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Dianov GL, Meisenberg C, Parsons JL. Regulation of DNA repair by ubiquitylation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:69-79. [PMID: 21568841 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular DNA repair is a frontline system that is responsible for maintaining genome integrity and thus preventing premature aging and cancer by repairing DNA lesions and strand breaks caused by endogenous and exogenous mutagens. However, it is also the principal cellular system in cancer cells that counteracts the killing effect of the major cancer treatments, e.g. chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. Although it is clear that an individual's DNA repair capacity varies, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of repair systems that are responsible for such variations are only just emerging. This knowledge gap is impeding the finding of new cancer therapy targets and the development of novel treatment strategies. In recent years the vital role of post-translational modifications of DNA repair proteins, including ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, has been uncovered. This review will cover recent progress in our understanding of the role of ubiquitylation in the regulation of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Dianov
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, UK.
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102
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Kumar A, Pant MC, Singh HS, Khandelwal S. Associated risk of XRCC1 and XPD cross talk and life style factors in progression of head and neck cancer in north Indian population. Mutat Res 2011; 729:24-34. [PMID: 21945240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective DNA repair machinery ensures maintenance of genomic integrity. Environmental insults, ageing and replication errors necessitate the need for proper DNA repair systems. Any alteration in DNA repair efficacy would play a dominant role in progression of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN). Genotypes of XRCC1 gene-Arg194Trp, Arg280His, Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln, by PCR-RFLP were studied in 278 SCCHN patients and an equal number of matched healthy controls residing in north India. In XRCC1 polymorphisms, Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln variants showed a reduced risk, whereas, XPD Lys751Gln variants exhibited ∼2-fold increase in SCCHN risk. With XRCC1-Arg280His variants, there was no association with SCCHN risk. Arg399Gln of XRCC1 appears to have a protective role in people those consume alcohol, while XPD Lys751Gln variants indicated ∼2-fold increased risk of SCCHN in all the co-variate groups. Comparison of gene-gene interaction among XRCC1 Arg280His and XPD Lys751Gln suggested enhanced risk of SCCHN by ∼2.3-fold in group one and ∼6.1-fold in group two. In dichotomized groups of this combination, the risk was ∼2.4 times. Haplotype analysis revealed the frequency of C-G-G-G and C-A-G-G to be significantly associated with an increased risk of SCCHN. On the contrary, T-G-A-A significantly diminished the risk. CART analysis results showed that the terminal node that contains homozygous mutants of XPD Lys751Gln and XRCC1 Arg194Trp, wild type of XRCC1 Arg399Gln and homozygous mutant of XRCC1 Arg280His, represent the highest risk group. Our results demonstrate high degree of gene-gene interaction involving DNA repair genes of NER and BER pathways, namely XRCC1 and XPD. This study amply demonstrates positive association of XPD Arg751Gln polymorphism with an increased risk of SCCHN. Further, XRCC1 Arg280His variant though dormant individually, may also contribute to the development of cancer in combination with XPD Arg751Gln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
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103
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Jin R, Sun Y, Qi X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li N, Ding W, Chen D. E2F1 is involved in DNA single-strand break repair through cell-cycle-dependent upregulation of XRCC1 expression. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:926-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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104
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Ström CE, Mortusewicz O, Finch D, Parsons JL, Lagerqvist A, Johansson F, Schultz N, Erixon K, Dianov GL, Helleday T. CK2 phosphorylation of XRCC1 facilitates dissociation from DNA and single-strand break formation during base excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:961-9. [PMID: 21840775 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
CK2 phosphorylates the scaffold protein XRCC1, which is required for efficient DNA single-strand break (SSB) repair. Here, we express an XRCC1 protein (XRCC1(ckm)) that cannot be phosphorylated by CK2 in XRCC1 mutated EM9 cells and show that the role of this post-translational modification gives distinct phenotypes in SSB repair and base excision repair (BER). Interestingly, we find that fewer SSBs are formed during BER after treatment with the alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in EM9 cells expressing XRCC1(ckm) (CKM cells) or following inhibition with the CK2 inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT). We also show that XRCC1(ckm) protein has a higher affinity for DNA than wild type XRCC1 protein and resides in an immobile fraction on DNA, in particular after damage. We propose a model whereby the increased affinity for DNA sequesters XRCC1(ckm) and the repair enzymes associated with it, at the repair site, which retards kinetics of BER. In conclusion, our results indicate that phosphorylation of XRCC1 by CK2 facilitates the BER incision step, likely by promoting dissociation from DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia E Ström
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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105
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Prasad R, Beard WA, Batra VK, Liu Y, Shock DD, Wilson SH. A review of recent experiments on step-to-step “hand-off” of the DNA intermediates in mammalian base excision repair pathways. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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106
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Abstract
BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains are integral signaling modules in the DNA damage response (DDR). Aside from their established roles as phospho-peptide binding modules, BRCT domains have been implicated in phosphorylation-independent protein interactions, DNA binding and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) binding. These numerous functions can be attributed to the diversity in BRCT domain structure and architecture, where domains can exist as isolated single domains or assemble into higher order homo- or hetero- domain complexes. In this review, we incorporate recent structural and biochemical studies to demonstrate how structural features allow single and tandem BRCT domains to attain a high degree of functional diversity.
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107
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Abstract
DNA strand break repair is essential for the prevention of multiple human diseases, particularly those which feature neuropathology. To further understand the pathogenesis of these syndromes, we recently developed animal models in which the DNA single-strand break repair (SSBR) components, XRCC1 and DNA Ligase III (LIG3), were inactivated in the developing nervous system. Although biochemical evidence suggests that inactivation of XRCC1 and LIG3 should share common biological defects, we found profound phenotypic differences between these two models, implying distinct biological roles for XRCC1 and LIG3 during DNA repair. Rather than a key role in nuclear DNA repair, we found LIG3 function was central to mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Instead, our data indicate that DNA Ligase 1 is the main DNA ligase for XRCC1-mediated DNA repair. These studies refine our understanding of DNA SSBR and the etiology of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Katyal
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
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108
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Prasad R, Beard WA, Batra VK, Liu Y, Shock DD, Wilson SH. A review of recent experiments on step-to-step "hand-off" of the DNA intermediates in mammalian base excision repair pathways. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2011; 45:586-600. [PMID: 21954590 PMCID: PMC3188441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The current "working model" for mammalian base excision repair involves two sub-pathways termed single-nucleotide base excision repair and long patch base excision repair that are distinguished by their repair patch sizes and the enzymes/co-factors involved. These base excision repair sub-pathways are designed to sequester the various DNA intermediates, passing them along from one step to the next without allowing these toxic molecules to trigger cell cycle arrest, necrotic cell death, or apoptosis. Although a variety of DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions are known for the base excision repair intermediates and enzymes/co-factors, the molecular mechanisms accounting for step-to-step coordination are not well understood. In this review, we explore the question of whether there is an actual step-to-step "hand-off" of the DNA intermediates during base excision repair in vitro. The results show that when base excision repair enzymes are pre-bound to the initial single-nucleotide base excision repair intermediate, the DNA is channeled from apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 to DNA polymerase beta and then to DNA ligase. In the long patch base excision repair sub-pathway, where the 5'-end of the incised strand is blocked, the intermediate after polymerase beta gap filling is not channeled from polymerase beta to the subsequent enzyme, flap endonuclease 1. Instead, flap endonuclease 1 must recognize and bind to the intermediate in competition with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Prasad
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD F1-12, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
| | - W. A. Beard
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD F1-12, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
| | - V. K. Batra
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD F1-12, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
| | - Y. Liu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD F1-12, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
- Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33174, USA
| | - D. D. Shock
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD F1-12, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
| | - S. H. Wilson
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD F1-12, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
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109
