastically influences the formation of lattice defects during thermal annealing. Charging of vacancies at, for example, nitrogen implantation sites suppresses the formation of vacancy complexes, resulting in tenfold-improved spin coherence times and twofold-improved formation yield of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. This is achieved by confining implantation defects into the space-charge layer of free carriers generated by a boron-doped diamond structure. By combining these results with numerical calculations, we arrive at a quantitative understanding of the formation and dynamics of the implanted spin defects. These results could improve engineering of quantum devices using solid-state systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Denis Antonov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ya Wang
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Philipp Neumann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Seyed Ali Momenzadeh
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Timo Häußermann
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Jaskula JC, Bauch E, Arroyo-Camejo S, Lukin MD, Hell SW, Trifonov AS, Walsworth RL. Superresolution optical magnetic imaging and spectroscopy using individual electronic spins in diamond. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:11048-11064. [PMID: 28788790 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.011048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are a leading modality for both superresolution optical imaging and nanoscale magnetic field sensing. In this work, we address the key challenge of performing optical magnetic imaging and spectroscopy selectively on multiple NV centers that are located within a diffraction-limited field-of-view. We use spin-RESOLFT microscopy to enable precision nanoscale mapping of magnetic field patterns with resolution down to ~20 nm, while employing a low power optical depletion beam. Moreover, we use a shallow NV to demonstrate the detection of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals exterior to the diamond, with 50 nm lateral imaging resolution and without degrading the proton NMR linewidth.
Collapse
|
132
|
Zadrozny JM, Gallagher AT, Harris TD, Freedman DE. A Porous Array of Clock Qubits. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7089-7094. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Audrey T. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - T. David Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Danna E. Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Choi T, Paul W, Rolf-Pissarczyk S, Macdonald AJ, Natterer FD, Yang K, Willke P, Lutz CP, Heinrich AJ. Atomic-scale sensing of the magnetic dipolar field from single atoms. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:420-424. [PMID: 28263962 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spin resonance provides the high-energy resolution needed to determine biological and material structures by sensing weak magnetic interactions. In recent years, there have been notable achievements in detecting and coherently controlling individual atomic-scale spin centres for sensitive local magnetometry. However, positioning the spin sensor and characterizing spin-spin interactions with sub-nanometre precision have remained outstanding challenges. Here, we use individual Fe atoms as an electron spin resonance (ESR) sensor in a scanning tunnelling microscope to measure the magnetic field emanating from nearby spins with atomic-scale precision. On artificially built assemblies of magnetic atoms (Fe and Co) on a magnesium oxide surface, we measure that the interaction energy between the ESR sensor and an adatom shows an inverse-cube distance dependence (r-3.01±0.04). This demonstrates that the atoms are predominantly coupled by the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, which, according to our observations, dominates for atom separations greater than 1 nm. This dipolar sensor can determine the magnetic moments of individual adatoms with high accuracy. The achieved atomic-scale spatial resolution in remote sensing of spins may ultimately allow the structural imaging of individual magnetic molecules, nanostructures and spin-labelled biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoung Choi
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - William Paul
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - Steffen Rolf-Pissarczyk
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Andrew J Macdonald
- University of British Columbia &Quantum Matter Institute, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fabian D Natterer
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai Yang
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
- School of Physical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Philip Willke
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
- IV. Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Physics Department, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Nanoscale Sensing Using Point Defects in Single-Crystal Diamond: Recent Progress on Nitrogen Vacancy Center-Based Sensors. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual, luminescent point defects in solids, so-called color centers, are atomic-sized quantum systems enabling sensing and imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution. In this overview, we introduce nanoscale sensing based on individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We discuss two central challenges of the field: first, the creation of highly-coherent, shallow NV centers less than 10 nm below the surface of a single-crystal diamond; second, the fabrication of tip-like photonic nanostructures that enable efficient fluorescence collection and can be used for scanning probe imaging based on color centers with nanoscale resolution.
