101
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Glagolenko S. Single-particle analysis of ultrafine aerosol in College Station, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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102
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Burleson DJ, Driessen MD, Penn RL. On the characterization of environmental nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2004; 39:2707-2753. [PMID: 15509018 DOI: 10.1081/ese-200027029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence and release of nanoparticles into the environment has important implications for human health and the environment. This article highlights and describes techniques that are effective in the characterization of anthropogenic and naturally occurring nanoparticles. Particle attributes like size, size distribution, shape, structure, microstructure, composition, and homogeneity are critically important to determining the potential impact of such materials on health and the environment. Many techniques yield data for a collection of nanoparticles; while others yield data for individual nanoparticles; and still others yield data showing the size, distribution of chemical species, and variations in structure and microstructure for a single nanoparticle. All are important in the context of environmental nanoparticles. Many of these techniques are complementary, and depending on the information required, the ideal characterization usually employs multiple techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Burleson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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103
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. The Tropospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt: A Molecular-Level View of the Chemistry of NaCl and NaBr. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4801-22. [PMID: 14664634 DOI: 10.1021/cr020653t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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104
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Lake DA, Tolocka MP, Johnston MV, Wexler AS. Mass spectrometry of individual particles between 50 and 750 nm in diameter at the Baltimore Supersite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:3268-3274. [PMID: 12966969 DOI: 10.1021/es026270u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the real-time single-particle mass spectrometer RSMS III is evaluated for ambient fine and ultrafine particle number concentration measurements. The RSMS III couples aerodynamic size selection with laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry for single-particle analysis. It was deployed at the Baltimore particulate matter Supersite for semi-continuous operation over an 8-month period. The sampling protocol adopted for this study permitted the analysis of on average 2000 particles per day. The number of particles analyzed is a tradeoff between generating a statistically significant data set and maintaining instrument operation over a long period of time. The optimum particle size range of analysis was found to be ca. 50-770 nm in diameter, although particles as small as 45 nm and as large as 1250 nm were also analyzed. While nitrate, sulfate, and carbon (elemental and organic) were found to dominate the ambient aerosol, over 10% of the detected particles contained transition and/or heavy metals. The (size-dependent) detection efficiency, defined as the fraction of particles entering the inlet that are analyzed, was determined by comparison with scanning mobility particle sizing data. Using the experimentally determined detection efficiencies, particle number concentrations of specific chemical components were estimated. While the sampling protocol allowed the particle concentrations of major chemical components to be followed as a function of both time and particle size, minor components required averaging over time and/or size to achieve adequate precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Lake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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105
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Ro CU, Osán J, Szalóki I, de Hoog J, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R. A Monte Carlo program for quantitative electron-induced X-ray analysis of individual particles. Anal Chem 2003; 75:851-9. [PMID: 12622376 DOI: 10.1021/ac025973r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A versatile Monte Carlo program for quantitative particle analysis in electron probe X-ray microanalysis is presented. The program includes routines for simulating electron-solid interactions in microparticles lying on a flat surface and calculating the generated X-ray signal. Simulation of the whole X-ray spectrum as well as phi(z) curves is possible. The most important facility of the program is the reverse Monte Carlo quantification of the chemical composition of microparticles, including low-Z elements, such as C, N, O, and F. This quantification method is based on the combination of a single scattering Monte Carlo simulation and a robust successive approximation. An iteration procedure is employed; in each iteration step, the Monte Carlo simulation program calculates characteristic X-ray intensities, and a new set of concentration values for chemical elements in the particle is determined. When the simulated X-ray intensities converge to the measured ones, the input values of elemental concentrations used for the simulation are determined as chemical compositions of the particle. This quantification procedure was evaluated by investigating various types of standard particles, and good accuracy of the methodology was demonstrated. A methodology for heterogeneity assessment of single particles is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, ChunCheon, KangWonDo, 200-702, Korea.
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106
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Knipping EM, Dabdub D. Impact of chlorine emissions from sea-salt aerosol on coastal urban ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:275-284. [PMID: 12564898 DOI: 10.1021/es025793z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of photochemical models to predict observed coastal chlorine levels and their corresponding effect on ozone formation is explored. Current sea-spray generation functions, a comprehensive gas-phase chlorine chemistry mechanism, and several heterogeneous/multiphase chemical reactions considered key processes leading to reactive chlorine formation are added to an airshed model of the South Coast Air Basin of California. Modeling results reproduce regional sea-salt particle concentrations. The heterogeneous/multiphase chemical reactions do not affect the rate of hydrochloric acid displacement, nor do they enhance aerosol nitrate formation. Chlorine levels in the model are predicted to be an order of magnitude lower than previously observed values at other coastal regions under similar conditions, albeit in much better agreement than previous studies. The results suggest that the inclusion of sea-salt-derived chlorine chemistry might increase morning ozone predictions by as much as 12 ppb in coastal regions and by 4 ppb in the peak domain ozone in the afternoon. The inclusion of anthropogenic sources of chlorine is recommended for future studies, as such sources might elevate ozone predictions even further via direct emission into polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eladio M Knipping
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3975, USA
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107
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Middlebrook AM. A comparison of particle mass spectrometers during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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108
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Ma J. Size distributions of ionic aerosols measured at Waliguan Observatory: Implication for nitrate gas-to-particle transfer processes in the free troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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109
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Liu DY. Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment: 1. Measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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110
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Trimborn A, Hinz KP, Spengler B. Online analysis of atmospheric particles with a transportable laser mass spectrometer during LACE 98. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Trimborn
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - K.-P. Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - B. Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
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111
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Kaiser RI. Experimental investigation on the formation of carbon-bearing molecules in the interstellar medium via neutral-neutral reactions. Chem Rev 2002; 102:1309-58. [PMID: 11996539 DOI: 10.1021/cr970004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, U.K.