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Cuneo MJ, Gabel SA, Krahn JM, Ricker MA, London RE. The structural basis for partitioning of the XRCC1/DNA ligase III-α BRCT-mediated dimer complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:7816-27. [PMID: 21652643 PMCID: PMC3177190 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultimate step common to almost all DNA repair pathways is the ligation of the nicked intermediate to form contiguous double-stranded DNA. In the mammalian nucleotide and base excision repair pathways, the ligation step is carried out by ligase III-α. For efficient ligation, ligase III-α is constitutively bound to the scaffolding protein XRCC1 through interactions between the C-terminal BRCT domains of each protein. Although structural data for the individual domains has been available, no structure of the complex has been determined and several alternative proposals for this interaction have been advanced. Interpretation of the models is complicated by the formation of homodimers that, depending on the model, may either contribute to, or compete with heterodimer formation. We report here the structures of both homodimer complexes as well as the heterodimer complex. Structural characterization of the heterodimer formed from a longer XRCC1 BRCT domain construct, including residues comprising the interdomain linker region, revealed an expanded heterodimer interface with the ligase III-α BRCT domain. This enhanced linker-mediated binding interface plays a significant role in the determination of heterodimer/homodimer selectivity. These data provide fundamental insights into the structural basis of BRCT-mediated dimerization, and resolve questions related to the organization of this important repair complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cuneo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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110
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Simsek D, Brunet E, Wong SYW, Katyal S, Gao Y, McKinnon PJ, Lou J, Zhang L, Li J, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Holmes MC, Jasin M. DNA ligase III promotes alternative nonhomologous end-joining during chromosomal translocation formation. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002080. [PMID: 21655080 PMCID: PMC3107202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) is the primary DNA repair pathway thought to underlie chromosomal translocations and other genomic rearrangements in somatic cells. The canonical NHEJ pathway, including DNA ligase IV (Lig4), suppresses genomic instability and chromosomal translocations, leading to the notion that a poorly defined, alternative NHEJ (alt-NHEJ) pathway generates these rearrangements. Here, we investigate the DNA ligase requirement of chromosomal translocation formation in mouse cells. Mammals have two other DNA ligases, Lig1 and Lig3, in addition to Lig4. As deletion of Lig3 results in cellular lethality due to its requirement in mitochondria, we used recently developed cell lines deficient in nuclear Lig3 but rescued for mitochondrial DNA ligase activity. Further, zinc finger endonucleases were used to generate DNA breaks at endogenous loci to induce translocations. Unlike with Lig4 deficiency, which causes an increase in translocation frequency, translocations are reduced in frequency in the absence of Lig3. Residual translocations in Lig3-deficient cells do not show a bias toward use of pre-existing microhomology at the breakpoint junctions, unlike either wild-type or Lig4-deficient cells, consistent with the notion that alt-NHEJ is impaired with Lig3 loss. By contrast, Lig1 depletion in otherwise wild-type cells does not reduce translocations or affect microhomology use. However, translocations are further reduced in Lig3-deficient cells upon Lig1 knockdown, suggesting the existence of two alt-NHEJ pathways, one that is biased toward microhomology use and requires Lig3 and a back-up pathway which does not depend on microhomology and utilizes Lig1. Chromosomal rearrangements are associated with many tumor types, as they are one way in which genes affecting cancer initiation and progression become mutated. One type of rearrangement is a chromosomal translocation, in which parts of two different chromosomes join together. Although infrequent, translocations occur when both chromosomes undergo breakage and the ends from different chromosomes join rather than the two ends from the same chromosome. Human and mouse cells have three known DNA ligases which catalyze the joining of DNA ends (Lig1, Lig3, and Lig4). Lig4 is important for joining the correct ends together, thereby suppressing translocations. In this report, the role of the other two DNA ligases is examined in a novel mouse cell system. Lig3 is found to be required for efficient chromosomal translocation formation, but in its absence Lig1 can substitute, although less efficiently and although the joining characteristics of the two DNA ligases differ. These studies define the hierarchy of the three DNA ligases in this type of genomic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Simsek
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Erika Brunet
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR7196, Paris, France
- Inserm, U565, Paris, France
| | | | - Sachin Katyal
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yankun Gao
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Lou
- Sangamo BioSciences, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhang
- Sangamo BioSciences, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - James Li
- Sangamo BioSciences, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Rebar
- Sangamo BioSciences, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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111
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Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DNA repair gene LIG3 and acute adverse skin reactions following radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2011; 99:231-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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112
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Jeppesen DK, Bohr VA, Stevnsner T. DNA repair deficiency in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:166-200. [PMID: 21550379 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in repair of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage has been linked to several neurodegenerative disorders. Many recent experimental results indicate that the post-mitotic neurons are particularly prone to accumulation of unrepaired DNA lesions potentially leading to progressive neurodegeneration. Nucleotide excision repair is the cellular pathway responsible for removing helix-distorting DNA damage and deficiency in such repair is found in a number of diseases with neurodegenerative phenotypes, including Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome. The main pathway for repairing oxidative base lesions is base excision repair, and such repair is crucial for neurons given their high rates of oxygen metabolism. Mismatch repair corrects base mispairs generated during replication and evidence indicates that oxidative DNA damage can cause this pathway to expand trinucleotide repeats, thereby causing Huntington's disease. Single-strand breaks are common DNA lesions and are associated with the neurodegenerative diseases, ataxia-oculomotor apraxia-1 and spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy-1. DNA double-strand breaks are toxic lesions and two main pathways exist for their repair: homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining. Ataxia telangiectasia and related disorders with defects in these pathways illustrate that such defects can lead to early childhood neurodegeneration. Aging is a risk factor for neurodegeneration and accumulation of oxidative mitochondrial DNA damage may be linked with the age-associated neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mutation in the WRN protein leads to the premature aging disease Werner syndrome, a disorder that features neurodegeneration. In this article we review the evidence linking deficiencies in the DNA repair pathways with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kjølhede Jeppesen
- Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Aarhus, Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus, Denmark
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113
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Zengin N, Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S, Aksoy H. The evaluation of the genotoxicity of two food preservatives: Sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:763-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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114
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Simsek D, Furda A, Gao Y, Artus J, Brunet E, Hadjantonakis AK, Van Houten B, Shuman S, McKinnon PJ, Jasin M. Crucial role for DNA ligase III in mitochondria but not in Xrcc1-dependent repair. Nature 2011; 471:245-8. [PMID: 21390132 PMCID: PMC3261757 DOI: 10.1038/nature09794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have three ATP-dependent DNA ligases, which are required for DNA replication and repair. Homologues of ligase I (Lig1) and ligase IV (Lig4) are ubiquitous in Eukarya, whereas ligase III (Lig3), which has nuclear and mitochondrial forms, appears to be restricted to vertebrates. Lig3 is implicated in various DNA repair pathways with its partner protein Xrcc1 (ref. 1). Deletion of Lig3 results in early embryonic lethality in mice, as well as apparent cellular lethality, which has precluded definitive characterization of Lig3 function. Here we used pre-emptive complementation to determine the viability requirement for Lig3 in mammalian cells and its requirement in DNA repair. Various forms of Lig3 were introduced stably into mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells containing a conditional allele of Lig3 that could be deleted with Cre recombinase. With this approach, we find that the mitochondrial, but not nuclear, Lig3 is required for cellular viability. Although the catalytic function of Lig3 is required, the zinc finger (ZnF) and BRCA1 carboxy (C)-terminal-related (BRCT) domains of Lig3 are not. Remarkably, the viability requirement for Lig3 can be circumvented by targeting Lig1 to the mitochondria or expressing Chlorella virus DNA ligase, the minimal eukaryal nick-sealing enzyme, or Escherichia coli LigA, an NAD(+)-dependent ligase. Lig3-null cells are not sensitive to several DNA-damaging agents that sensitize Xrcc1-deficient cells. Our results establish a role for Lig3 in mitochondria, but distinguish it from its interacting protein Xrcc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Simsek
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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115
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DNA ligase III is critical for mtDNA integrity but not Xrcc1-mediated nuclear DNA repair. Nature 2011; 471:240-4. [PMID: 21390131 PMCID: PMC3079429 DOI: 10.1038/nature09773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication and repair in mammalian cells involves three distinct DNA ligases; ligase I (Lig1), ligase III (Lig3) and ligase IV (Lig4)1. Lig3 is considered a key ligase during base excision repair because its stability depends upon its nuclear binding partner Xrcc1, a critical factor for this DNA repair pathway2,3. Lig3 is also present in the mitochondria where its role in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance is independent of Xrcc14. However, the biological role of Lig3 is unclear as inactivation of murine Lig3 results in early embryonic lethality5. Here we report that Lig3 is essential for mtDNA integrity but dispensable for nuclear DNA repair. Inactivation of Lig3 in the mouse nervous system resulted in mtDNA loss leading to profound mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of cellular homeostasis and incapacitating ataxia. Similarly, inactivation of Lig3 in cardiac muscle resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and defective heart pump function leading to heart failure. However, Lig3 inactivation did not result in nuclear DNA repair deficiency, indicating essential DNA repair functions of Xrcc1 can occur in the absence of Lig3. Instead, we found that Lig1 was critical for DNA repair, but in a cooperative manner with Lig3. Additionally, Lig3 deficiency did not recapitulate the hallmark features of neural Xrcc1 inactivation such as DNA damage-induced cerebellar interneuron loss6, further underscoring functional separation of these DNA repair factors. Therefore, our data reveal that the critical biological role of Lig3 is to maintain mtDNA integrity and not Xrcc1-dependent DNA repair.
