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Guillerey C, Nakamura K, Vuckovic S, Hill GR, Smyth MJ. Immune responses in multiple myeloma: role of the natural immune surveillance and potential of immunotherapies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1569-89. [PMID: 26801219 PMCID: PMC11108512 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of terminally differentiated B cells that arises in the bone marrow. Immune interactions appear as key determinants of MM progression. While myeloid cells foster myeloma-promoting inflammation, Natural Killer cells and T lymphocytes mediate protective anti-myeloma responses. The profound immune deregulation occurring in MM patients may be involved in the transition from a premalignant to a malignant stage of the disease. In the last decades, the advent of stem cell transplantation and new therapeutic agents including proteasome inhibitors and immunoregulatory drugs has dramatically improved patient outcomes, suggesting potentially key roles for innate and adaptive immunity in disease control. Nevertheless, MM remains largely incurable for the vast majority of patients. A better understanding of the complex interplay between myeloma cells and their immune environment should pave the way for designing better immunotherapies with the potential of very long term disease control. Here, we review the immunological microenvironment in myeloma. We discuss the role of naturally arising anti-myeloma immune responses and their potential corruption in MM patients. Finally, we detail the numerous promising immune-targeting strategies approved or in clinical trials for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillerey
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Slavica Vuckovic
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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102
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Liu C, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Targeting regulatory T cells in tumors. FEBS J 2016; 283:2731-48. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Creg J. Workman
- Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Dario A. A. Vignali
- Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh PA USA
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Felix J, Lambert J, Roelens M, Maubec E, Guermouche H, Pages C, Sidina I, Cordeiro DJ, Maki G, Chasset F, Porcher R, Bagot M, Caignard A, Toubert A, Lebbé C, Moins-Teisserenc H. Ipilimumab reshapes T cell memory subsets in melanoma patients with clinical response. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:1136045. [PMID: 27622012 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1136045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapy targeting CTLA-4 immune checkpoint provides increased survival in patients with advanced melanoma. However, immunotherapy is frequently associated with delayed and heterogeneous clinical responses and it is important to identify prognostic immunological correlates of clinical endpoints. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 77 patients with stage III/IV melanoma were treated with ipilimumab alone every 3 weeks, during 9 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the baseline and before each dose for in depth immune monitoring. RESULTS The median follow-up was 28 mo with a median survival of 7 mo. Survival and clinical benefit were significantly improved when absolute lymphocyte count at the baseline was above 1 × 10(9)/L. Notably, ipilimumab had a global effect on memory T cells, with an early increase of central and effector subsets in patients with disease control. By contrast, percentages of stem cell memory T cells (TSCM) gradually decreased despite stable absolute counts and sustained proliferation, suggesting a process of differentiation. Higher proportions of eomes(+) and Ki-67(+) T cells were observed, with enhanced skin homing potential and induction of cytotoxic markers. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CTLA-4 blockade is able to reshape the memory subset with the potential involvement of Eomes and memory subsets including TSCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Felix
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Lambert
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service de Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR 1153, Center de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistique (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Marie Roelens
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie , Paris, France
| | - Eve Maubec
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Xavier Bichat , AP-HP , Paris, France
| | - Hélène Guermouche
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie , Paris, France
| | - Cécile Pages
- Service de Dermatologie , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Irina Sidina
- Service de Dermatologie , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Debora J Cordeiro
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Guitta Maki
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - François Chasset
- Service de Dermatologie , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Porcher
- INSERM, UMR 1153, Center de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistique (CRESS), Paris, France; Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martine Bagot
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service de Dermatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie , Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service de Dermatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Moins-Teisserenc
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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104
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Combining antibody–drug conjugates and immune-mediated cancer therapy: What to expect? Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 102:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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105
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IDO in the Tumor Microenvironment: Inflammation, Counter-Regulation, and Tolerance. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:193-207. [PMID: 26839260 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has immunoregulatory roles associated with tryptophan metabolism. These include counter-regulation (controlling inflammation) and acquired tolerance in T cells. Recent findings reveal that IDO can be triggered by innate responses during tumorigenesis, and also by attempted T cell activation, either spontaneous or due to immunotherapy. Here we review the current understanding of mechanisms by which IDO participates in the control of inflammation and in peripheral tolerance. Focusing on the tumor microenvironment, we examine the role of IDO in response to apoptotic cells and the impact of IDO on Treg cell function. We discuss how the counter-regulatory and tolerogenic functions of IDO can be targeted for cancer immunotherapy and present an overview of the current clinical progress in this area.