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112
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Yan B, Stamnes K, Li W, Chen B, Stamnes JJ, Tsay SC. Piffalls in atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery: how should aerosol optical properties be computed? APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:412-423. [PMID: 11905565 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for the atmospheric correction of ocean-color imagery rely on the computation of optical properties of a mixture of chemically different aerosol particles through combination of the mixture with it into an effective, single-particle component that has an average refractive index. However, a multi-component approach in which each particle type independently grows and changes its refractive index with increasing humidity is more realistic. Computations based on Mie theory and radiative transfer are used to show that the two approaches result in top-of-the-atmosphere radiances that differ more than the water-leaving radiance. Thus, proper atmospheric correction requires a multicomponent approach for the computation of realistic aerosol optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banghua Yan
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks 99775-7320, USA
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113
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Grassian VH. Chemical Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides on the Surface of Oxide, Carbonate, Soot, and Mineral Dust Particles: Implications for the Chemical Balance of the Troposphere. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. H. Grassian
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, and the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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114
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Lee SH. Chemical components of single particles measured with Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) during the Atlanta SuperSite Project: Focus on organic/sulfate, lead, soot, and mineral particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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115
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Caffrey P, Hoppel W, Frick G, Fitzgerald J, Shantz N, Leaitch WR, Pasternack L, Albrechcinski T, Ambrusko J. Chamber measurements of CI depletion in cloud-processed sea-salt aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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116
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Guazzotti SA, Coffee KR, Prather KA. Continuous measurements of size-resolved particle chemistry during INDOEX-Intensive Field Phase 99. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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117
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Quinn PK, Coffman DJ, Bates TS, Miller TL, Johnson JE, Voss K, Welton EJ, Neusüss C. Dominant aerosol chemical components and their contribution to extinction during the Aerosols99 cruise across the Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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118
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Lai CH, Su MD, Chu SY. B3LYP and CCSD(T) Studies of the Mechanisms of Unimolecular Reactions of HXCS (X = H and F). J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010648d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan, R.O.C., and School of Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan, R.O.C., and School of Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - San-Yan Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan, R.O.C., and School of Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
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119
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Ullom JN, Frank M, Gard EE, Horn JM, Labov SE, Langry K, Magnotta F, Stanion KA, Hack CA, Benner WH. Discrimination between bacterial spore types using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and matrix-free infrared laser desorption and ionization. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2331-7. [PMID: 11393860 DOI: 10.1021/ac001551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that molecular ions with mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) ranging from a few hundred to 19 050 can be desorbed from whole bacterial spores using infrared laser desorption and no chemical matrix. We have measured the mass of these ions using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and we observe that different ions are desorbed from spores of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus niger. Our results raise the possibility of identifying microorganisms using mass spectrometry without conventional sample preparation techniques such as the addition of a matrix. We have measured the dependence of the ion yield from B. subtilis on desorption wavelength over the range 3.05-3.8 microm, and we observe the best results at 3.05 microm. We have also generated mass spectra from whole spores using 337-nm ultraviolet laser desorption, and we find that these spectra are inferior to spectra generated with infrared desorption. Since aerosol analysis is a natural application for matrix-free desorption, we have measured mass spectra from materials such as ragweed pollen and road dust that are likely to form a background to microbial aerosols. We find that these materials are readily differentiated from bacterial spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Ullom
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94550, USA
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120
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Zangmeister CD, Pemberton JE. Raman Spectroscopy of the Reaction of Sodium Chloride with Nitric Acid: Sodium Nitrate Growth and Effect of Water Exposure. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003374n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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121
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Moldanová J, Ljungström E. Sea-salt aerosol chemistry in coastal areas: A model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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122