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116
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Rulten SL, Fisher AEO, Robert I, Zuma MC, Rouleau M, Ju L, Poirier G, Reina-San-Martin B, Caldecott KW. PARP-3 and APLF function together to accelerate nonhomologous end-joining. Mol Cell 2011; 41:33-45. [PMID: 21211721 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PARP-3 is a member of the ADP-ribosyl transferase superfamily of unknown function. We show that PARP-3 is stimulated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in vitro and functions in the same pathway as the poly (ADP-ribose)-binding protein APLF to accelerate chromosomal DNA DSB repair. We implicate PARP-3 in the accumulation of APLF at DSBs and demonstrate that APLF promotes the retention of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV complex in chromatin, suggesting that PARP-3 and APLF accelerate DNA ligation during nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). Consistent with this, we show that class switch recombination in Aplf(-/-) B cells is biased toward microhomology-mediated end-joining, a pathway that operates in the absence of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV, and that the requirement for PARP-3 and APLF for NHEJ is circumvented by overexpression of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV. These data identify molecular roles for PARP-3 and APLF in chromosomal DNA double-strand break repair reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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117
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the significance of the abnormal DNA repair mechanism in male infertility. RECENT FINDINGS DNA repair defects cause a variety of spermatogenic defects in mouse models. Evidence is accumulating to demonstrate the importance of DNA repair defects in human nonobstructive azoospermia. Epigenetic changes may also play a crucial role in infertility. SUMMARY The DNA in the cell needs to be constantly repaired to ensure fidelity of DNA replication, to maintain genome stability and to ensure propagation of species. The DNA repair and recombination machineries are highly conserved across the species and inactivation of these pathways may lead to replication and recombination errors. This review summarizes the different types of DNA lesions and DNA repair pathways, particularly focusing on highly conserved meiotic regulators, the DNA mismatch repair proteins. Targeted deletions of some of these proteins result in infertility and predisposes to tumor in mutant mouse models. There is evidence for loss of some of these proteins in human male infertility. Because defective DNA repair is associated with a mutator phenotype, the risk of transmission to the offspring of these otherwise infertile men conceived using an assisted reproductive technology needs further evaluation.
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118
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Wilson SH, Beard WA, Shock DD, Batra VK, Cavanaugh NA, Prasad R, Hou EW, Liu Y, Asagoshi K, Horton JK, Stefanick DF, Kedar PS, Carrozza MJ, Masaoka A, Heacock ML. Base excision repair and design of small molecule inhibitors of human DNA polymerase β. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3633-47. [PMID: 20844920 PMCID: PMC3324036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) can protect a cell after endogenous or exogenous genotoxic stress, and a deficiency in BER can render a cell hypersensitive to stress-induced apoptotic and necrotic cell death, mutagenesis, and chromosomal rearrangements. However, understanding of the mammalian BER system is not yet complete as it is extraordinarily complex and has many back-up processes that complement a deficiency in any one step. Due of this lack of information, we are unable to make accurate predictions on therapeutic approaches targeting BER. A deeper understanding of BER will eventually allow us to conduct more meaningful clinical interventions. In this review, we will cover historical and recent information on mammalian BER and DNA polymerase β and discuss approaches toward development and use of small molecule inhibitors to manipulate BER. With apologies to others, we will emphasize results obtained in our laboratory and those of our collaborators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Wilson
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Hendrickson CL, Purkayastha S, Pastwa E, Neumann RD, Winters TA. Coincident In Vitro Analysis of DNA-PK-Dependent and -Independent Nonhomologous End Joining. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010:823917. [PMID: 20706599 PMCID: PMC2919755 DOI: 10.4061/2010/823917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are primarily repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). The current model suggests that the Ku 70/80 heterodimer binds to DSB ends and recruits DNA-PKcs to form the active DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK. Subsequently, XRCC4, DNA ligase IV, XLF and most likely, other unidentified components participate in the final DSB ligation step. Therefore, DNA-PK plays a key role in NHEJ due to its structural and regulatory functions that mediate DSB end joining. However, recent studies show that additional DNA-PK-independent NHEJ pathways also exist. Unfortunately, the presence of DNA-PKcs appears to inhibit DNA-PK-independent NHEJ, and in vitro analysis of DNA-PK-independent NHEJ in the presence of the DNA-PKcs protein remains problematic. We have developed an in vitro assay that is preferentially active for DNA-PK-independent DSB repair based solely on its reaction conditions, facilitating coincident differential biochemical analysis of the two pathways. The results indicate the biochemically distinct nature of the end-joining mechanisms represented by the DNA-PK-dependent and -independent NHEJ assays as well as functional differences between the two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Hendrickson
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences Department, Nuclear Medicine Section, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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120
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Wang M, Qin C, Zhu J, Yuan L, Fu G, Zhang Z, Yin C. Genetic variants of XRCC1, APE1, and ADPRT genes and risk of bladder cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:303-11. [PMID: 20218899 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaged by exposure to exogenous and endogenous carcinogens could be removed effectively by the base excision repair pathway, in which the XRCC1, APE1, and ADPRT genes play a key role. Genetic variations in these important genes may alter repair function and contribute to cancer risk. We hypothesized that XRCC1, APE1, and ADPRT polymorphisms are associated with risk of bladder cancer. In a hospital-based case-control study of 234 patients with bladder cancer and 253 cancer-free controls, we genotyped the XRCC1-77T>C, Arg194Trp, Arg280His, Arg399Gln, APE1-656T>G, Asp148Glu, ADPRT-442G>A, and Val762Ala polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. We found an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with the XRCC1 194Trp/Trp and 280Arg/His genotypes (adjusted odds ratio = 3.90, 95% confidence interval = 1.69-8.98 for 194Trp/Trp and 2.53, 1.67-3.83 for 280Arg/His) compared with the 194Arg/Arg and 280Arg/Arg genotypes, respectively. In contrast, the APE1-656GG genotype was associated with a decreased risk of bladder cancer (0.57, 0.33-0.98) compared with the TT genotype. When we evaluated these eight polymorphisms together, we found that the combined genotypes with 9-13 variant (risk) alleles were associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (2.25, 1.48-3.40) compared with those with 3-8 variants. These findings suggest that the XRCC1 and APE1 polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility to bladder cancer. Larger studies are warranted to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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121
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Pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of PARP inhibitors as tumour-specific radiosensitisers. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:566-75. [PMID: 20409643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately two million fractions of radiotherapy are administered in the UK every year, as part of adjuvant, radical or palliative cancer treatment. For many tumour types, radiotherapy is routinely combined with concomitant chemotherapy as part of adjuvant or radical treatment. In addition, new agents have been developed in recent years and tested in phase 1, 2 and 3 trials concomitantly with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. One such class of drugs, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, has shown activity in conjunction with radiotherapy in several cancer cell lines. Pre-clinical data suggest that PARP inhibitors may potentiate the effects of radiotherapy in several tumour types, namely lung, colorectal, head and neck, glioma, cervix and prostate cancers. In vitro, PARP inhibitors are radiosensitisers in various cell lines with enhancement ratios of up to 1.7. In vivo, non-toxic doses of PARP inhibitors have been shown to increase radiation-induced growth delay of xenograft tumours in mice. Clinical trials to assess the toxicity and potential benefit of combining radiotherapy with PARP inhibition are now needed.
