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Henser-Brownhill T, Monserrat J, Scaffidi P. Generation of an arrayed CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting epigenetic regulators: from high-content screens to in vivo assays. Epigenetics 2018; 12:1065-1075. [PMID: 29327641 PMCID: PMC5810758 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1395121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized genome engineering, allowing precise modification of DNA in various organisms. The most popular method for conducting CRISPR-based functional screens involves the use of pooled lentiviral libraries in selection screens coupled with next-generation sequencing. Screens employing genome-scale pooled small guide RNA (sgRNA) libraries are demanding, particularly when complex assays are used. Furthermore, pooled libraries are not suitable for microscopy-based high-content screens or for systematic interrogation of protein function. To overcome these limitations and exploit CRISPR-based technologies to comprehensively investigate epigenetic mechanisms, we have generated a focused sgRNA library targeting 450 epigenetic regulators with multiple sgRNAs in human cells. The lentiviral library is available both in an arrayed and pooled format and allows temporally-controlled induction of gene knock-out. Characterization of the library showed high editing activity of most sgRNAs and efficient knock-out at the protein level in polyclonal populations. The sgRNA library can be used for both selection and high-content screens, as well as for targeted investigation of selected proteins without requiring isolation of knock-out clones. Using a variety of functional assays we show that the library is suitable for both in vitro and in vivo applications, representing a unique resource to study epigenetic mechanisms in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Monserrat
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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102
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Patel H, Nilendu P, Jahagirdar D, Pal JK, Sharma NK. Modulating secreted components of tumor microenvironment: A masterstroke in tumor therapeutics. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:3-12. [PMID: 29219656 PMCID: PMC5790373 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1394538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment in which cancer resides plays an important role in regulating cancer survival, progression, malignancy and drug resistance. Tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of heterogeneous number and types of cellular and non-cellular components that vary in relation to tumor phenotype and genotype. In recent, non-cellular secreted components of microenvironmental heterogeneity have been suggested to contain various growth factors, cytokines, RNA, DNA, metabolites, structural matrix and matricellular proteins. These non-cellular components have been indicated to orchestrate numerous ways to support cancer survival and progression by providing metabolites, energy, growth signals, evading immune surveillance, drug resistance environment, metastatic and angiogenesis cues. Thus, switching action from pro-cancer to anti-cancer activities of these secreted components of TME has been considered as a new avenue in cancer therapeutics and drug resistance. In this report, we summarize the recent pre-clinical and clinical evidences to emphasize the importance of non-cellular components of TME in achieving precision therapeutics and biomarker study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Patel
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pritish Nilendu
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Devashree Jahagirdar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayanta K. Pal
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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103
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Nilendu P, Sharma NK. Epigenomic Hard Drive Imprinting: A Hidden Code Beyond the Biological Death of Cancer Patients. J Cancer Prev 2017; 22:211-218. [PMID: 29302578 PMCID: PMC5751838 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2017.22.4.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic and epigenetic theories have been suggested to explain the intricacies of life and death. However, several questions remain unsettled regarding cellular death events, particularly of living tissue in the case of cancer patients, such as the fate and adaptation of cancer cells after biological death. It is possible that cancer cells can display the intent to communicate with the external environment after biological death by means of molecular, genetic, and epigenetic pathways. Whether these cancer cells contain special information in the form of coding that may help them survive beyond the biological death of cancer patients is unknown. To understand these queries in the cancer field, we hypothesize the epigenomic hard drive (EHD) as a cellular component to record and store global epigenetic events in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of cancer patients. This mini-review presents the novel concept of EHD that is reinforced with the existing knowledge of genetic and epigenetic events in cancer. Further, we summarize the EHD understanding that may impart much potential and interest for basic and clinical scientists to unravel mechanisms of carcinogenesis, therapeutic markers, and differential drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Nilendu
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra, India
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104
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Becker JS, McCarthy RL, Sidoli S, Donahue G, Kaeding KE, He Z, Lin S, Garcia BA, Zaret KS. Genomic and Proteomic Resolution of Heterochromatin and Its Restriction of Alternate Fate Genes. Mol Cell 2017; 68:1023-1037.e15. [PMID: 29272703 PMCID: PMC5858919 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterochromatin is integral to cell identity maintenance by impeding the activation of genes for alternate cell fates. Heterochromatic regions are associated with histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) or H3K27me3, but these modifications are also found in euchromatic regions that permit transcription. We discovered that resistance to sonication is a reliable indicator of the heterochromatin state, and we developed a biophysical method (gradient-seq) to discriminate subtypes of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 domains in sonication-resistant heterochromatin (srHC) versus euchromatin. These classifications are more accurate than the histone marks alone in predicting transcriptional silence and resistance of alternate fate genes to activation during direct cell conversion. Our proteomics of H3K9me3-marked srHC and functional screens revealed diverse proteins, including RBMX and RBMXL1, that impede gene induction during cellular reprogramming. Isolation of srHC with gradient-seq provides a genome-wide map of chromatin structure, elucidating subtypes of repressed domains that are uniquely predictive of diverse other chromatin properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Becker
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan L McCarthy
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Greg Donahue
