101
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Crassee I, Gallmann L, Gäumann G, Matthews M, Yanagisawa H, Feurer T, Hengsberger M, Keller U, Osterwalder J, Wörner HJ, Wolf JP. Strong field transient manipulation of electronic states and bands. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061505. [PMID: 29308417 PMCID: PMC5739908 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present review, laser fields are so strong that they become part of the electronic potential, and sometimes even dominate the Coulomb contribution. This manipulation of atomic potentials and of the associated states and bands finds fascinating applications in gases and solids, both in the bulk and at the surface. We present some recent spectacular examples obtained within the NCCR MUST in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Crassee
- Applied Physics, GAP, University of Geneva, 22 Ch. de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - G Gäumann
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstr 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Matthews
- Applied Physics, GAP, University of Geneva, 22 Ch. de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - H Yanagisawa
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstr 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Hengsberger
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U Keller
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH-Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Osterwalder
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H J Wörner
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, ETHZ, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J P Wolf
- Applied Physics, GAP, University of Geneva, 22 Ch. de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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102
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Light-field-driven currents in graphene. Nature 2017; 550:224-228. [DOI: 10.1038/nature23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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103
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104
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Tracking the insulator-to-metal phase transition in VO 2 with few-femtosecond extreme UV transient absorption spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9558-9563. [PMID: 28827356 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707602114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coulomb correlations can manifest in exotic properties in solids, but how these properties can be accessed and ultimately manipulated in real time is not well understood. The insulator-to-metal phase transition in vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a canonical example of such correlations. Here, few-femtosecond extreme UV transient absorption spectroscopy (FXTAS) at the vanadium M2,3 edge is used to track the insulator-to-metal phase transition in VO2 This technique allows observation of the bulk material in real time, follows the photoexcitation process in both the insulating and metallic phases, probes the subsequent relaxation in the metallic phase, and measures the phase-transition dynamics in the insulating phase. An understanding of the VO2 absorption spectrum in the extreme UV is developed using atomic cluster model calculations, revealing V3+/d2 character of the vanadium center. We find that the insulator-to-metal phase transition occurs on a timescale of 26 ± 6 fs and leaves the system in a long-lived excited state of the metallic phase, driven by a change in orbital occupation. Potential interpretations based on electronic screening effects and lattice dynamics are discussed. A Mott-Hubbard-type mechanism is favored, as the observed timescales and d2 nature of the vanadium metal centers are inconsistent with a Peierls driving force. The findings provide a combined experimental and theoretical roadmap for using time-resolved extreme UV spectroscopy to investigate nonequilibrium dynamics in strongly correlated materials.
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105
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Li J, Ren X, Yin Y, Zhao K, Chew A, Cheng Y, Cunningham E, Wang Y, Hu S, Wu Y, Chini M, Chang Z. 53-attosecond X-ray pulses reach the carbon K-edge. Nat Commun 2017; 8:186. [PMID: 28775272 PMCID: PMC5543167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of electrons in the microcosm occurs on a time scale set by the atomic unit of time—24 attoseconds. Attosecond pulses at photon energies corresponding to the fundamental absorption edges of matter, which lie in the soft X-ray regime above 200 eV, permit the probing of electronic excitation, chemical state, and atomic structure. Here we demonstrate a soft X-ray pulse duration of 53 as and single pulse streaking reaching the carbon K-absorption edge (284 eV) by utilizing intense two-cycle driving pulses near 1.8-μm center wavelength. Such pulses permit studies of electron dynamics in live biological samples and next-generation electronic materials such as diamond. Isolated attosecond pulses are produced using high harmonic generation and sources of these pulses often suffer from low photon flux in soft X-ray regime. Here the authors demonstrate efficient generation and characterization of 53 as pulses with photon energy near the water window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Xiaoming Ren
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yanchun Yin
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kun Zhao
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Andrew Chew
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yan Cheng
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Eric Cunningham
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Shuyuan Hu
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Michael Chini
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Zenghu Chang
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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106