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106
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PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade reduces pathology and improves memory in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med 2016; 22:135-7. [PMID: 26779813 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune suppression may curtail the ability to mount the protective, cell-mediated immune responses that are needed for brain repair. By using mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we show that immune checkpoint blockade directed against the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway evokes an interferon (IFN)-γ-dependent systemic immune response, which is followed by the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the brain. When induced in mice with established pathology, this immunological response leads to clearance of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and improved cognitive performance. Repeated treatment sessions were required to maintain a long-lasting beneficial effect on disease pathology. These findings suggest that immune checkpoints may be targeted therapeutically in AD.
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107
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Yeung TL, Leung CS, Li F, Wong SST, Mok SC. Targeting Stromal-Cancer Cell Crosstalk Networks in Ovarian Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2016; 6:3. [PMID: 26751490 PMCID: PMC4808797 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a histologically, clinically, and molecularly diverse disease with a five-year survival rate of less than 30%. It has been estimated that approximately 21,980 new cases of epithelial ovarian cancer will be diagnosed and 14,270 deaths will occur in the United States in 2015, making it the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Ovarian tumor tissue is composed of cancer cells and a collection of different stromal cells. There is increasing evidence that demonstrates that stromal involvement is important in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Therefore, stroma-specific signaling pathways, stroma-derived factors, and genetic changes in the tumor stroma present unique opportunities for improving the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the major components of the tumor stroma that have demonstrated supportive roles in tumor progression. In this review, we highlight various types of signaling crosstalk between ovarian cancer cells and stromal cells, particularly with CAFs. In addition to evaluating the importance of signaling crosstalk in ovarian cancer progression, we discuss approaches that can be used to target tumor-promoting signaling crosstalk and how these approaches can be translated into potential ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Lun Yeung
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Cecilia S Leung
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Fuhai Li
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Stephen S T Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- National Cancer Institute Center for Modeling Cancer Development, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Samuel C Mok
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Lung cancer has not traditionally been viewed as an immune-responsive tumor. However, it is becoming evident that tumor-induced immune suppression is vital to malignant progression. Immunotherapies act by enhancing the patient's innate immune response and hold promise for inducing long-term responses in select patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors, in particular, inhibitors to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) have shown promise in early studies and are currently in clinical trials in both small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer patients. Two large randomized phase III trials recently demonstrated superior overall survival (OS) in patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy compared to chemotherapy in the second-line setting.
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Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer for cancer, chronic infection, and autoimmunity is an emerging field that shows promise in recent trials. Using the principles of synthetic biology, advances in cell culture and genetic engineering have made it possible to generate human T cells that display desired specificities and enhanced functionalities compared with the natural immune system. The prospects for widespread availability of engineered T cells have changed dramatically, given the recent entry of the pharmaceutical industry to this arena. Here, we discuss some of the challenges--such as regulatory, cost, and manufacturing--and opportunities, including personalized gene-modified T cells, that face the field of adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5156, USA.
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Jeffrey A. Bluestone is Director, Hormone Research Institute, and holds the A. W. and Mary Margaret Clausen Distinguished Professorship in Metabolism and Endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. E-mail: Tang is Associate Professor of Surgery and Director of the UCSF Transplantation Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Jeffrey A. Bluestone is Director, Hormone Research Institute, and holds the A. W. and Mary Margaret Clausen Distinguished Professorship in Metabolism and Endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. E-mail: Tang is Associate Professor of Surgery and Director of the UCSF Transplantation Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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111
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Galluzzi L, Buqué A, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunological Effects of Conventional Chemotherapy and Targeted Anticancer Agents. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:690-714. [PMID: 26678337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1085] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tremendous clinical success of checkpoint blockers illustrates the potential of reestablishing latent immunosurveillance for cancer therapy. Although largely neglected in the clinical practice, accumulating evidence indicates that the efficacy of conventional and targeted anticancer agents does not only involve direct cytostatic/cytotoxic effects, but also relies on the (re)activation of tumor-targeting immune responses. Chemotherapy can promote such responses by increasing the immunogenicity of malignant cells, or by inhibiting immunosuppressive circuitries that are established by developing neoplasms. These immunological "side" effects of chemotherapy are desirable, and their in-depth comprehension will facilitate the design of novel combinatorial regimens with improved clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, 94805 Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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112
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Immunomonitoring in glioma immunotherapy: current status and future perspectives. J Neurooncol 2015; 127:1-13. [PMID: 26638171 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Given the continued poor clinical outcomes and refractory nature of glioblastoma multiforme to traditional interventions, immunotherapy is gaining traction due to its potential for specific tumor-targeting and long-term antitumor protective surveillance. Currently, development of glioma immunotherapy relies on overall survival as an endpoint in clinical trials. However, the identification of surrogate immunologic biomarkers can accelerate the development of successful immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunomonitoring techniques possess the potential to elucidate immunological mechanisms of antitumor responses, monitor disease progression, evaluate therapeutic effect, identify candidates for immunotherapy, and serve as prognostic markers of clinical outcome. Current immunomonitoring assays assess delayed-type hypersensitivity, T cell proliferation, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function, cytokine secretion profiles, antibody titers, and lymphocyte phenotypes. Yet, no single immunomonitoring technique can reliably predict outcomes, relegating immunological markers to exploratory endpoints. In response, the most recent immunomonitoring assays are incorporating emerging technologies and novel analysis techniques to approach the goal of identifying a competent immunological biomarker which predicts therapy responsiveness and clinical outcome. This review addresses the current status of immunomonitoring in glioma vaccine clinical trials with emphasis on correlations with clinical response.