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelsey E Kaeding
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shu Lin
- Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Program , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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105
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Izquierdo-Bouldstridge A, Bustillos A, Bonet-Costa C, Aribau-Miralbés P, García-Gomis D, Dabad M, Esteve-Codina A, Pascual-Reguant L, Peiró S, Esteller M, Murtha M, Millán-Ariño L, Jordan A. Histone H1 depletion triggers an interferon response in cancer cells via activation of heterochromatic repeats. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11622-11642. [PMID: 28977426 PMCID: PMC5714221 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H1 has seven variants in human somatic cells and contributes to chromatin compaction and transcriptional regulation. Knock-down (KD) of each H1 variant in breast cancer cells results in altered gene expression and proliferation differently in a variant specific manner with H1.2 and H1.4 KDs being most deleterious. Here we show combined depletion of H1.2 and H1.4 has a strong deleterious effect resulting in a strong interferon (IFN) response, as evidenced by an up-regulation of many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) not seen in individual nor in other combinations of H1 variant KDs. Although H1 participates to repress ISG promoters, IFN activation upon H1.2 and H1.4 KD is mainly generated through the activation of the IFN response by cytosolic nucleic acid receptors and IFN synthesis, and without changes in histone modifications at induced ISG promoters. H1.2 and H1.4 co-KD also promotes the appearance of accessibility sites genome wide and, particularly, at satellites and other repeats. The IFN response may be triggered by the expression of noncoding RNA generated from heterochromatic repeats or endogenous retroviruses upon H1 KD. In conclusion, redundant H1-mediated silencing of heterochromatin is important to maintain cell homeostasis and to avoid an unspecific IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Bustillos
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Carles Bonet-Costa
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | | | - Daniel García-Gomis
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Peiró
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Catalonia 08035, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Catalonia 08028, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Matthew Murtha
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Lluís Millán-Ariño
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Albert Jordan
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
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106
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Yang L, Lin PC. Mechanisms that drive inflammatory tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, and metastatic progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:185-195. [PMID: 28782608 PMCID: PMC5698110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer metastasis has been largely ineffective. It is paramount to understand the mechanisms underlying the metastatic process, of which the tumor microenvironment is an indispensable participant. What are the critical cellular and molecular players at the primary tumor site where metastatic cascade initiates? How is tumor-associated inflammation regulated? How do altered vasculatures contribute to metastasis? What is the dynamic nature or heterogeneity of primary tumors and what are the challenges to catch a moving target? This review summarizes recent progress, mechanistic understanding, and options for metastasis-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - P Charles Lin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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107
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Emerging roles of linker histones in regulating chromatin structure and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 19:192-206. [PMID: 29018282 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Together with core histones, which make up the nucleosome, the linker histone (H1) is one of the five main histone protein families present in chromatin in eukaryotic cells. H1 binds to the nucleosome to form the next structural unit of metazoan chromatin, the chromatosome, which may help chromatin to fold into higher-order structures. Despite their important roles in regulating the structure and function of chromatin, linker histones have not been studied as extensively as core histones. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made recently. The first near-atomic resolution crystal structure of a chromatosome core particle and an 11 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy-derived structure of the 30 nm nucleosome array have been determined, revealing unprecedented details about how linker histones interact with the nucleosome and organize higher-order chromatin structures. Moreover, several new functions of linker histones have been discovered, including their roles in epigenetic regulation and the regulation of DNA replication, DNA repair and genome stability. Studies of the molecular mechanisms of H1 action in these processes suggest a new paradigm for linker histone function beyond its architectural roles in chromatin.
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108
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Di Liegro I. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated RNA as a Carrier of Epigenetic Information. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100240. [PMID: 28937658 PMCID: PMC5664090 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism and subcellular localization is of the utmost importance both during development and in cell differentiation. Besides carrying genetic information, mRNAs contain cis-acting signals (zip codes), usually present in their 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs). By binding to these signals, trans-acting factors, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and/or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), control mRNA localization, translation and stability. RBPs can also form complexes with non-coding RNAs of different sizes. The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a conserved process that allows both normal and cancer cells to horizontally transfer molecules, and hence properties, to neighboring cells. By interacting with proteins that are specifically sorted to EVs, mRNAs as well as ncRNAs can be transferred from cell to cell. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the sorting to EVs of different classes of molecules, as well as the role of extracellular RNAs and the associated proteins in altering gene expression in the recipient cells. Importantly, if, on the one hand, RBPs play a critical role in transferring RNAs through EVs, RNA itself could, on the other hand, function as a carrier to transfer proteins (i.e., chromatin modifiers, and transcription factors) that, once transferred, can alter the cell's epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo (UNIPA), I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo (UNIPA), I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo,I-90127 Palermo,Italy.