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122
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Saadat M. Haplotype analysis of XRCC1 (at codons 194 and 399) and susceptibility to breast cancer, a meta-analysis of the literatures. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124:785-91. [PMID: 20411322 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the association between XRCC1 haplotypes and susceptibility to breast cancer, a meta-analysis of case-control studies were conducted. Eligible studies were identified by searching several databases for relevant reports published before March 2010. In total, 10 studies were included in the present meta-analysis. XRCC1 haplotypes for Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln polymorphisms were included in the analysis. The association was measured using random-effect model or fixed-effect model odds ratio (OR) combined with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to the between studies' heterogeneity. Large between-study heterogeneity was observed (Q = 25.587, df = 9, P < 0.001). The meta-analysis showed a borderline increased risk of breast cancer associated with the Arg194-Gln399 haplotype versus the Arg194-Arg399 haplotype (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14). There was no significant association between XRCC1 haplotypes and risk of breast cancer among Caucasoid subjects. In the next step, studies were classified according to geographical locations. Studies reported form Western populations did not show heterogeneity, and the Arg194-Gln399 haplotype was not associated with risk of breast cancer in comparison with the Arg194-Arg399 haplotype (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.95-1.09). Among studies reported form Asian countries, significant heterogeneity was observed. After excluding of one study which did not show linkage disequilibrium, heterogeneity between studies decreased and haplotype Arg194-Gln399 revealed significant association with increased risk of breast cancer compared with haplotype Arg194-Arg399 (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04-1.50). There was no significant association between Trp194-Arg399 haplotype and risk of breast cancer, neither in Western nor Asian countries. The present meta-analysis has indicated that the Arg194-Gln399 haplotype of XRCC1 might be a risk factor for breast cancer in Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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123
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Berquist BR, Singh DK, Fan J, Kim D, Gillenwater E, Kulkarni A, Bohr VA, Ackerman EJ, Tomkinson AE, Wilson DM. Functional capacity of XRCC1 protein variants identified in DNA repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell lines and the human population. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:5023-35. [PMID: 20385586 PMCID: PMC2926592 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
XRCC1 operates as a scaffold protein in base excision repair, a pathway that copes with base and sugar damage in DNA. Studies using recombinant XRCC1 proteins revealed that: a C389Y substitution, responsible for the repair defects of the EM-C11 CHO cell line, caused protein instability; a V86R mutation abolished the interaction with POLβ, but did not disrupt the interactions with PARP-1, LIG3α and PCNA; and an E98K substitution, identified in EM-C12, reduced protein integrity, marginally destabilized the POLβ interaction, and slightly enhanced DNA binding. Two rare (P161L and Y576S) and two frequent (R194W and R399Q) amino acid population variants had little or no effect on XRCC1 protein stability or the interactions with POLβ, PARP-1, LIG3α, PCNA or DNA. One common population variant (R280H) had no pronounced effect on the interactions with POLβ, PARP-1, LIG3α and PCNA, but did reduce DNA-binding ability. When expressed in HeLa cells, the XRCC1 variants—excluding E98K, which was largely nucleolar, and C389Y, which exhibited reduced expression—exhibited normal nuclear distribution. Most of the protein variants, including the V86R POLβ-interaction mutant, displayed normal relocalization kinetics to/from sites of laser-induced DNA damage: except for E98K and C389Y, and the polymorphic variant R280H, which exhibited a slightly shorter retention time at DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Berquist
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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124
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Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes XRCC1, XRCC3 and XPD, and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in an Indian population. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1517-25. [PMID: 20229274 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may influence variations in individual DNA repair capacity, which could be associated with the development of cancer. We detected the distributions of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (XRCC1 Arg399Gln, XRCC3 Thr241Met and XPD Lys751Gln) in DNA repair genes, and assessed the associations of these genetic polymorphisms with colon and rectal cancer susceptibility as well as evaluated the interactions of gene-gene and gene-environment in a case-control study of an Indian population. METHODS This case-control study was conducted with 302 cases (including 59 colon and 243 rectal cancer patients) and 291 cancer-free healthy controls. Genotypes were determined by PCR-RLFP assays. The effects [odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs)] of genetic polymorphisms on colorectal cancer were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS The XRCC1 399Gln allele was found to be associated with a significantly increased rectal cancer risk among men (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.04-2.64). Whereas the XRCC3 241Met allele showed a protective tendency against rectal cancer (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.46-1.02) for both men and women. Furthermore, a combination of the XRCC1 399Gln allele with XRCC3 Thr/Thr genotype and the XPD 751Gln allele demonstrated the highest rectal cancer risk (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.43-9.44). CONCLUSIONS The combined effects of putative risk alleles/genotypes for different DNA repair pathways may strengthen the susceptibility to rectal cancer.