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Śledzińska A, Menger L, Bergerhoff K, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. Negative immune checkpoints on T lymphocytes and their relevance to cancer immunotherapy. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1936-65. [PMID: 26578451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term 'inhibitory checkpoint' refers to the broad spectrum of co-receptors expressed by T cells that negatively regulate T cell activation thus playing a crucial role in maintaining peripheral self-tolerance. Co-inhibitory receptor ligands are highly expressed by a variety of malignancies allowing evasion of anti-tumour immunity. Recent studies demonstrate that manipulation of these co-inhibitory pathways can remove the immunological brakes that impede endogenous immune responses against tumours. Antibodies that block the interactions between co-inhibitory receptors and their ligands have delivered very promising clinical responses, as has been shown by recent successful trials targeting the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action and expression pattern of co-inhibitory receptors on different T cells subsets, emphasising differences between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. We also summarise recent clinical findings utilising immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Śledzińska
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Laurie Menger
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK.
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Karpanen T, Olweus J. T-cell receptor gene therapy--ready to go viral? Mol Oncol 2015; 9:2019-42. [PMID: 26548533 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes can be redirected to recognize a tumor target and harnessed to combat cancer by genetic introduction of T-cell receptors of a defined specificity. This approach has recently mediated encouraging clinical responses in patients with cancers previously regarded as incurable. However, despite the great promise, T-cell receptor gene therapy still faces a multitude of obstacles. Identification of epitopes that enable effective targeting of all the cells in a heterogeneous tumor while sparing normal tissues remains perhaps the most demanding challenge. Experience from clinical trials has revealed the dangers associated with T-cell receptor gene therapy and highlighted the need for reliable preclinical methods to identify potentially hazardous recognition of both intended and unintended epitopes in healthy tissues. Procedures for manufacturing large and highly potent T-cell populations can be optimized to enhance their antitumor efficacy. Here, we review the current knowledge gained from preclinical models and clinical trials using adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor-engineered T lymphocytes, discuss the major challenges involved and highlight potential strategies to increase the safety and efficacy to make T-cell receptor gene therapy a standard-of-care for large patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Ullernchausseen 70, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Ullernchausseen 70, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Harnessing the ability of the immune system to eradicate cancer has been a long-held goal of oncology. Work from the last two decades has finally brought immunotherapy into the forefront for cancer treatment, with demonstrable clinical success for aggressive tumors where other therapies had failed. In this review, we will discuss a range of therapies that are in different stages of clinical or preclinical development for companion animals with cancer, and which share the common objective of eliciting adaptive, anti-tumor immune responses. Even though challenges remain, manipulating the immune system holds significant promise to create durable responses and improve outcomes in companion animals with cancer. Furthermore, what we learn from this process will inform and accelerate development of comparable therapies for human cancer patients.