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109
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Lv WQ, Wang HC, Peng J, Wang YX, Jiang JH, Li CY. Gene editing of the extra domain A positive fibronectin in various tumors, amplified the effects of CRISPR/Cas system on the inhibition of tumor progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105020-105036. [PMID: 29285230 PMCID: PMC5739617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The low efficiency of clustered, regularly interspaced, palindromic repeats-associated Cas (CRISPR/Cas) system editing genes in vivo limits the application. A components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the extra domain A positive fibronectin (EDA+FN), may be a target for CRISPR/Cas system for the pro-oncogenic effects. The exclusion of EDA exon would alter the microenvironment and inhibit tumor progression, even the frequency of gene editing is still limited. Results The pro-oncogenic effects were confirmed by the exclusion of EDA exon from the fibronectin gene, as illustrated by the down-regulated proliferation, migration and invasion of CNE-2Z or SW480 cells (P<0.05). Furthermore, although the efficacy of EDA exon knockout through CRISPR/Cas system was shown to be low in vivo, the EDA+FN protein levels decrease obviously, inhibiting the tumor growth rate significantly (P<0.05), which was accompanied by a decrease in Ki-67 expression and microvessel numbers, and increased E-cadherin or decreased Vimentin expression (P<0.05). Methods and materials Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2Z, and the colorectal carcinoma cell line SW480 were transfected with CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting EDA exon. The effects of the exclusion of EDA on the cell proliferation, motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated, and the western blot and real-time PCR were performed to analyze the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids were injected into xenograft tumors to knockout EDA exon in vivo, and tumor growth, cell proliferation, EMT rate, or vascularization were investigated using western blot, PCR and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion CRISPR/Cas system targeting ECM components was shown to be an effective method for the inhibition of tumor progression, as these paracrine or autocrine molecules are necessary for various tumor cells. This may represent a novel strategy for overcoming the drug evasion or resistance, in addition, circumventing the low efficiency of CRISPR/Cas system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Lv
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Cheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Beijing Citident Stomatology Hospital, Beijing 100032, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Wang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiu-Hui Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cui-Ying Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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110
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Orsi GA, Naughtin M, Almouzni G. The Epigenome and Cancer Stem Cell Fate: Connected by a Linker Histone Variant. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 19:567-568. [PMID: 27814477 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular features underlying tumor heterogeneity and the role of chromatin components in regulating cell fate within tumors are not well understood. Recently in Science, Torres et al. (2016) showed that the linker histone variant H1.0 functions as a chromatin switch that determines self-renewal versus differentiation decisions in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A Orsi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Monica Naughtin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Almouzni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France.
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111
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Ichihara-Tanaka K, Kadomatsu K, Kishida S. Temporally and Spatially Regulated Expression of the Linker Histone H1fx During Mouse Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:513-530. [PMID: 28766996 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417723914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The linker histone H1fx is the least characterized member of the H1 family. To investigate the developmental changes of H1fx, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of its expression pattern from embryos to adult mice. We found that H1fx was highly expressed during gastrulation, and was positive in all embryonic germ layers between E8.5 and E10.5, which mostly overlapped with the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. Neural and mesenchyme tissues strongly expressed H1fx at E10.5. H1fx expression began to be restricted at around E12.5. Western blot analysis of brain tissues demonstrated that the total expression level of H1fx gradually decreased with time from E12.5 to adulthood, whereas H1f0 was increased over this period. In adult mice, H1fx was restrictively expressed at the hypothalamus, subventricular zone, subgranular zone, medulla of the adrenal grand, islets of Langerhans, and myenteric plexus. Taken together, these data suggest that H1fx is preferentially expressed in immature embryonic cells and plays some roles in cells with neural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ichihara-Tanaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan (KI-T).,Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (KI-T, KK, SK)
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (KI-T, KK, SK)
| | - Satoshi Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (KI-T, KK, SK)
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112
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Hau AC, Grebbin BM, Agoston Z, Anders-Maurer M, Müller T, Groß A, Kolb J, Langer JD, Döring C, Schulte D. MEIS homeodomain proteins facilitate PARP1/ARTD1-mediated eviction of histone H1. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2715-2729. [PMID: 28739678 PMCID: PMC5584172 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1/ARTD1 induces chromatin opening by posttranslational modification of the linker histone H1, but how PARP1 is targeted to physiologically correct gene loci is poorly understood. Hau et al. show that in differentiating neurons, PARP1 is rapidly and specifically recruited to a neuron-specific promoter by the atypical homeodomain protein MEIS2. Pre–B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) and myeloid ecotropic viral integration site (MEIS) proteins control cell fate decisions in many physiological and pathophysiological contexts, but how these proteins function mechanistically remains poorly defined. Focusing on the first hours of neuronal differentiation of adult subventricular zone–derived stem/progenitor cells, we describe a sequence of events by which PBX-MEIS facilitates chromatin accessibility of transcriptionally inactive genes: In undifferentiated cells, PBX1 is bound to the H1-compacted promoter/proximal enhancer of the neuron-specific gene doublecortin (Dcx). Once differentiation is induced, MEIS associates with chromatin-bound PBX1, recruits PARP1/ARTD1, and initiates PARP1-mediated eviction of H1 from the chromatin fiber. These results for the first time link MEIS proteins to PARP-regulated chromatin dynamics and provide a mechanistic basis to explain the profound cellular changes elicited by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Hau