Collapse
|
135
|
Lillie SE, Broadway DA, Wood JDA, Simpson DA, Stacey A, Tetienne JP, Hollenberg LCL. Environmentally Mediated Coherent Control of a Spin Qubit in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:167204. [PMID: 28474945 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.167204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The coherent control of spin qubits forms the basis of many applications in quantum information processing and nanoscale sensing, imaging, and spectroscopy. Such control is conventionally achieved by direct driving of the qubit transition with a resonant global field, typically at microwave frequencies. Here we introduce an approach that relies on the resonant driving of nearby environment spins, whose localized magnetic field in turn drives the qubit when the environmental spin Rabi frequency matches the qubit resonance. This concept of environmentally mediated resonance (EMR) is explored experimentally using a qubit based on a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, with nearby electronic spins serving as the environmental mediators. We demonstrate EMR driven coherent control of the NV spin state, including the observation of Rabi oscillations, free induction decay, and spin echo. This technique also provides a way to probe the nanoscale environment of spin qubits, which we illustrate by acquisition of electron spin resonance spectra from single NV centers in various settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Lillie
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David A Broadway
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James D A Wood
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair Stacey
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Tetienne
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Tzeng YK, Zhang JL, Lu H, Ishiwata H, Dahl J, Carlson RMK, Yan H, Schreiner PR, Vučković J, Shen ZX, Melosh N, Chu S. Vertical-Substrate MPCVD Epitaxial Nanodiamond Growth. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1489-1495. [PMID: 28182433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Color center-containing nanodiamonds have many applications in quantum technologies and biology. Diamondoids, molecular-sized diamonds have been used as seeds in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth. However, optimizing growth conditions to produce high crystal quality nanodiamonds with color centers requires varying growth conditions that often leads to ad-hoc and time-consuming, one-at-a-time testing of reaction conditions. In order to rapidly explore parameter space, we developed a microwave plasma CVD technique using a vertical, rather than horizontally oriented stage-substrate geometry. With this configuration, temperature, plasma density, and atomic hydrogen density vary continuously along the vertical axis of the substrate. This variation allowed rapid identification of growth parameters that yield single crystal diamonds down to 10 nm in size and 75 nm diameter optically active center silicon-vacancy (Si-V) nanoparticles. Furthermore, this method may provide a means of incorporating a wide variety of dopants in nanodiamonds without ion irradiation damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kai Tzeng
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jingyuan Linda Zhang
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Haiyu Lu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hitoshi Ishiwata
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jeremy Dahl
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hao Yan
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jelena Vučković
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nicholas Melosh
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Steven Chu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Delayed entanglement echo for individual control of a large number of nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14660. [PMID: 28256508 PMCID: PMC5338027 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to selectively detect and manipulate nuclear spins by single electrons of solid-state defects play a central role for quantum information processing and nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, with standard techniques, no more than eight nuclear spins have been resolved by a single defect centre. Here we develop a method that improves significantly the ability to detect, address and manipulate nuclear spins unambiguously and individually in a broad frequency band by using a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre as model system. On the basis of delayed entanglement control, a technique combining microwave and radio frequency fields, our method allows to selectively perform robust high-fidelity entangling gates between hardly resolved nuclear spins and the NV electron. Long-lived qubit memories can be naturally incorporated to our method for improved performance. The application of our ideas will increase the number of useful register qubits accessible to a defect centre and improve the signal of nanoscale NMR. Single electrons of solid-state defects can be used to detect nearby nuclear spins, but so far only a few at a time have been resolved. Here the authors propose an approach based on delayed entanglement echo that demonstrates improved detection and manipulation capabilities of nuclear spins by an NV centre.
Collapse
|
138
|
Iwasaki T, Naruki W, Tahara K, Makino T, Kato H, Ogura M, Takeuchi D, Yamasaki S, Hatano M. Direct Nanoscale Sensing of the Internal Electric Field in Operating Semiconductor Devices Using Single Electron Spins. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1238-1245. [PMID: 28112891 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electric field inside semiconductor devices is a key physical parameter that determines the properties of the devices. However, techniques based on scanning probe microscopy are limited to sensing at the surface only. Here, we demonstrate the direct sensing of the internal electric field in diamond power devices using single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The NV center embedded inside the device acts as a nanoscale electric field sensor. We fabricated vertical diamond p-i-n diodes containing the single NV centers. By performing optically detected magnetic resonance measurements under reverse-biased conditions with an applied voltage of up to 150 V, we found a large splitting in the magnetic resonance frequencies. This indicated that the NV center senses the transverse electric field in the space-charge region formed in the i-layer. The experimentally obtained electric field values are in good agreement with those calculated by a device simulator. Furthermore, we demonstrate the sensing of the electric field in different directions by utilizing NV centers with different N-V axes. This direct and quantitative sensing method using an electron spin in a wide-band-gap material provides a way to monitor the electric field in operating semiconductor devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iwasaki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Wataru Naruki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tahara