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Rivas DE, Borot A, Cardenas DE, Marcus G, Gu X, Herrmann D, Xu J, Tan J, Kormin D, Ma G, Dallari W, Tsakiris GD, Földes IB, Chou SW, Weidman M, Bergues B, Wittmann T, Schröder H, Tzallas P, Charalambidis D, Razskazovskaya O, Pervak V, Krausz F, Veisz L. Next Generation Driver for Attosecond and Laser-plasma Physics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5224. [PMID: 28701692 PMCID: PMC5507917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation and manipulation of electron dynamics in matter call for attosecond light pulses, routinely available from high-order harmonic generation driven by few-femtosecond lasers. However, the energy limitation of these lasers supports only weak sources and correspondingly linear attosecond studies. Here we report on an optical parametric synthesizer designed for nonlinear attosecond optics and relativistic laser-plasma physics. This synthesizer uniquely combines ultra-relativistic focused intensities of about 1020 W/cm2 with a pulse duration of sub-two carrier-wave cycles. The coherent combination of two sequentially amplified and complementary spectral ranges yields sub-5-fs pulses with multi-TW peak power. The application of this source allows the generation of a broad spectral continuum at 100-eV photon energy in gases as well as high-order harmonics in relativistic plasmas. Unprecedented spatio-temporal confinement of light now permits the investigation of electric-field-driven electron phenomena in the relativistic regime and ultimately the rise of next-generation intense isolated attosecond sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Rivas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,ICFO - The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - A Borot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, CEA, DSM/IRAMIS, CEN Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D E Cardenas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - G Marcus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Department of Applied Physics, Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - X Gu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - D Herrmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - J Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), P. O. Box 800-211, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - J Tan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - D Kormin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - G Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), P. O. Box 800-211, Shanghai, 201800, China.,Peking University Shenzhen SOC Key Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - W Dallari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - G D Tsakiris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - I B Földes
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Association EURATOM HAS, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S-W Chou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - M Weidman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - B Bergues
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - T Wittmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - H Schröder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - P Tzallas
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, PO Box 1527, GR-711 10, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - D Charalambidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, PO Box 1527, GR-711 10, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - O Razskazovskaya
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - V Pervak
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - F Krausz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - L Veisz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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107
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Zürch M, Chang HT, Kraus PM, Cushing SK, Borja LJ, Gandman A, Kaplan CJ, Oh MH, Prell JS, Prendergast D, Pemmaraju CD, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Ultrafast carrier thermalization and trapping in silicon-germanium alloy probed by extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044029. [PMID: 28653020 PMCID: PMC5461173 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor alloys containing silicon and germanium are of growing importance for compact and highly efficient photonic devices due to their favorable properties for direct integration into silicon platforms and wide tunability of optical parameters. Here, we report the simultaneous direct and energy-resolved probing of ultrafast electron and hole dynamics in a silicon-germanium alloy with the stoichiometry Si0.25Ge0.75 by extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy. Probing the photoinduced dynamics of charge carriers at the germanium M4,5-edge (∼30 eV) allows the germanium atoms to be used as reporter atoms for carrier dynamics in the alloy. The photoexcitation of electrons across the direct and indirect band gap into conduction band (CB) valleys and their subsequent hot carrier relaxation are observed and compared to pure germanium, where the Ge direct [Formula: see text] and Si0.25Ge0.75 indirect gaps ([Formula: see text]) are comparable in energy. In the alloy, comparable carrier lifetimes are observed for the X, L, and Γ valleys in the conduction band. A midgap feature associated with electrons accumulating in trap states near the CB edge following intraband thermalization is observed in the Si0.25Ge0.75 alloy. The successful implementation of the reporter atom concept for capturing the dynamics of the electronic bands by site-specific probing in solids opens a route to study carrier dynamics in more complex materials with femtosecond and sub-femtosecond temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zürch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hung-Tzu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter M Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Scott K Cushing
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lauren J Borja
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrey Gandman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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108
