101
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Hu B, Tai A, Wang P. Immunization delivered by lentiviral vectors for cancer and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:45-61. [PMID: 21198664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing level of understanding of the lentivirus biology has been instrumental in shaping the design strategy of creating therapeutic lentiviral delivery vectors. As a result, lentiviral vectors have become one of the most powerful gene transfer vehicles. They are widely used for therapeutic purposes as well as in studies of basic biology, due to their unique characteristics. Lentiviral vectors have been successfully employed to mediate durable and efficient antigen expression and presentation in dendritic cells both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the activation of cellular immunity and humoral responses. This capability makes the lentiviral vector an ideal choice for immunizations that target a wide range of cancers and infectious diseases. Further advances into optimizing the vector system and understanding the relationship between the immune system and diseases pathogenesis will only augment the potential benefits and utility of lentiviral vaccines for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliang Hu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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102
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Sierro SR, Donda A, Perret R, Guillaume P, Yagita H, Levy F, Romero P. Combination of lentivector immunization and low-dose chemotherapy or PD-1/PD-L1 blocking primes self-reactive T cells and induces anti-tumor immunity. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2217-28. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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103
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Calderón-Gómez E, Lampropoulou V, Shen P, Neves P, Roch T, Stervbo U, Rutz S, Kühl AA, Heppner FL, Loddenkemper C, Anderton SM, Kanellopoulos JM, Charneau P, Fillatreau S. Reprogrammed quiescent B cells provide an effective cellular therapy against chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1696-708. [PMID: 21469107 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Activated B cells can regulate immunity and have been envisaged as a potential cell-based therapy for treating autoimmune diseases. However, activated human B cells can also propagate immune responses, and the effects resulting from their infusion into patients cannot be predicted. This led us to consider resting B cells, which in contrast are poorly immunogenic, as an alternative cellular platform for the suppression of unwanted immunity. Here, we report that resting B cells can be directly engineered with lentiviral vectors to express antigens in a remarkably simple, rapid, and effective way. Notably, this neither required nor induced activation of the B cells. With this approach we were able to produce reprogrammed resting B cells that inhibited antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and B cells upon adoptive transfer in mice. Furthermore, resting B cells engineered to ectopically express myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antigen protected recipient mice from severe disability and demyelination in EAE, and even induced complete remission from disease in mice lacking functional natural Tregs, which otherwise developed chronic paralysis. In conclusion, our study introduces reprogrammed quiescent B cells as a novel tool for suppressing undesirable immunity.
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104
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Lopes L, Dewannieux M, Takeuchi Y, Collins MK. A lentiviral vector pseudotype suitable for vaccine development. J Gene Med 2011; 13:181-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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105
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Jiang CG, Gao X, Ma J, Lin YZ, Wang XF, Zhao LP, Hua YP, Liu D, Zhou JH. C-terminal truncation of the transmembrane protein of an attenuated lentiviral vaccine alters its in vitro but not in vivo replication and weakens its potential pathogenicity. Virus Res 2011; 158:235-45. [PMID: 21539871 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary studies revealed that the gene of the gp45 transmembrane protein (TM) of the attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine strain EIAV(FDDV13) had a high frequency of a premature stop codon at position 261W, which generated a 154-residue truncation at the C-terminus. EIAV(FDDV-TM36), a recombinant virus with the TM truncated at the intracytoplasmic (CT) domain due to the presence of a stop codon, was constructed based on EIAV(FDDV)3-8, which is a proviral derivative of the vaccine. EIAV(FDDV-TM36) had a significantly reduced replication capability compared to EIAV(FDDV)3-8 in equine or donkey monocyte-derived macrophages and a decreased ability to induce apoptosis. However, both viruses raised a similar plasma viral load in inoculated horses and did not induce clinical symptoms of EIA. To further compare the in vivo behavior between EIAV(FDDV-TM36) and EIAV(FDDV)3-8, inoculated horses were transiently immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. While three of the four horses inoculated with EIAV(FDDV)3-8 demonstrated significant increases in viral loads after the drug treatment, none of the four horses inoculated with EIAV(FDDV-TM36) showed a statistically increased plasma viral load. Significantly increased neutralizing antibody levels were also observed in the group of horses inoculated with EIAV(FDDV)3-8, but not EIAV(FDDV-TM36), after immunosuppression. Our results indicate that although the CT truncation of TM decreased viral replication in cultivated equine and donkey macrophages, the primary target cell of EIAV, and did not influence the plasma viral load of inoculated hosts, it weakened the potential pathogenicity of the vaccine. The host immunity is presumably responsible for the equal in vivo replication levels of viruses with either the CT-truncated or prototype TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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106