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Makino
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kato
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ogura
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takeuchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hatano
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Guo J, Bian K, Lin Z, Jiang Y. Perspective: Structure and dynamics of water at surfaces probed by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:160901. [PMID: 27802647 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed and precise understanding of water-solid interaction largely relies on the development of atomic-scale experimental techniques, among which scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has proven to be a noteworthy example. In this perspective, we review the recent advances of STM techniques in imaging, spectroscopy, and manipulation of water molecules. We discuss how those newly developed techniques are applied to probe the structure and dynamics of water at solid surfaces with single-molecule and even submolecular resolution, paying particular attention to the ability of accessing the degree of freedom of hydrogen. In the end, we present an outlook on the directions of future STM studies of water-solid interfaces as well as the challenges faced by this field. Some new scanning probe techniques beyond STM are also envisaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Bian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeren Lin
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Abstract
Recent advances in engineering and control of nanoscale quantum sensors have opened new paradigms in precision metrology. Unfortunately, hardware restrictions often limit the sensor performance. In nanoscale magnetic resonance probes, for instance, finite sampling times greatly limit the achievable sensitivity and spectral resolution. Here we introduce a technique for coherent quantum interpolation that can overcome these problems. Using a quantum sensor associated with the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, we experimentally demonstrate that quantum interpolation can achieve spectroscopy of classical magnetic fields and individual quantum spins with orders of magnitude finer frequency resolution than conventionally possible. Not only is quantum interpolation an enabling technique to extract structural and chemical information from single biomolecules, but it can be directly applied to other quantum systems for superresolution quantum spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
141
|
Shaniv R, Ozeri R. Quantum lock-in force sensing using optical clock Doppler velocimetry. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14157. [PMID: 28186103 PMCID: PMC5309847 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Force sensors are at the heart of different technologies such as atomic force microscopy or inertial sensing. These sensors often rely on the measurement of the displacement amplitude of mechanical oscillators under applied force. The best sensitivity is typically achieved when the force is alternating at the mechanical resonance frequency of the oscillator, thus increasing its response by the mechanical quality factor. The measurement of low-frequency forces, that are below resonance, is a more difficult task as the resulting oscillation amplitudes are significantly lower. Here we use a single-trapped 88Sr+ ion as a force sensor. The ion is electrically driven at a frequency much lower than the trap resonance frequency. We measure small amplitude of motion by measuring the periodic Doppler shift of an atomic optical clock transition, enhanced using the quantum lock-in technique. We report frequency force detection sensitivity as low as 2.8 × 10−20 NHz−1/2. Existing force sensors are designed for driving frequencies above tens of kHz due to heating and sensitivity loss. Here the authors demonstrate precise force metrology for below kHz frequency range by combining the Doppler-shifted optical transition in trapped ion and quantum lock-in technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravid Shaniv
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Roee Ozeri
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Suter D, Jelezko F. Single-spin magnetic resonance in the nitrogen-vacancy center of diamond. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 98-99:50-62. [PMID: 28283086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance of single spins has flourished mostly because of the unique properties of the NV center in diamond. This review covers the basic physics of this defect center, introduces the techniques for working with single spins and gives an overview of some applications like quantum information and sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Lovchinsky I, Sanchez-Yamagishi JD, Urbach EK, Choi S, Fang S, Andersen TI, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Bylinskii A, Kaxiras E, Kim P, Park H, Lukin MD. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of an atomically thin material using a single-spin qubit. Science 2017; 355:503-507. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
144
|
Yang W, Ma WL, Liu RB. Quantum many-body theory for electron spin decoherence in nanoscale nuclear spin baths. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:016001. [PMID: 27811398 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/80/1/016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Decoherence of electron spins in nanoscale systems is important to quantum technologies such as quantum information processing and magnetometry. It is also an ideal model problem for studying the crossover between quantum and classical phenomena. At low temperatures or in light-element materials where the spin-orbit coupling is weak, the phonon scattering in nanostructures is less important and the fluctuations of nuclear spins become the dominant decoherence mechanism for electron spins. Since the 1950s, semi-classical noise theories have been developed for understanding electron spin decoherence. In spin-based solid-state quantum technologies, the relevant systems are in the nanometer scale and nuclear spin baths are quantum objects which require a quantum description. Recently, quantum pictures have been established to understand the decoherence and quantum many-body theories have been developed to quantitatively describe this phenomenon. Anomalous quantum effects have been predicted and some have been experimentally confirmed. A systematically truncated cluster-correlation expansion theory has been developed to account for the many-body correlations in nanoscale nuclear spin baths that are built up during electron spin decoherence. The theory has successfully predicted and explained a number of experimental results in a wide range of physical systems. In this review, we will cover this recent progress. The limitations of the present quantum many-body theories and possible directions for future development will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Jensen K, Kehayias P, Budker D. Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
146
|