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Zürch M, Chang HT, Borja LJ, Kraus PM, Cushing SK, Gandman A, Kaplan CJ, Oh MH, Prell JS, Prendergast D, Pemmaraju CD, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Direct and simultaneous observation of ultrafast electron and hole dynamics in germanium. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15734. [PMID: 28569752 PMCID: PMC5461502 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding excited carrier dynamics in semiconductors is crucial for the development of photovoltaics and efficient photonic devices. However, overlapping spectral features in optical pump-probe spectroscopy often render assignments of separate electron and hole carrier dynamics ambiguous. Here, ultrafast electron and hole dynamics in germanium nanocrystalline thin films are directly and simultaneously observed by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet at the germanium M4,5 edge. We decompose the spectra into contributions of electronic state blocking and photo-induced band shifts at a carrier density of 8 × 1020 cm−3. Separate electron and hole relaxation times are observed as a function of hot carrier energies. A first-order electron and hole decay of ∼1 ps suggests a Shockley–Read–Hall recombination mechanism. The simultaneous observation of electrons and holes with extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy paves the way for investigating few- to sub-femtosecond dynamics of both holes and electrons in complex semiconductor materials and across junctions. Understanding excited carrier dynamics in semiconductors is central to the continued development of optoelectronic devices. Using extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy, Zürch et al. directly and simultaneously observe ultrafast electron and hole dynamics in germanium thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zürch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hung-Tzu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lauren J Borja
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter M Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Scott K Cushing
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrey Gandman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Myoung Hwan Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chaitanya D Pemmaraju
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Theory Institute for Materials and Energy Spectroscopies, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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109
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Nisoli M, Decleva P, Calegari F, Palacios A, Martín F. Attosecond Electron Dynamics in Molecules. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10760-10825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Nisoli
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Trieste and IOM- CNR, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Calegari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Palacios
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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110
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You YS, Wu M, Yin Y, Chew A, Ren X, Gholam-Mirzaei S, Browne DA, Chini M, Chang Z, Schafer KJ, Gaarde MB, Ghimire S. Laser waveform control of extreme ultraviolet high harmonics from solids. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1816-1819. [PMID: 28454168 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state high-harmonic sources offer the possibility of compact, high-repetition-rate attosecond light emitters. However, the time structure of high harmonics must be characterized at the sub-cycle level. We use strong two-cycle laser pulses to directly control the time-dependent nonlinear current in single-crystal MgO, leading to the generation of extreme ultraviolet harmonics. We find that harmonics are delayed with respect to each other, yielding an atto-chirp, the value of which depends on the laser field strength. Our results provide the foundation for attosecond pulse metrology based on solid-state harmonics and a new approach to studying sub-cycle dynamics in solids.
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111
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McDonald CR, Vampa G, Corkum PB, Brabec T. Intense-Laser Solid State Physics: Unraveling the Difference between Semiconductors and Dielectrics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:173601. [PMID: 28498686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Experiments on intense laser driven dielectrics have revealed population transfer to the conduction band to be oscillatory in time. This is in stark contrast to ionization in semiconductors and is currently unexplained. Current ionization theories neglect coupling between the valence and conduction band and therewith, the dynamic Stark shift. Our single-particle analysis identifies this as a potential reason for the different ionization behavior. The dynamic Stark shift increases the band gap with increasing laser intensities, thus suppressing ionization to an extent where virtual population oscillations become dominant. The dynamic Stark shift plays a role dominantly in dielectrics which, due to the larger band gap, can be exposed to significantly higher laser intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R McDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - G Vampa
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P B Corkum
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - T Brabec
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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112
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Zhao H, Liu C, Zheng Y, Zeng Z, Li R. Attosecond chirp effect on the transient absorption spectrum of laser-dressed helium atom. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7707-7718. [PMID: 28380889 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the attosecond transient absorption spectrum of helium atom in the presence of an infrared-dressed laser pulse upon scanning their relative delay, with the particular emphasis on the chirp effect of the attosecond pulse. By numerically solving the fully three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we identify the attoscecond chirp can induce the temporal shift of the absorption spectrogram along the delay axis. Additionally, it is found that the extent of the temporal shift is dependent on both the position of the absorption line and the infrared pulse wavelength, which is well confirmed and reproduced by a three-level model. Moreover, we demonstrate that the observed features can be quantitatively explained in terms of the indirect two-photon absorption processes through some virtual states. This effect might provide a way to measure the chirp of attosecond pulse in an all-optical way.