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Noble CA, Prather KA. Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: a historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:248-274. [PMID: 10986694 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<248::aid-mas3>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time single particle mass spectrometry, or continuous aerosol mass spectrometry, was originally developed in the 1970s for the purpose of identifying the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter in real-time. Although this technique has continued to evolve throughout the following decades, the fundamental characteristic of this method remains the same, involving the continuous introduction of solid particle or liquid droplets directly into the ion source region of a mass spectrometer. Continuous sample introduction allows for the chemical analysis of single airborne particles in real-time. A number of mass analyzers have been employed in real-time single particle mass spectrometry. The original real-time single particle mass spectrometer used a magnetic sector mass analyzer. Quadrupole, double-focusing, and ion trap mass spectrometers have also been utilized. The majority of the current real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques use time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the literature, a variety of general names have been applied to real-time single particle mass spectrometry methods. These names include direct-inlet mass spectrometry, on-line laser microprobe mass spectrometry, particle analysis by mass spectrometry, particle beam mass spectrometry, and rapid-single particle mass spectrometry. This review covers real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques that were developed from 1973 through 1998, specifically for analyzing airborne particulate matter, including environmental aerosols, biological aerosols, and clean-room aerosols. Because the majority of the historical and current real-time single particle mass spectrometers have been employed for atmospheric aerosols, this topic is the primary focus of this review. This review does not include on-line mass spectrometry methods that are employed as a detector for other instrumental methods, such as liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- CA Noble
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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123
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Vaida V, Headrick JE. Physicochemical Properties of Hydrated Complexes in the Earth's Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000115p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - J. E. Headrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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124
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Abstract
Over the past decade, aerosol mass spectrometry has developed into a powerful method for characterizing individual particles in air. Recent advances in the design of inlets and mass spectrometers have extended the size range of particles that can be analyzed. In this tutorial, fundamental aspects of particle motion in sampling inlets are introduced. Basic experimental configurations for achieving a high analysis rate and the ability of laser ablation to provide chemical composition information are reviewed. An example of the use of this technology to study atmospheric phenomena is also presented. Significant opportunity exists for designing new experiments at the interface of aerosol mass spectrometry and conventional molecular mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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125
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Snyder AP, Maswadeh WM, Tripathi A, Dworzanski JP. Detection of gram-negativeErwinia herbicola outdoor aerosols with pyrolysis-gas chromatography/ion-mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:2/3<111::aid-fact5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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126
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Collection of Micrometer and Submicrometer Size Aerosol Particles with a Packed Bead Impactor. Microchem J 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/mchj.1998.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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127
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Sirois A, Barrie LA. Arctic lower tropospheric aerosol trends and composition at Alert, Canada: 1980-1995. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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128
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Graedel TE, Keene WC. Preface [to special section on Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory (RCEI)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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129
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Buseck PR, Pósfai M. Airborne minerals and related aerosol particles: effects on climate and the environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3372-9. [PMID: 10097046 PMCID: PMC34277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the troposphere and exert an important influence on global climate and the environment. They affect climate through scattering, transmission, and absorption of radiation as well as by acting as nuclei for cloud formation. A significant fraction of the aerosol particle burden consists of minerals, and most of the remainder- whether natural or anthropogenic-consists of materials that can be studied by the same methods as are used for fine-grained minerals. Our emphasis is on the study and character of the individual particles. Sulfate particles are the main cooling agents among aerosols; we found that in the remote oceanic atmosphere a significant fraction is aggregated with soot, a material that can diminish the cooling effect of sulfate. Our results suggest oxidization of SO2 may have occurred on soot surfaces, implying that even in the remote marine troposphere soot provided nuclei for heterogeneous sulfate formation. Sea salt is the dominant aerosol species (by mass) above the oceans. In addition to being important light scatterers and contributors to cloud condensation nuclei, sea-salt particles also provide large surface areas for heterogeneous atmospheric reactions. Minerals comprise the dominant mass fraction of the atmospheric aerosol burden. As all geologists know, they are a highly heterogeneous mixture. However, among atmospheric scientists they are commonly treated as a fairly uniform group, and one whose interaction with radiation is widely assumed to be unpredictable. Given their abundances, large total surface areas, and reactivities, their role in influencing climate will require increased attention as climate models are refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Buseck
- Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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130
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Abstract
The coastal seas are one of the most valuable and vulnerable of Earth's habitats. Significant inputs of nutrients to the coastal zone arrive via rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere. Nutrient fluxes through these routes have been increased by human activity. In addition, the N:P:Si ratios of these inputs have been perturbed, and many coastal management practices exacerbate these perturbations. There is evidence of impacts arising from these changes (in phytoplankton numbers and relative species abundance, and deep-water oxygen declines) in areas of restricted water exchange. Elsewhere, the nutrient fluxes through the coastal zone appear to be still dominated by large inputs from the open ocean, and there is little evidence of anthropogenic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- TD Jickells
- The author is in School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK. E-mail:
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131
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Wood SH, Prather KA. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods for real time analysis of individual aerosol particles. Trends Analyt Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(98)00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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