Chen X, Zhang W. Diamond nanostructures for drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:734-760. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the superior properties of diamond nanoparticles and vertically aligned diamond nanoneedles and their applications in biosensing, bioimaging and drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Chen
- Institute for Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3JL
- UK
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Dhomkar S, Henshaw J, Jayakumar H, Meriles CA. Long-term data storage in diamond. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600911. [PMID: 27819045 PMCID: PMC5091352 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) center in diamond is the focus of widespread attention for applications ranging from quantum information processing to nanoscale metrology. Although most work so far has focused on the NV- optical and spin properties, control of the charge state promises complementary opportunities. One intriguing possibility is the long-term storage of information, a notion we hereby introduce using NV-rich, type 1b diamond. As a proof of principle, we use multicolor optical microscopy to read, write, and reset arbitrary data sets with two-dimensional (2D) binary bit density comparable to present digital-video-disk (DVD) technology. Leveraging on the singular dynamics of NV- ionization, we encode information on different planes of the diamond crystal with no cross-talk, hence extending the storage capacity to three dimensions. Furthermore, we correlate the center's charge state and the nuclear spin polarization of the nitrogen host and show that the latter is robust to a cycle of NV- ionization and recharge. In combination with super-resolution microscopy techniques, these observations provide a route toward subdiffraction NV charge control, a regime where the storage capacity could exceed present technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Dhomkar
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- CUNY–Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Harishankar Jayakumar
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Carlos A. Meriles
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- CUNY–Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Tao Y, Eichler A, Holzherr T, Degen CL. Ultrasensitive mechanical detection of magnetic moment using a commercial disk drive write head. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12714. [PMID: 27647039 PMCID: PMC5034305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of weak magnetic moments is an essential capability in many areas of nanoscale science and technology, including nanomagnetism, quantum readout of spins and nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. Here we show that the write head of a commercial hard drive may enable significant advances in nanoscale spin detection. By approaching a sharp diamond tip to within 5 nm from a write pole and measuring the induced diamagnetic moment with a nanomechanical force transducer, we demonstrate a spin sensitivity of 0.032 μB Hz(-1/2), equivalent to 21 proton magnetic moments. The high sensitivity is enabled in part by the pole's strong magnetic gradient of up to 28 × 10(6) T m(-1) and in part by the absence of non-contact friction due to the extremely flat writer surface. In addition, we demonstrate quantitative imaging of the pole field with ∼10 nm spatial resolution. We foresee diverse applications for write heads in experimental condensed matter physics, especially in spintronics, ultrafast spin manipulation and mesoscopic physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tao
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Eichler
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T. Holzherr
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. L. Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Pelliccione M, Jenkins A, Ovartchaiyapong P, Reetz C, Emmanouilidou E, Ni N, Bleszynski Jayich AC. Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:700-5. [PMID: 27136130 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-spatial-resolution magnetic imaging has driven important developments in fields ranging from materials science to biology. However, to uncover finer details approaching the nanoscale with greater sensitivity requires the development of a radically new sensor technology. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond has emerged as a promising candidate for such a sensor on the basis of its atomic size and quantum-limited sensing capabilities. It has remained an outstanding challenge to implement the NV centre as a nanoscale scanning magnetic probe at cryogenic temperatures, however, where many solid-state systems exhibit non-trivial magnetic order. Here, we present NV magnetic imaging down to 6 K with 3 μT Hz(-1/2) field sensitivity, and use the technique to image vortices in the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe2(As0.7P0.3)2 with critical temperature Tc = 30 K. The expansion of NV-based magnetic imaging to cryogenic temperatures will enable future studies of previously inaccessible nanoscale magnetism in condensed-matter systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pelliccione
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Alec Jenkins
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Preeti Ovartchaiyapong
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Christopher Reetz
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Eve Emmanouilidou
- Department of Physics &Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Physics &Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ania C Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Wrachtrup J, Finkler A. Single spin magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 269:225-236. [PMID: 27378060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different approaches have improved the sensitivity of either electron or nuclear magnetic resonance to the single spin level. For optical detection it has essentially become routine to observe a single electron spin or nuclear spin. Typically, the systems in use are carefully designed to allow for single spin detection and manipulation, and of those systems, diamond spin defects rank very high, being so robust that they can be addressed, read out and coherently controlled even under ambient conditions and in a versatile set of nanostructures. This renders them as a new type of sensor, which has been shown to detect single electron and nuclear spins among other quantities like force, pressure and temperature. Adapting pulse sequences from classic NMR and EPR, and combined with high resolution optical microscopy, proximity to the target sample and nanoscale size, the diamond sensors have the potential to constitute a new class of magnetic resonance detectors with single spin sensitivity. As diamond sensors can be operated under ambient conditions, they offer potential application across a multitude of disciplines. Here we review the different existing techniques for magnetic resonance, with a focus on diamond defect spin sensors, showing their potential as versatile sensors for ultra-sensitive magnetic resonance with nanoscale spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|