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113
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Tancogne-Dejean N, Mücke OD, Kärtner FX, Rubio A. Impact of the Electronic Band Structure in High-Harmonic Generation Spectra of Solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:087403. [PMID: 28282201 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.087403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate analytic model describing the microscopic mechanism of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in solids is derived. Extensive first-principles simulations within a time-dependent density-functional framework corroborate the conclusions of the model. Our results reveal that (i) the emitted HHG spectra are highly anisotropic and laser-polarization dependent even for cubic crystals; (ii) the harmonic emission is enhanced by the inhomogeneity of the electron-nuclei potential; the yield is increased for heavier atoms; and (iii) the cutoff photon energy is driver-wavelength independent. Moreover, we show that it is possible to predict the laser polarization for optimal HHG in bulk crystals solely from the knowledge of their electronic band structure. Our results pave the way to better control and optimize HHG in solids by engineering their band structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver D Mücke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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114
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Lucchini M, Sato SA, Ludwig A, Herrmann J, Volkov M, Kasmi L, Shinohara Y, Yabana K, Gallmann L, Keller U. Attosecond dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect in polycrystalline diamond. Science 2017; 353:916-9. [PMID: 27563093 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Short, intense laser pulses can be used to access the transition regime between classical and quantum optical responses in dielectrics. In this regime, the relative roles of inter- and intraband light-driven electronic transitions remain uncertain. We applied attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the interaction between polycrystalline diamond and a few-femtosecond infrared pulse with intensity below the critical intensity of optical breakdown. Ab initio time-dependent density functional theory calculations, in tandem with a two-band parabolic model, accounted for the experimental results in the framework of the dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect and identified infrared induction of intraband currents as the main physical mechanism responsible for the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lucchini
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - S A Sato
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8577 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Herrmann
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Volkov
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Kasmi
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Y Shinohara
- Photon Science Center, University of Tokyo, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yabana
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8577 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - L Gallmann
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - U Keller
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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115
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Schlaepfer F, Ludwig A, Lucchini M, Kasmi L, Volkov M, Gallmann L, Keller U. Gouy phase shift for annular beam profiles in attosecond experiments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:3646-3655. [PMID: 28241577 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond pump-probe measurements are typically performed by combining attosecond pulses with more intense femtosecond, phase-locked infrared (IR) pulses because of the low average photon flux of attosecond light sources based on high-harmonic generation (HHG). Furthermore, the strong absorption of materials at the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelengths of the attosecond pulses typically prevents the use of transmissive optics. As a result, pump and probe beams are typically recombined geometrically with a center-hole mirror that reflects the larger IR beam and transmits the smaller XUV, which leads to an annular beam profile of the IR. This modification of the IR beam can affect the pump-probe measurements because the propagation that follows the reflection on the center-hole mirror can strongly deviate from that of an ideal Gaussian beam. Here we present a detailed experimental study of the Gouy phase of an annular IR beam across the focus using a two-foci attosecond beamline and the RABBITT (reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions) technique. Our measurements show a Gouy phase shift of the truncated beam as large as 2π and a corresponding rate of 50 as/mm time delay change across the focus in a RABBITT measurement. These results are essential for attosecond pump-probe experiments that compare measurements of spatially separated targets.
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116
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Timmers H, Kobayashi Y, Chang KF, Reduzzi M, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Generating high-contrast, near single-cycle waveforms with third-order dispersion compensation. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:811-814. [PMID: 28198871 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser pulses lasting only a few optical periods hold the potential for probing and manipulating the electronic degrees of freedom within matter. However, the generation of high-contrast, few-cycle pulses in the high power limit still remains nontrivial. In this Letter, we present the application of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) as an optical medium for compensating for the higher-order dispersion of a carrier-envelope stable few-cycle waveform centered at 735 nm. The ADP crystal is capable of removing the residual third-order dispersion present in the spectral phase of an input pulse, resulting in near-transform-limited 2.9 fs pulses lasting only 1.2 optical cycles in duration. By utilizing these high-contrast, few-cycle pulses for high-harmonic generation, we are able to produce nanojoule-scale, isolated attosecond pulses.