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125
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Amouroux R, Campalans A, Epe B, Radicella JP. Oxidative stress triggers the preferential assembly of base excision repair complexes on open chromatin regions. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:2878-90. [PMID: 20071746 PMCID: PMC2875005 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How DNA repair machineries detect and access, within the context of chromatin, lesions inducing little or no distortion of the DNA structure is a poorly understood process. Removal of oxidized bases is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognises and excises the damaged base, initiating the base excision repair (BER) pathway. We show that upon induction of 8-oxoguanine, a mutagenic product of guanine oxidation, the mammalian 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase OGG1 is recruited together with other proteins involved in BER to euchromatin regions rich in RNA and RNA polymerase II and completely excluded from heterochromatin. The underlying mechanism does not require direct interaction of the protein with the oxidized base, however, the release of the protein from the chromatin fraction requires completion of repair. Inducing chromatin compaction by sucrose results in a complete but reversible inhibition of the in vivo repair of 8-oxoguanine. We conclude that after induction of oxidative DNA damage, the DNA glycosylase is actively recruited to regions of open chromatin allowing the access of the BER machinery to the lesions, suggesting preferential repair of active chromosome regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Amouroux
- CEA, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, 18 route du Panorama, UMR217 F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
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126
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Harris JL, Jakob B, Taucher-Scholz G, Dianov GL, Becherel OJ, Lavin MF. Aprataxin, poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) function together to protect the genome against oxidative damage. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4102-17. [PMID: 19643912 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aprataxin, defective in the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1), is a DNA repair protein that processes the product of abortive ligations, 5' adenylated DNA. In addition to its interaction with the single-strand break repair protein XRCC1, aprataxin also interacts with poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), a key player in the detection of DNA single-strand breaks. Here, we reveal reduced expression of PARP-1, apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and OGG1 in AOA1 cells and demonstrate a requirement for PARP-1 in the recruitment of aprataxin to sites of DNA breaks. While inhibition of PARP activity did not affect aprataxin activity in vitro, it retarded its recruitment to sites of DNA damage in vivo. We also demonstrate the presence of elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage in AOA1 cells coupled with reduced base excision and gap filling repair efficiencies indicative of a synergy between aprataxin, PARP-1, APE-1 and OGG1 in the DNA damage response. These data support both direct and indirect modulating functions for aprataxin on base excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L Harris
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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127
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The genesis of cerebellar interneurons and the prevention of neural DNA damage require XRCC1. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12:973-80. [PMID: 19633665 PMCID: PMC2831284 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defective responses to DNA single strand breaks underlie various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the exact role of this repair pathway during the development and maintenance of the nervous system is unclear. Using murine neural-specific inactivation of Xrcc1, a factor that is critical for the repair of DNA single strand breaks, we found a profound neuropathology that is characterized by the loss of cerebellar interneurons. This cell loss was linked to p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and occurred as interneuron progenitors commenced differentiation. Loss of Xrcc1 also led to the persistence of DNA strand breaks throughout the nervous system and abnormal hippocampal function. Collectively, these data detail the in vivo link between DNA single strand break repair and neurogenesis and highlight the diverse consequences of specific types of genotoxic stress in the nervous system.
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128
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Liu J, Song B, Wang Z, Song X, Shi Y, Zheng J, Han J. DNA repair gene XRCC1 polymorphisms and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk in a Chinese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 191:67-72. [PMID: 19446740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism in DNA repair genes may influence individual variation in DNA repair capacity, which may be associated with cancer risks. This hospital-based case-control study examined whether polymorphism in the DNA repair gene x-ray repair cross-complementing groups 1 (XRCC1 Arg194Trp [C-->T], Arg280His [G-->A], and Arg399Gln [G-->A]) played a role in susceptibility to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the Chinese population. We genotyped these polymorphisms for 221 histopathologically confirmed NHL cases and 254 age- and sex-matched healthy control cases in China. No studied polymorphism alone was shown to be related to the risk of NHL or each histologic subtype of NHL. When stratified by smoking status, however, the XRCC1Arg399Gln variant genotypes (homozygotes and heterozygotes) were associated with a 3.0-fold risk of follicular lymphoma among heavy smokers (95% confidence interval: 1.16-7.82; P = 0.02). Further large-scale studies would confirm this association and clarify marginally significant trends in XRCC1 polymorphism combinations for an increased risk for NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P R China
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129
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Ohnishi T, Mori E, Takahashi A. DNA double-strand breaks: their production, recognition, and repair in eukaryotes. Mutat Res 2009; 669:8-12. [PMID: 19576233 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human cells accumulate at least 10,000 DNA lesions every day. Failure to repair such lesions can lead to mutations, genomic instability, or cell death. Among the various types of damage which can be expressed in a cell, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most serious threat. Different kinds of physical, chemical, and biological factors have been reported to induce DNA lesions, including DSBs. The aim of this review is to provide a basic understanding and overview of how DSBs are produced, recognized and repaired, and to describe the role of some of the genes and proteins involved in DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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130
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Bigot K, Leemput J, Vacher M, Campalans A, Radicella JP, Lacassagne E, Provost A, Masson C, Menasche M, Abitbol M. Expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) in mouse retina. Mol Vis 2009; 15:1139-52. [PMID: 19503746 PMCID: PMC2690988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The retina is highly exposed to oxidative stress due to the high level of oxygen consumption in this tissue and its exposure to light. The main DNA base lesion generated by oxygen free radicals is 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). However, its presence in retinal cells and the mechanisms underlying its repair remain undetermined. METHODS 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) gene expression and messenger localization in adult mouse ocular tissues was analyzed by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Using immunohistochemistry, we determined the localization of Ogg1 protein and three base excision repair (BER) enzymes: apurinic/apyrimidic endonuclease (APE1), DNA polymerase beta, and X-ray repair cross-complementation group 1 (XRCC1). Ogg1 and AP-lyase activities in the neuroretina were obtained using double-stranded oligonucleotides harboring either an 8-oxoG residue or a tetrahydrofuran. RESULTS We report here that 8-oxoG is abundant in the retina. Ogg1, the enzyme responsible for the recognition and excision of the oxidized base, is present in its active form and found mainly in ganglion cells and photoreceptor inner segments. We show that APE1 and DNA polymerase beta, two BER proteins involved in 8-oxoG repair, are also present in these cells. The cellular distribution of these proteins was similar to that of Ogg1. XRRC1 is present in both inner nuclear and ganglion cells layers; however, this protein is absent from photoreceptor inner segments. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of a functional 8-oxoG BER pathway in retinal neurons. The study of three BER proteins involved in 8-oxoG elimination demonstrates that XRCC1 localization differs from those of Ogg1, APE1, and DNA polymerase beta. This result suggests that the elimination of 8-oxoG is coordinated through two pathways, which differ slightly according to the cellular localization of the abnormally oxidized guanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bigot
- Université Paris-Descartes, CERTO, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Paris, France
| | - Julia Leemput
- Université Paris-Descartes, CERTO, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Paris, France
| | - Monique Vacher
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Anna Campalans
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - J. Pablo Radicella
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lacassagne
- Université Paris-Descartes, CERTO, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Provost
- Université Paris-Descartes, CERTO, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Paris, France
| | - Christel Masson
- Université Paris-Descartes, CERTO, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Paris, France
| | - Maurice Menasche
- Université Paris-Descartes, CERTO, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Paris, France
| | - Marc Abitbol