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Ageichik A, Buchholz CJ, Collins MK. Lentiviral vectors targeted to MHC II are effective in immunization. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1249-54. [PMID: 21247346 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract vectors (LVs) that are targeted to APC using a chimeric measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H). The MV H protein is mutated to prevent binding to MV receptors and incorporates a single-chain antibody that recognizes murine major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II). This targeted LV is highly efficient in transduction of freshly isolated mouse B cells and dendritic cells. MHC II-positive cells in spleen are transduced after intravenous injection, and a robust immune response to an antigen transgene is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ageichik
- MRC Medical Molecular Virology Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, United Kingdom
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107
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Goold HD, Escors D, Conlan TJ, Chakraverty R, Bennett CL. Conventional dendritic cells are required for the activation of helper-dependent CD8 T cell responses to a model antigen after cutaneous vaccination with lentiviral vectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4565-72. [PMID: 21389256 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous vaccination with lentiviral vectors generates systemic CD8 T cell responses that have the potential to eradicate tumors for cancer immunotherapy. However, although s.c. immunization with <1 million lentiviral particles clearly primes cytotoxic T cells, vaccination with much higher doses has routinely been used to define the mechanisms of T cell activation by lentiviral vectors. In particular, experiments to test presentation of lentiviral Ags by dendritic cells (DC) require injection of high viral titers, which may result in aberrant transduction of different DC populations. We exploited inducible murine models of DC depletion to investigate which DC prime the lentiviral response after s.c. immunization with low doses of lentiviral particles. In this article, we demonstrate that conventional DC are required to present Ag to CD8 T cells in draining lymph nodes. Langerhans cells are not required to activate the effector response, and neither Langerhans cells nor plasmacytoid DC are sufficient to prime Ag-specific T cells. Immunization drives the generation of endogenous long-lived memory T cells that can be reactivated to kill Ag-specific targets in the absence of inflammatory challenge. Furthermore, lentiviral vaccination activates expansion of endogenous CD4 Th cells, which are required for the generation of effector CD8 T cells that produce IFN-γ and kill Ag-specific targets. Collectively, we demonstrate that after cutaneous immunization with lentiviral particles, CD4-licensed lymph node conventional DC present Ag to CD8 T cells, resulting in the generation of protective endogenous antitumor immunity that may be effective for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Goold
- Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Haematology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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108
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Rossetti M, Gregori S, Hauben E, Brown BD, Sergi LS, Naldini L, Roncarolo MG. HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors directly activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which in turn induce the maturation of myeloid dendritic cells. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:177-88. [PMID: 20825284 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) can induce type I interferon (IFN I) production from murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), but not myeloid (my)DC. Here, we investigated whether this mechanism is conserved in human DC. MyDC and pDC were isolated from peripheral blood and transduced with increasing vector concentrations. Compared with in vitro differentiated monocyte-derived DC, the transduction efficiency of peripheral blood DC was low (ranging from <1% to 45%), with pDC showing the lowest susceptibility to LV transduction. Phenotype and function of myDC were not directly modified by LV transduction; by contrast, pDC produced significant levels of IFN-α and tumor necrosis factor-α. pDC activation was dependent on functional vector particles and was mediated by Toll-like receptor 7/9 triggering. Coculture of myDC with pDC in the presence of LV resulted in myDC activation, with CD86 up-regulation and interleukin-6 secretion. These findings demonstrate that the induction of transgene-specific immunity is triggered by an innate immune response with pDC activation and consequent myDC maturation, a response that closely resembles the one induced by functional viruses. This information is important to design strategies aimed at using LV in humans for gene therapy, where adverse immune responses must be avoided, or for cancer immunotherapy, where inducing immunity is the goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rossetti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET) , Department of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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109
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Escors D, Bricogne C, Arce F, Kochan G, Karwacz K. On the Mechanism of T cell receptor down-modulation and its physiological significance. THE JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2011; 1:2011.5. [PMID: 22318485 PMCID: PMC3272427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effective, long-lasting immune responses largely depend upon T cell reponses. Antigen-specific T lymphocytes are activated and differentiate into effector T cells after antigen presentation by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, T cell responses are tightly regulated to prevent T cell hyperactivation which may end up in autoimmune pathology. One of these regulatory mechanisms is ligand-induced TCR down-modulation, a process by which TCRs are removed from the T cell surface shortly after engagement with their cognate antigenic peptide associated to MHC molecules on the APC. TCR down-modulation is a complicated process. Here we briefly describe the three main models that attempt to clarify this mechanism in the context of T cell activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Escors