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117
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Freeman-Keller M, Kim Y, Cronin H, Richards A, Gibney G, Weber JS. Nivolumab in Resected and Unresectable Metastatic Melanoma: Characteristics of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Association with Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:886-94. [PMID: 26446948 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retrospective analysis of irAEs in melanoma patients treated with nivolumab. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Data were pooled from 148 patients (33 resected, 115 unresectable) treated with nivolumab plus peptide vaccine or nivolumab alone every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Patients with stable disease or regression received an additional 12-week cycle, then nivolumab alone every 12 weeks for up to 2 additional years. Frequency, grade, and characteristics of immune-related adverse events (irAE) were analyzed. A 12-week landmark survival analysis using a multivariate time-dependent Cox proportional hazard model assessed difference in overall survival (OS) in the presence or absence of irAEs. RESULTS IrAEs of any grade were observed in 68.2% of patients (101 of 148). Grade III/IV irAEs were infrequent: 3 (2%) had grade III rash, 2 (1.35%) had asymptomatic grade III elevation in amylase/lipase, and 2 (1.35%) had grade III colitis. A statistically significant OS difference was noted among patients with any grade of irAE versus those without (P ≤ 0.001), and OS benefit was noted in patients who reported three or more irAE events (P ≤ 0.001). Subset analyses showed statistically significant OS differences with rash [P = 0.001; HR, 0.423; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.243-0.735] and vitiligo (P = 0.012; HR, 0.184; 95% CI, 0.036-0.94). Rash and vitiligo also correlated with statistically significant OS differences in patients with metastatic disease (P = 0.004 and P = 0.028, respectively). No significant survival differences were seen with other irAEs (endocrinopathies, colitis, or pneumonitis). CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous irAEs are associated with improved survival in melanoma patients treated with nivolumab, and clinical benefit should be validated in larger prospective analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Heather Cronin
- Clinical Trials Office, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Geoffrey Gibney
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC
| | - Jeffrey S Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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118
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Vonderheide RH. CD47 blockade as another immune checkpoint therapy for cancer. Nat Med 2015; 21:1122-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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119
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West NR, McCuaig S, Franchini F, Powrie F. Emerging cytokine networks in colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:615-29. [PMID: 26358393 DOI: 10.1038/nri3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine networks are crucial aspects of tumour immunology, particularly for colorectal cancer (CRC), in which inflammation and antitumour immunity are key determinants of disease progression. In this Review, we highlight new insights into the functions of well-known cytokines in CRC, describe recently discovered roles for a growing number of novel players, and emphasize the complexity and therapeutic implications of the cytokine milieu. We also discuss how cancer mutations and epigenetic adaptations influence the oncogenic potential of cytokines, a relatively unexplored area that could yield crucial insights into tumour immunology and facilitate the effective application of cytokine-modulatory therapies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R West
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sarah McCuaig
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fanny Franchini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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120
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Baruch K, Rosenzweig N, Kertser A, Deczkowska A, Sharif AM, Spinrad A, Tsitsou-Kampeli A, Sarel A, Cahalon L, Schwartz M. Breaking immune tolerance by targeting Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells mitigates Alzheimer's disease pathology. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7967. [PMID: 26284939 PMCID: PMC4557123 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which chronic neuroinflammation contributes to disease escalation. Nevertheless, while immunosuppressive drugs have repeatedly failed in treating this disease, recruitment of myeloid cells to the CNS was shown to play a reparative role in animal models. Here we show, using the 5XFAD AD mouse model, that transient depletion of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), or pharmacological inhibition of their activity, is followed by amyloid-β plaque clearance, mitigation of the neuroinflammatory response and reversal of cognitive decline. We further show that transient Treg depletion affects the brain's choroid plexus, a selective gateway for immune cell trafficking to the CNS, and is associated with subsequent recruitment of immunoregulatory cells, including monocyte-derived macrophages and Tregs, to cerebral sites of plaque pathology. Our findings suggest targeting Treg-mediated systemic immunosuppression for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuti Baruch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Neta Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Kertser
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aleksandra Deczkowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alaa Mohammad Sharif
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Spinrad
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Afroditi Tsitsou-Kampeli
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ayelet Sarel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liora Cahalon
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Dionne LK, Driver ER, Wang XJ. Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells: From Identification to Tumor Immune Network. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1524-31. [PMID: 26253189 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515599766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common form of head and neck cancer. Annually, more than half a million individuals are diagnosed with this devastating disease, with increasing incidence in Europe and Southeast Asia. The diagnosis of HNSCC often occurs in late stages of the disease and is characterized by manifestation of a high-grade primary tumor and/or lymph node metastasis, precluding timely management of this deadly cancer. Recently, HNSCC cancer stem cells have emerged as an important factor for cancer initiation and maintenance of tumor bulk. Like normal stem cells, cancer stem cells can undergo self-renewal and differentiation. This unique trait allows for maintenance of the cancer stem cell pool and facilitates differentiation into heterogeneous neoplastic progeny when necessary. Recent studies have suggested coexistence of different cancer stem cell populations within a tumor mass, where the tumor initiation and metastasis properties of these cancer stem cells can be uncoupled. Cancer stem cells also possess resistant phenotypes that evade standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy, resulting in tumor relapse. Therefore, understanding distinctive pathways relating to cancer stem cells will provide insight into early diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC. In this review, we highlight current advances in identifying cancer stem cells, detail the interactions of these cells with the immune system within the tumor niche, and discuss the potential use of immunotherapy in managing HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dionne
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - E R Driver
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - X J Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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