- Université Paris-Descartes, CERTO, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Paris, France,Service d’Ophtalmologie du CHU Necker-Enfants–Malades, Paris, France
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131
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Wang Y, Yang H, Li H, Li L, Wang H, Liu C, Zheng Y. Association between X-ray repair cross complementing group 1 codon 399 and 194 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Lett 2009; 285:134-40. [PMID: 19481337 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in DNA repair genes are thought to modify DNA repair capacity and suggested to be related to cancer risk. However, epidemiological results have been inconsistent. In this meta-analysis, we assessed reported studies of association between polymorphisms of X-ray repair cross complementing group 1 (XRCC1) codon 399 and 194, and lung cancer risk. We found decreased lung cancer risk among subjects carrying XRCC1 codon 194 Arg/Trp genotype [odds ratio (OR)=0.88, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.79-0.97], using 4848 cases and 6592 controls from 16 studies. There was no association between lung cancer risk and XRCC1 codon 399 polymorphism in total population, when stratified by source of control, we found a protective effect of the XRCC1 codon 399 Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln or Gln/Gln polymorphisms for lung cancer on the basis of population control (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.58-0.92; OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.97, respectively). Data indicated that certain XRCC1 codon 399 and 194 variant may affect the susceptibility of lung cancer. Recommendations for further studies include pooling of individual data to facilitate evaluation of multigenic effects and detailed analysis of effect modification by environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
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132
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Huang Y, Li L, Yu L. XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg194Trp and Arg280His polymorphisms in breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Mutagenesis 2009; 24:331-9. [PMID: 19465687 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) plays an important role in base excision and single-strand break repair, as a scaffold protein that brings together proteins of the DNA repair complex, and appears to be a candidate for cancer risk. However, studies on the association between polymorphisms in this protein and cancer have yielded conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between the breast cancer and the XRCC1 polymorphisms Arg194Trp (9411 cases and 9783 controls), Arg399Gln (22 481 cases and 23 905 controls) and Arg280His (6062 cases and 5864 controls) in different inheritance models. Our analysis suggested that Arg399Gln was associated with a trend of increased breast cancer risk when using both dominant [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.13] and recessive models (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.23) to analyse the data. In ethnic subgroups and using recessive model analysis: Arg399Gln increased breast cancer risk in Asians (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.96-1.64) and Africans (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 0.97-3.32), and also while only slightly increasing the breast cancer risk in Caucasians (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.95-1.22). However, Arg194Trp (recessive model, OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.75-1.20) and Arg280His (recessive model, OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.64-2.55) did not appear to be risk factors for breast cancer. Larger scale primary studies are required to further evaluate the interaction of XRCC1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Huang
- Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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133
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Sabitha K, Reddy MV, Jamil MK. Mutations in XRCC1 Gene Alters the Genetic Risks of Head and Neck Cancer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2009.58.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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134
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Dwivedi N, Dube D, Pandey J, Singh B, Kukshal V, Ramachandran R, Tripathi RP. NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase: a novel target waiting for the right inhibitor. Med Res Rev 2009; 28:545-68. [PMID: 18080330 DOI: 10.1002/med.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA ligases (EC.6.5.1.1) are key enzymes that catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds at single stranded or double stranded breaks between adjacent 5' phosphoryl and 3' hydroxyl groups of DNA. These enzymes are important for survival because they are involved in major cellular processes like DNA replication/repair and recombination. DNA ligases can be classified into two groups on the basis of their cofactor specificities. NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligases are present in bacteria, some entomopox viruses and mimi virus while ATP-dependent DNA ligases are ubiquitous. The former have recently been drawing a lot of attention as novel targets for antibiotics to overcome current drug resistance issues. Currently a diverse range of inhibitors have been identified. There are several issues to be addressed in the quest for optimized inhibitors of the enzyme. In the first part of the review we summarize current structural work on these enzymes. Subsequently we describe the currently available classes of inhibitors. We also address modalities to improve the specificity and potencies of new inhibitors identified using protein structure based rational approaches. In conclusion, NAD(+)-dependent ligases show great promise and represent a novel drug target whose time has come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Dwivedi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, P.O. Box 173, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
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135
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Park JY, Huang Y, Sellers TA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and prostate cancer risk. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 471:361-85. [PMID: 19109789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-416-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The specific causes of prostate cancer are not known. However, multiple etiologic factors, including genetic profile, metabolism of steroid hormones, nutrition, chronic inflammation, family history of prostate cancer, and environmental exposures are thought to play significant roles. Variations in exposure to these risk factors may explain interindividual differences in prostate cancer risk. However, regardless of the precise mechanism(s), a robust DNA repair capacity may mitigate any risks conferred by mutations from these risk factors. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes have been found, and studies of these SNPs and prostate cancer risk are critical to understanding the response of prostate cells to DNA damage. A few SNPs in DNA repair genes are associated with significantly increased risk of prostate cancer; however, in most cases, the effects are moderate and often depend upon interactions among the risk alleles of several genes in a pathway or with other environmental risk factors. This report reviews the published epidemiologic literature on the association of SNPs in genes involved in DNA repair pathways and prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Y Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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136
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McVey M, Lee SE. MMEJ repair of double-strand breaks (director's cut): deleted sequences and alternative endings. Trends Genet 2008; 24:529-38. [PMID: 18809224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are normal consequences of cell division and differentiation and must be repaired faithfully to maintain genome stability. Two mechanistically distinct pathways are known to efficiently repair double-strand breaks: homologous recombination and Ku-dependent non-homologous end joining. Recently, a third, less characterized repair mechanism, named microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), has received increasing attention. MMEJ repairs DNA breaks via the use of substantial microhomology and always results in deletions. Furthermore, it probably contributes to oncogenic chromosome rearrangements and genetic variation in humans. Here, we summarize the genetic attributes of MMEJ from several model systems and discuss the relationship between MMEJ and 'alternative end joining'. We propose a mechanistic model for MMEJ and highlight important questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 165 Packard Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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137
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Abstract
DNA ligases are required for DNA replication, repair, and recombination. In eukaryotes, there are three families of ATP-dependent DNA ligases. Members of the DNA ligase I and IV families are found in all eukaryotes, whereas DNA ligase III family members are restricted to vertebrates. These enzymes share a common catalytic region comprising a DNA-binding domain, a nucleotidyltransferase (NTase) domain, and an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB)-fold domain. The catalytic region encircles nicked DNA with each of the domains contacting the DNA duplex. The unique segments adjacent to the catalytic region of eukaryotic DNA ligases are involved in specific protein-protein interactions with a growing number of DNA replication and repair proteins. These interactions determine the specific cellular functions of the DNA ligase isozymes. In mammals, defects in DNA ligation have been linked with an increased incidence of cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Ellenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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138
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Mortusewicz O, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC. Spatiotemporal dynamics of regulatory protein recruitment at DNA damage sites. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1562-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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139