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Christopher Bricogne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Frederick Arce
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katarzyna Karwacz
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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110
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Arce F, Breckpot K, Stephenson H, Karwacz K, Ehrenstein MR, Collins M, Escors D. Selective ERK activation differentiates mouse and human tolerogenic dendritic cells, expands antigen-specific regulatory T cells, and suppresses experimental inflammatory arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2011; 63:84-95. [PMID: 20967853 PMCID: PMC3040564 DOI: 10.1002/art.30099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most therapeutic treatments for autoimmune arthritis rely on immunosuppressive drugs, which have side effects. Although a previous study by our group showed that specific ERK activation suppressed immune responses, its application in a therapeutic setting has never been tested. The aim of the present study was to define the ERK-dependent immunosuppressive mechanisms and to apply selective ERK activation for the treatment of experimental inflammatory arthritis. METHODS A constitutively active ERK activator was coexpressed with a model antigen using lentivectors. Immunosuppressive mechanisms were characterized at the level of dendritic cell (DC) function, differentiation of antigen-specific Treg cells, and inhibition of inflammatory T cells. Administration of the ERK activator with antigen as a strategy to suppress inflammatory arthritis was tested in an experimental mouse model. RESULTS Selective ERK activation induced mouse and human DCs to secrete bioactive transforming growth factor β, a process required for suppression of T cell responses and differentiation of antigen-specific Treg cells. Treg cells strongly proliferated after antigen reencounter in inflammatory conditions, and these cells exhibited antigen-dependent suppressive activities. Inflammatory arthritis was effectively inhibited through antigen-specific mechanisms. Importantly, this strategy did not rely on identification of the initiating arthritogenic antigen. Equivalent mechanisms were demonstrated in human monocyte-derived DCs, setting the scene for a possible rapid translation of this approach to patients with rheumatoid arthritis. CONCLUSION This strategy of selective ERK activation resulted in an effective therapeutic protocol, with substantial advantages over DC or T cell vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Breckpot
- University College LondonLondon, UKVrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
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111
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Wang H, Zhang L, Kung SKP. Emerging applications of lentiviral vectors in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:685-95. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate, regulate and shape the induction of specific immune responses. The ability to use dendritic cells in the induction of antigen-specific tolerance, antigen-specific immunity or specific differentiation of T-helper subsets holds great promise in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of various diseases such as cancer, viral infections, allergy, as well as autoimmunity. Replication-incompetent HIV-1-based lentiviral vector is now emerging as a promising delivery system to genetically modify dendritic cells through antigen recognition, costimulatory molecules and/or polarization signals for the manipulation of antigen-specific immunity in vivo. This article discusses some of the recent advances in the uses of lentiviral vectors in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Wang
- University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Room 417 Apotex Center, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Room 417 Apotex Center, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada
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112
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Mogensen TH, Melchjorsen J, Larsen CS, Paludan SR. Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection. Retrovirology 2010; 7:54. [PMID: 20569472 PMCID: PMC2904714 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of HIV infection, and in particular the development of immunodeficiency, remains incompletely understood. Whichever intricate molecular mechanisms are at play between HIV and the host, it is evident that the organism is incapable of restricting and eradicating the invading pathogen. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are raised, but they appear to be insufficient or too late to eliminate the virus. Moreover, the picture is complicated by the fact that the very same cells and responses aimed at eliminating the virus seem to play deleterious roles by driving ongoing immune activation and progressive immunodeficiency. Whereas much knowledge exists on the role of adaptive immunity during HIV infection, it has only recently been appreciated that the innate immune response also plays an important part in HIV pathogenesis. In this review, we present current knowledge on innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection based on studies in cell culture, non-human primates, and HIV-infected individuals, and discuss the implications for the understanding of HIV immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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