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117
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Weisshaupt J, Rouzée A, Woerner M, Vrakking MJJ, Elsaesser T, Shirley EL, Borgschulte A. Ultrafast modulation of electronic structure by coherent phonon excitations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B 2017; 95:10.1103/PhysRevB.95.081101. [PMID: 38618525 PMCID: PMC11015475 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.95.081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Femtosecond x-ray absorption spectroscopy with a laser-driven high-harmonic source is used to map ultrafast changes of x-ray absorption by femtometer-scale coherent phonon displacements. In LiBH4, displacements along an A g phonon mode at 10 THz are induced by impulsive Raman excitation and give rise to oscillatory changes of x-ray absorption at the Li K-edge. Electron density maps from femtosecond x-ray diffraction data show that the electric field of the pump pulse induces a charge transfer from the BH 4 - to neighboring Li+ ions, resulting in a differential Coulomb force that drives lattice vibrations in this virtual transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Weisshaupt
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. J. J. Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - E. L. Shirley
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8441, USA
| | - A. Borgschulte
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Hydrogen and Energy, EMPA, CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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118
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Pertot Y, Schmidt C, Matthews M, Chauvet A, Huppert M, Svoboda V, von Conta A, Tehlar A, Baykusheva D, Wolf JP, Wörner HJ. Time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy with a water window high-harmonic source. Science 2017; 355:264-267. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah6114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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119
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Multi-Scale Simulation for Transient Absorption Spectroscopy under Intense Few-Cycle Pulse Laser. PHOTONICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics3040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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120
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Chang HT, Zürch M, Kraus PM, Borja LJ, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Simultaneous generation of sub-5-femtosecond 400 nm and 800 nm pulses for attosecond extreme ultraviolet pump-probe spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5365-5368. [PMID: 27842133 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Few-cycle laser pulses with wavelengths centered at 400 nm and 800 nm are simultaneously obtained through wavelength separation of ultrashort, spectrally broadened Vis-NIR laser pulses spanning 350-1100 nm wavelengths. The 400 nm and 800 nm pulses are separately compressed, yielding pulses with 4.4 fs and 3.8 fs duration, respectively. The pulse energy exceeds 5 μJ for the 400 nm pulses and 750 μJ for the 800 nm pulses. Intense 400 nm few-cycle pulses have a broad range of applications in nonlinear optical spectroscopy, which include the study of photochemical dynamics, semiconductors, and photovoltaic materials on few-femtosecond to attosecond time scales. The ultrashort 400 nm few-cycle pulses generated here not only extend the spectral range of the optical pulse for NIR-XUV attosecond pump-probe spectroscopy but also pave the way for two-color, three-pulse, multidimensional optical-XUV spectroscopy experiments.
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121
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Garg M, Zhan M, Luu TT, Lakhotia H, Klostermann T, Guggenmos A, Goulielmakis E. Multi-petahertz electronic metrology. Nature 2016; 538:359-363. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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122
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Guggenmos A, Akil A, Ossiander M, Schäffer M, Azzeer AM, Boehm G, Amann MC, Kienberger R, Schultze M, Kleineberg U. Attosecond photoelectron streaking with enhanced energy resolution for small-bandgap materials. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3714-3717. [PMID: 27519070 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond photoelectron streaking spectroscopy allows time-resolved electron dynamics with a temporal resolution approaching the atomic unit of time. Studies have been performed in numerous systems, including atoms, molecules, and surfaces, and the quest for ever higher temporal resolution called for ever wider spectral extent of the attosecond pulses. For typical experiments relying on attosecond pulses with a duration of 200 as, the time-bandwidth limitation for a Gaussian pulse implies a minimal spectral bandwidth larger than 9 eV translating to a corresponding spread of the detected photoelectron kinetic energies. Here, by utilizing a specially tailored narrowband reflective XUV multilayer mirror, we explore experimentally the minimal spectral width compatible with attosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy while obtaining the highest possible spectral resolution. The validity of the concept is proven by recording attosecond electron streaking traces from the direct semiconductor gallium arsenide (GaAs), with a nominal bandgap of 1.42 eV at room temperature, proving the potential of the approach for tracking charge dynamics also in these technologically highly relevant materials that previously have been inaccessible to attosecond science.