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Godon C, Cordelières FP, Biard D, Giocanti N, Mégnin-Chanet F, Hall J, Favaudon V. PARP inhibition versus PARP-1 silencing: different outcomes in terms of single-strand break repair and radiation susceptibility. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:4454-64. [PMID: 18603595 PMCID: PMC2490739 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of PARP-1 disruption or inhibition on DNA single-strand break repair (SSBR) and radio-induced lethality were determined in synchronized, isogenic HeLa cells stably silenced or not for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) (PARP-1KD) or XRCC1 (XRCC1KD). PARP-1 inhibition prevented XRCC1-YFP recruitment at sites of 405 nm laser micro irradiation, slowed SSBR 10-fold and triggered the accumulation of large persistent foci of GFP-PARP-1 and GFP-PCNA at photo damaged sites. These aggregates are presumed to hinder the recruitment of other effectors of the base excision repair (BER) pathway. PARP-1 silencing also prevented XRCC1-YFP recruitment but did not lengthen the lifetime of GFP-PCNA foci. Moreover, PARP-1KD and XRCC1KD cells in S phase completed SSBR as rapidly as controls, while SSBR was delayed in G1. Taken together, the data demonstrate that a PARP-1- and XRCC1-independent SSBR pathway operates when the short patch repair branch of the BER is deficient. Long patch repair is the likely mechanism, as GFP-PCNA recruitment at photo-damaged sites was normal in PARP-1KD cells. PARP-1 silencing elicited hyper-radiosensitivity, while radiosensitization by a PARP inhibitor reportedly occurs only in those cells treated in S phase. PARP-1 inhibition and deletion thus have different outcomes in terms of SSBR and radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Godon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche Inserm, U612, Institut Curie, Bât. 110-112, Centre Universitaire, F-91405 Orsay, France
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140
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Karlsson KH, Radulescu I, Rydberg B, Stenerlöw B. Repair of radiation-induced heat-labile sites is independent of DNA-PKcs, XRCC1 and PARP. Radiat Res 2008; 169:506-12. [PMID: 18439038 DOI: 10.1667/rr1076.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces a variety of different DNA lesions; in addition to the most critical DNA damage, the DSB, numerous base alterations, SSBs and other modifications of the DNA double-helix are formed. When several non-DSB lesions are clustered within a short distance along DNA, or close to a DSB, they may interfere with the repair of DSBs and affect the measurement of DSB induction and repair. We have shown previously that a substantial fraction of DSBs measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) are in fact due to heat-labile sites within clustered lesions, thus reflecting an artifact of preparation of genomic DNA at elevated temperature. To further characterize the influence of heat-labile sites on DSB induction and repair, cells of four human cell lines (GM5758, GM7166, M059K, U-1810) with apparently normal DSB rejoining were tested for biphasic rejoining after gamma irradiation. When heat-released DSBs were excluded from the measurements, the fraction of fast rejoining decreased to less than 50% of the total. However, the half-times of the fast (t(1/2) = 7-8 min) and slow (t(1/2) = 2.5 h) DSB rejoining were not changed significantly. At t = 0, the heat-released DSBs accounted for almost 40% of the DSBs, corresponding to 10 extra DSBs per cell per Gy in the initial DSB yield. These heat-released DSBs were repaired within 60-90 min in all cells tested, including M059K cells treated with wortmannin and DNA-PKcs-defective M059J cells. Furthermore, cells lacking XRCC1 or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) rejoined both total DSBs and heat-released DSBs similarly to normal cells. In summary, the presence of heat-labile sites has a substantial impact on DSB induction and DSB rejoining rates measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and heat-labile sites repair is independent of DNA-PKcs, XRCC1 and PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Karlsson
- Division of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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141
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Zhang Q, Pan J, Zhao C, Wang Y, Jia Z, Zheng R. Non-enzymatic fast repair of DNA oxidative damage might also exist in cells. Cell Biol Int 2008; 32:654-62. [PMID: 18337131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.01.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that in a chemical system natural polyphenols can rapidly repair DNA oxidative damage. In this paper we report that in a cellular system the non-enzymatic fast repair activities of two natural polyphenols might also exist. The viability of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (AA8) highly expressing the XRCC1 gene (a DNA repairing protein) treated with H2O2 is significantly higher than that of a normal Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO). Following inhibition of the enzymatic repair system by different inhibitors--methoxyamine (MX), 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) or nicotinamide (NIC)--DNA oxidative damage by H2O2 increased 2-5-fold in both cell lines. However, when natural polyphenols--rosmarinic acid (RA) or verbascoside (VER)--were added, DNA oxidative damage was significantly reduced. This decrease of DNA oxidative damage by RA or VER is not due to their scavenging activity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) because cells suffered from heavy ROS throughout the whole experimental process. Therefore, the decrease of DNA damage might be due to their non-enzymatic fast repair mechanisms. Further investigation showed that H2O2 induced a drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and that RA and VER were able to attenuate the drop. Previous studies have shown that H2O2 initiates a chain of events in cells, involving mtDNA damage, a drop in MMP and loss of repair activity. These results, taken together with our present results, suggest that the non-enzymatic fast repair mechanism exists not only in chemical systems but also might exist in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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142
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Yen CY, Liu SY, Chen CH, Tseng HF, Chuang LY, Yang CH, Lin YC, Wen CH, Chiang WF, Ho CH, Chen HC, Wang ST, Lin CW, Chang HW. Combinational polymorphisms of four DNA repair genes XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, and XRCC4 and their association with oral cancer in Taiwan. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:271-7. [PMID: 18410587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with oral cancer but the biological interactions through SNPs are seldom addressed. In this study, we focused on the joint effect for SNP combinations of four DNA repair genes, X-ray repair cross-complementing groups (XRCCs) 1-4, involved in major cancer-related pathways. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was determined using by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in this study (case = 103, control = 98). Different numbers of combinational SNPs with genotypes called the pseudo-haplotypes from these chromosome-wide genes were used to evaluate their joint effect on oral cancer risk. RESULTS Except for XRCC2 rs2040639-AG, none of these SNPs was found to individually contribute to oral cancer risk. However, for two combined SNPs, the proportion of subjects with oral cancer was significantly higher in the pseudo-haplotype with AG-CC genotypes in rs2040639-rs861539 (XRCC2-XRCC3) compared with those with non-AG-CC genotypes. Similarly, the pseudo-haplotype of rs2040639-rs861539-rs2075685 (XRCC2-XRCC3-XRCC4) and rs2040639-rs861539-rs2075685-rs1799782 (XRCCs 1-4) with specific genotype pattern (AG-CC-TG and CT-AG-CC-TG) among three and four combinational SNPs were significantly associated with oral cancer. After controlling for age, gender, smoking, drinking, and betel nut chewing, the estimated odds ratio of oral cancer were 2.45, 5.03, and 10.10 for two, three and four specific SNP combinations, respectively, comparing these specific pseudo-haplotypes to their corresponding non-pseudo-haplotypes. CONCLUSION We have identified the potential combined XRCCs 1-4 SNPs with genotypes that were associated with oral cancer risk and may have an impact on identification of a high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Yen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, and School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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143
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Uchiyama Y, Suzuki Y, Sakaguchi K. Characterization of plant XRCC1 and its interaction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. PLANTA 2008; 227:1233-41. [PMID: 18247046 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, there are no DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) and DNA ligase III (Lig3) genes. Thus, the plant short-patch base excision repair (short-patch BER) pathway must differ considerably from that in mammals. We characterized the rice (Oryza Sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) homologue of the mammalian X-ray repair cross complementing 1 (XRCC1), a well-known BER protein. The plant XRCC1 lacks the N-terminal domain (NTD) which is required for Pol beta binding and is essential for mammalian cell survival. The recombinant rice XRCC1 (OsXRCC1) protein binds single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as well as double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and also interacts with rice proliferating cell nuclear antigen (OsPCNA) in a pull-down assay. Through immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that OsXRCC1 forms a complex with PCNA in vivo. OsXRCC1 mRNA was expressed in all rice organs and was induced by application of bleomycin, but not of MMS, H(2)O(2) or UV-B. Bleomycin also increased the fraction of OsXRCC1 associated with chromatin. These results suggest that OsXRCC1 contributes to DNA repair pathways that differ from the mammalian BER system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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144