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Britta Moyo Grebbin
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Agoston
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marie Anders-Maurer
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tamara Müller
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Groß
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmine Kolb
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julian D Langer
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dorothea Schulte
- Institute of Neurology, Edinger Institute, University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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113
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Coyle KM, Boudreau JE, Marcato P. Genetic Mutations and Epigenetic Modifications: Driving Cancer and Informing Precision Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9620870. [PMID: 28685150 PMCID: PMC5480027 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9620870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment is undergoing a significant revolution from "one-size-fits-all" cytotoxic therapies to tailored approaches that precisely target molecular alterations. Precision strategies for drug development and patient stratification, based on the molecular features of tumors, are the next logical step in a long history of approaches to cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the history of cancer treatment from generic natural extracts and radical surgical procedures to site-specific and combinatorial treatment regimens, which have incrementally improved patient outcomes. We discuss the related contributions of genetics and epigenetics to cancer progression and the response to targeted therapies and identify challenges and opportunities for the success of precision medicine. The identification of patients who will benefit from targeted therapies is more complex than simply identifying patients whose tumors harbour the targeted aberration, and intratumoral heterogeneity makes it difficult to determine if a precision therapy is successful during treatment. This heterogeneity enables tumors to develop resistance to targeted approaches; therefore, the rational combination of therapeutic agents will limit the threat of acquired resistance to therapeutic success. By incorporating the view of malignant transformation modulated by networks of genetic and epigenetic interactions, molecular strategies will enable precision medicine for effective treatment across cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanette E. Boudreau
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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114
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Wainwright EN, Scaffidi P. Epigenetics and Cancer Stem Cells: Unleashing, Hijacking, and Restricting Cellular Plasticity. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:372-386. [PMID: 28718414 PMCID: PMC5506260 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as key players in cancer development which affect cellular states at multiple stages of the disease. During carcinogenesis, alterations in chromatin and DNA methylation resulting from genetic lesions unleash cellular plasticity and favor oncogenic cellular reprogramming. At later stages, during cancer growth and progression, additional epigenetic changes triggered by interaction with the microenvironment modulate cancer cell phenotypes and properties, and shape tumor architecture. We review here recent advances highlighting the interplay between epigenetics, genetics, and cell-to-cell signaling in cancer, with particular emphasis on mechanisms relevant for cancer stem cell formation (CSC) and function. Epigenetic regulators are one of the most commonly mutated classes of genes in cancer. During cancer initiation, mutated epigenetic regulators lead to oncogenic cellular reprogramming and promote the acquisition of uncontrolled self-renewal. The emergence of CSCs requires elaborate reorganization of the epigenome. During cancer growth, epigenetic mechanisms integrate the effect of cell-intrinsic (i.e., subclonal mutations) and cell-extrinsic (i.e., signaling from the microenvironment) changes and establish intratumoral heterogeneity, either promoting or inhibiting the CSC state. ‘Loose’ epigenetic constraints in cancer cells enhance cellular plasticity and allow reversible transitions between different phenotypic states. Enhanced cellular plasticity favors cancer cell adaptability and resistance to therapy. Modulation of epigenetic processes allows targeting of the most downstream determinants of the CSC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanor N Wainwright
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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115
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Brunet A, Rando TA. Interaction between epigenetic and metabolism in aging stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:1-7. [PMID: 28129586 PMCID: PMC5482778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decline in tissue function, regeneration, and repair. A large part of this decline is caused by the deterioration of tissue stem cell function. Understanding the mechanisms that drive stem cell aging and how to counteract them is a critical step for enhancing tissue repair and maintenance during aging. Emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic modifiers and metabolism regulators interact to impact lifespan, suggesting that this mechanism may also affect stem cell function with age. This review focuses on the interaction between chromatin and metabolism in the regulation of tissue stem cells during aging. We also discuss how these mechanisms integrate environmental stimuli such as nutrient stress to regulate stem cell function. Finally, this review examines new perspectives for regeneration, rejuvenation, and treatment of age-related decline of stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, USA.
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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