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123
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Kowalewski M, Bennett K, Rouxel JR, Mukamel S. Monitoring Nonadiabatic Electron-Nuclear Dynamics in Molecules by Attosecond Streaking of Photoelectrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:043201. [PMID: 27494470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.043201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Streaking of photoelectrons has long been used for the temporal characterization of attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. When the time-resolved photoelectrons originate from a coherent superposition of electronic states, they carry additional phase information, which can be retrieved by the streaking technique. In this contribution we extend the streaking formalism to include coupled electron and nuclear dynamics in molecules as well as initial coherences. We demonstrate how streaked photoelectrons offer a novel tool for monitoring nonadiabatic dynamics as it occurs in the vicinity of conical intersections and avoided crossings. Streaking can provide high time resolution direct signatures of electronic coherences, which affect many primary photochemical and biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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124
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Ramasesha K, Leone SR, Neumark DM. Real-Time Probing of Electron Dynamics Using Attosecond Time-Resolved Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2016; 67:41-63. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Ramasesha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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125
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Wismer MS, Kruchinin SY, Ciappina M, Stockman MI, Yakovlev VS. Strong-Field Resonant Dynamics in Semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:197401. [PMID: 27232043 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.197401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We predict that a direct band gap semiconductor (GaAs) resonantly excited by a strong ultrashort laser pulse exhibits a novel regime: kicked anharmonic Rabi oscillations. In this regime, Rabi oscillations are strongly coupled to intraband motion, and interband transitions mainly take place when electrons pass near the Brillouin zone center where electron populations undergo very rapid changes. The asymmetry of the residual population distribution induces an electric current controlled by the carrier-envelope phase of the driving pulse. The predicted effects are experimentally observable using photoemission and terahertz spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wismer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Marcelo Ciappina
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mark I Stockman
- Center for Nano-Optics (CeNO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30340, USA
| | - Vladislav S Yakovlev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Nano-Optics (CeNO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30340, USA
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126
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Leone SR, Neumark DM. Attosecond science in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics. Faraday Discuss 2016; 194:15-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Attosecond science represents a new frontier in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics, enabling one to probe the exceedingly fast dynamics associated with purely electronic dynamics in a wide range of systems. This paper presents a brief discussion of the technology required to generate attosecond light pulses and gives representative examples of attosecond science carried out in several laboratories. Attosecond transient absorption, a very powerful method in attosecond science, is then reviewed and several examples of gas phase and condensed phase experiments that have been carried out in the Leone/Neumark laboratories are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Physics
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
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127
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Sato SA, Taniguchi Y, Shinohara Y, Yabana K. Nonlinear electronic excitations in crystalline solids using meta-generalized gradient approximation and hybrid functional in time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:224116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4937379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke A. Sato
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Taniguchi
- Center for Computational Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- Department of Medical and General Sciences, Nihon Institute of Medical Science, 1276 Shimogawara, Moroyama-Machi, Iruma-Gun, Saitama 350-0435, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shinohara
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yabana
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- Center for Computational Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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128
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Jordan I, Huppert M, Brown MA, van Bokhoven JA, Wörner HJ. Photoelectron spectrometer for attosecond spectroscopy of liquids and gases. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:123905. [PMID: 26724045 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new apparatus for attosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids and gases is described. It combines a liquid microjet source with a magnetic-bottle photoelectron spectrometer and an actively stabilized attosecond beamline. The photoelectron spectrometer permits venting and pumping of the interaction chamber without affecting the low pressure in the flight tube. This pressure separation has been realized through a sliding skimmer plate, which effectively seals the flight tube in its closed position and functions as a differential pumping stage in its open position. A high-harmonic photon spectrometer, attached to the photoelectron spectrometer, exit port is used to acquire photon spectra for calibration purposes. Attosecond pulse trains have been used to record photoelectron spectra of noble gases, water in the gas and liquid states as well as solvated species. RABBIT scans demonstrate the attosecond resolution of this setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jordan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Huppert
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Brown
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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129
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Vampa G, Hammond TJ, Thiré N, Schmidt BE, Légaré F, McDonald CR, Brabec T, Klug DD, Corkum PB. All-Optical Reconstruction of Crystal Band Structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:193603. [PMID: 26588381 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.193603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The band structure of matter determines its properties. In solids, it is typically mapped with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, in which the momentum and the energy of incoherent electrons are independently measured. Sometimes, however, photoelectrons are difficult or impossible to detect. Here we demonstrate an all-optical technique to reconstruct momentum-dependent band gaps by exploiting the coherent motion of electron-hole pairs driven by intense midinfrared femtosecond laser pulses. Applying the method to experimental data for a semiconductor ZnO crystal, we identify the split-off valence band as making the greatest contribution to tunneling to the conduction band. Our new band structure measurement technique is intrinsically bulk sensitive, does not require a vacuum, and has high temporal resolution, making it suitable to study reactions at ambient conditions, matter under extreme pressures, and ultrafast transient modifications to band structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vampa