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Takahashi A, Yamakawa N, Mori E, Ohnishi K, Yokota SI, Sugo N, Aratani Y, Koyama H, Ohnishi T. Development of thermotolerance requires interaction between polymerase-beta and heat shock proteins. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:973-8. [PMID: 18380790 PMCID: PMC11159698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although heat shock proteins (HSP) are well known to contribute to thermotolerance, they only play a supporting role in the phenomenon. Recently, it has been reported that heat sensitivity depends on heat-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), and that thermotolerance also depends on the suppression of DSB formation. However the critical elements involved in thermotolerance have not yet been fully identified. Heat produces DSB and leads to cell death through denaturation and dysfunction of heat-labile repair proteins such as DNA polymerase-beta (Pol beta). Here the authors show that thermotolerance was partially suppressed in Pol beta(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) when compared to the wild-type MEF, and was also suppressed in the presence of the HSP inhibitor, KNK437, in both cell lines. Moreover, the authors found that heat-induced gamma H2AX was suppressed in the thermotolerant cells. These results suggest that Pol beta at least contributes to thermotolerance through its reactivation and stimulation by Hsp27 and Hsp70. In addition, it appears possible that fewer DSB were formed after a challenging heat exposure because preheat-induced Hsp27 and Hsp70 can rescue or restore other, as yet unidentified, heat-labile proteins besides Pol beta. The present novel findings provide strong evidence that Pol beta functions as a critical element involved in thermotolerance and exerts an important role in heat-induced DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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145
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Li M, Yin Z, Guan P, Li X, Cui Z, Zhang J, Bai W, He Q, Zhou B. XRCC1 polymorphisms, cooking oil fume and lung cancer in Chinese women nonsmokers. Lung Cancer 2008; 62:145-51. [PMID: 18407370 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) is one of the major DNA repair proteins involved in the base excision repair (BER) and single-strand break repair (SSBR) pathway. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XRCC1 may alter protein function and repair capacity, thus lead to genetic instability and carcinogenesis. To establish our understanding of possible relationships between XRCC1 polymorphisms (5'UTR -77T>C, Arg194Trp, Arg280His and Arg399Gln) and the susceptibility to lung cancer among women nonsmokers, we performed a hospital-based case-control study of 350 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer and 350 cancer-free controls, frequency matched by age. Our results showed that exposure to cooking oil fume was associated with increased risk of lung cancer in Chinese women nonsmokers [odds ratio (OR)=2.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.80-3.51], P<0.001]. Individuals with homozygous XRCC1 399Gln/Gln genotype (OR=1.75, 95% CI [1.02-3.01]) and XRCC1 -77 combined TC and CC genotype (OR=1.66, 95% CI [1.13-2.42]) showed a slightly higher risk for lung cancer overall. In the subgroup of adenocarcinoma cases, adjusted ORs were increased for individuals with homozygous XRCC1 399Gln/Gln genotype (OR=2.62, 95% CI [1.44-4.79]) and XRCC1 -77 combined TC and CC genotype (OR=1.85, 95% CI [1.19-2.86]). Haplotype analysis showed that T-Trp-Arg-Gln haplotypes were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer among women nonsmokers (OR=2.26, 95% CI [1.38-3.68]), however, we did not observe a statistically significant joint effect of cooking oil fume and 399Gln or -77C variant allele on lung cancer among women nonsmokers. In conclusion, XRCC1 Arg399Gln and T-77C polymorphisms may alter the risk of lung cancer in women nonsmokers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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146
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Hegde ML, Hazra TK, Mitra S. Early steps in the DNA base excision/single-strand interruption repair pathway in mammalian cells. Cell Res 2008; 18:27-47. [PMID: 18166975 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) is an evolutionarily conserved process for maintaining genomic integrity by eliminating several dozen damaged (oxidized or alkylated) or inappropriate bases that are generated endogenously or induced by genotoxicants, predominantly, reactive oxygen species (ROS). BER involves 4-5 steps starting with base excision by a DNA glycosylase, followed by a common pathway usually involving an AP-endonuclease (APE) to generate 3' OH terminus at the damage site, followed by repair synthesis with a DNA polymerase and nick sealing by a DNA ligase. This pathway is also responsible for repairing DNA single-strand breaks with blocked termini directly generated by ROS. Nearly all glycosylases, far fewer than their substrate lesions particularly for oxidized bases, have broad and overlapping substrate range, and could serve as back-up enzymes in vivo. In contrast, mammalian cells encode only one APE, APE1, unlike two APEs in lower organisms. In spite of overall similarity, BER with distinct subpathways in the mammals is more complex than in E. coli. The glycosylases form complexes with downstream proteins to carry out efficient repair via distinct subpathways one of which, responsible for repair of strand breaks with 3' phosphate termini generated by the NEIL family glycosylases or by ROS, requires the phosphatase activity of polynucleotide kinase instead of APE1. Different complexes may utilize distinct DNA polymerases and ligases. Mammalian glycosylases have nonconserved extensions at one of the termini, dispensable for enzymatic activity but needed for interaction with other BER and non-BER proteins for complex formation and organelle targeting. The mammalian enzymes are sometimes covalently modified which may affect activity and complex formation. The focus of this review is on the early steps in mammalian BER for oxidized damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1079, USA
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147
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CHIP-Mediated Degradation and DNA Damage-Dependent Stabilization Regulate Base Excision Repair Proteins. Mol Cell 2008; 29:477-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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148
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MORI EIICHIRO, TAKAHASHI AKIHISA, OHNISHI TAKEO. The Biology of Heat-induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3191/thermalmed.24.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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149
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Nazarkina ZK, Khodyreva SN, Marsin S, Radicella JP, Lavrik OI. Study of interaction of XRCC1 with DNA and proteins of base excision repair by photoaffinity labeling technique. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:878-86. [PMID: 17922646 DOI: 10.1134/s000629790708010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) protein plays a central role in base excision repair (BER) interacting with and modulating activity of key BER proteins. To estimate the influence of XRCC1 on interactions of BER proteins poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), and DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) with DNA intermediates, photoaffinity labeling using different photoreactive DNA was carried out in the presence or absence of XRCC1. XRCC1 competes with APE1, FEN1, and PARP1 for DNA binding, while Pol beta increases the efficiency of XRCC1 modification. To study the interactions of XRCC1 with DNA and proteins at the initial stages of BER, DNA duplexes containing a photoreactive group in the template strand opposite the damage were designed. DNA duplexes with 8-oxoguanine or dihydrothymine opposite the photoreactive group were recognized and cleaved by specific DNA glycosylases (OGG1 or NTH1, correspondingly), although the rate of oxidized base excision in the photoreactive structures was lower than in normal substrates. XRCC1 does not display any specificity in recognition of DNA duplexes with damaged bases compared to regular DNA. A photoreactive group opposite a synthetic apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site (3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran) weakly influences the incision efficiency of AP site analog by APE1. In the absence of magnesium ions, i.e. when incision of AP sites cannot occur, APE1 and XRCC1 compete for DNA binding when present together. However, in the presence of magnesium ions the level of XRCC1 modification increased upon APE1 addition, since APE1 creates nicked DNA duplex, which interacts with XRCC1 more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zh K Nazarkina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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150
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Mourgues S, Lomax ME, O'Neill P. Base excision repair processing of abasic site/single-strand break lesions within clustered damage sites associated with XRCC1 deficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:7676-87. [PMID: 17982170 PMCID: PMC2190709 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces clustered DNA damage, which presents a challenge to the cellular repair machinery. The repair efficiency of a single-strand break (SSB) is ∼4× less than that for repair of an abasic (AP) site when in a bistranded cluster containing 8-oxoG. To explore whether this difference in repair efficiency involves XRCC1 or other BER proteins, synthetic oligonucleotides containing either an AP site or HAP1-induced SSB (HAP1-SSB) 1 or 5 bp 5′ or 3′ to 8-oxoG on the opposite strand were synthesized and the repair investigated using either nuclear extracts from hamster cells proficient (AA8) or deficient (EM7) in XRCC1 or purified BER proteins. XRCC1 is important for efficient processing of an AP site in clustered damage containing 8-oxoG but does not affect the already low repair efficiency of a SSB. Ligase I partly compensates for the absence of the XRCC1/ligaseIII during short-patch BER of an AP site when in a cluster but only weakly if at all for a HAP1-SSB. The major difference between the repair of an AP site and a HAP1-SSB when in a 8-oxoG containing cluster is the greater efficiency of short-patch BER with the AP site compared with that for a HAP1-SSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mourgues
- Medical Research Council, Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ORD, UK
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