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - T J Hammond
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - N Thiré
- INRS-EMT, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, CP 1020, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - B E Schmidt
- INRS-EMT, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, CP 1020, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - F Légaré
- INRS-EMT, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, CP 1020, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - C R McDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - T Brabec
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - D D Klug
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - P B Corkum
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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130
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131
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132
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Vampa G, Hammond TJ, Thiré N, Schmidt BE, Légaré F, McDonald CR, Brabec T, Corkum PB. Linking high harmonics from gases and solids. Nature 2015; 522:462-4. [PMID: 26108855 DOI: 10.1038/nature14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When intense light interacts with an atomic gas, recollision between an ionizing electron and its parent ion creates high-order harmonics of the fundamental laser frequency. This sub-cycle effect generates coherent soft X-rays and attosecond pulses, and provides a means to image molecular orbitals. Recently, high harmonics have been generated from bulk crystals, but what mechanism dominates the emission remains uncertain. To resolve this issue, we adapt measurement methods from gas-phase research to solid zinc oxide driven by mid-infrared laser fields of 0.25 volts per ångström. We find that when we alter the generation process with a second-harmonic beam, the modified harmonic spectrum bears the signature of a generalized recollision between an electron and its associated hole. In addition, we find that solid-state high harmonics are perturbed by fields so weak that they are present in conventional electronic circuits, thus opening a route to integrate electronics with attosecond and high-harmonic technology. Future experiments will permit the band structure of a solid to be tomographically reconstructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vampa
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - T J Hammond
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - N Thiré
- INRS-EMT, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, CP 1020, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - B E Schmidt
- INRS-EMT, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, CP 1020, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - F Légaré
- INRS-EMT, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, CP 1020, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - C R McDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - T Brabec
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P B Corkum
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada [2] National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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133
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Pati AP, Wahyutama IS, Pfeiffer AN. Subcycle-resolved probe retardation in strong-field pumped dielectrics. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7746. [PMID: 26166755 PMCID: PMC4510967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of a bulk dielectric to an intense few-cycle laser pulse is not solely determined by the pulse envelope, but also by ultrafast processes occuring during each optical cycle. Here, a method is presented for measuring the retardation of a probe pulse in a strong-field pumped, bulk dielectric with subcycle resolution in the pump–probe delay. Comparisons to model calculations show that the measurement is sensitive to the timing of the electronic Kerr response. When conduction band states are transiently populated at the crests of the laser field, the measurement is also sensitive to the interband dephasing time. At the ultrafast timescale the propagation of light pulses through a dielectric material is not only determined by the envelope, but also by nonlinear interactions that evolve within one optical cycle. Here, the authors demonstrate a method to determine the subcycle-resolved delay to a probe pulse in ultrafast, high-field pump–probe experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Prakash Pati
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Imam Setiawan Wahyutama
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Nikolaus Pfeiffer
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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134
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Guggenmos A, Jobst M, Ossiander M, Radünz S, Riemensberger J, Schäffer M, Akil A, Jakubeit C, Böhm P, Noever S, Nickel B, Kienberger R, Kleineberg U. Chromium/scandium multilayer mirrors for isolated attosecond pulses at 145 eV. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2846-2849. [PMID: 26076277 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of attosecond soft x-ray sources toward photon wavelengths below 10 nm are also driving the development of suited broadband multilayer optics for steering and shaping attosecond pulses. We demonstrate that current attosecond experiments in the sub-200-eV range benefit from these improved optics. We present our achievements in utilizing ion-beam-deposited chromium/scandium (Cr/Sc) multilayer mirrors, optimized by tailored material dependent deposition and interface polishing, for the generation of single attosecond pulses from a high-harmonic cut-off spectrum at a central energy of 145 eV. Isolated attosecond pulses have been measured by soft x-ray-pump/NIR-probe electron streaking experiments and characterized using frequency-resolved optical gating for complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts (FROG/CRAB). The results demonstrate that Cr/Sc multilayer mirrors can be used as efficient attosecond optics for reflecting 600-attosecond pulses at a photon energy of 145 eV, which is a prerequisite for present and future attosecond experiments in this energy range.
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Beck AR, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Probing ultrafast dynamics with attosecond transient absorption. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Quantum-mechanical tunneling of valence-band electrons excited by intense, ultrafast laser pulses is verified with time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy
[Also see Report by
Schultze
et al.
]
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spielmann
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany. Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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