101
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Luo M, Jiang YL, Ma XX, Tang YJ, He YX, Yu J, Zhang RG, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Yeast Monothiol Glutaredoxin Grx6. J Mol Biol 2010; 398:614-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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102
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Ye H, Jeong SY, Ghosh MC, Kovtunovych G, Silvestri L, Ortillo D, Uchida N, Tisdale J, Camaschella C, Rouault TA. Glutaredoxin 5 deficiency causes sideroblastic anemia by specifically impairing heme biosynthesis and depleting cytosolic iron in human erythroblasts. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1749-61. [PMID: 20364084 DOI: 10.1172/jci40372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5) deficiency has previously been identified as a cause of anemia in a zebrafish model and of sideroblastic anemia in a human patient. Here we report that GLRX5 is essential for iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and the maintenance of normal mitochondrial and cytosolic iron homeostasis in human cells. GLRX5, a mitochondrial protein that is highly expressed in erythroid cells, can homodimerize and assemble [2Fe-2S] in vitro. In GLRX5-deficient cells, [Fe-S] cluster biosynthesis was impaired, the iron-responsive element-binding (IRE-binding) activity of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) was activated, and increased IRP2 levels, indicative of relative cytosolic iron depletion, were observed together with mitochondrial iron overload. Rescue of patient fibroblasts with the WT GLRX5 gene by transfection or viral transduction reversed a slow growth phenotype, reversed the mitochondrial iron overload, and increased aconitase activity. Decreased aminolevulinate delta, synthase 2 (ALAS2) levels attributable to IRP-mediated translational repression were observed in erythroid cells in which GLRX5 expression had been downregulated using siRNA along with marked reduction in ferrochelatase levels and increased ferroportin expression. Erythroblasts express both IRP-repressible ALAS2 and non-IRP-repressible ferroportin 1b. The unique combination of IRP targets likely accounts for the tissue-specific phenotype of human GLRX5 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ye
- Molecular Medicine Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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103
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Chabrier-Roselló Y, Giesselman BR, De Jesús-Andino FJ, Foster TH, Mitra S, Haidaris CG. Inhibition of electron transport chain assembly and function promotes photodynamic killing of Candida. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 99:117-25. [PMID: 20381373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory deficiency increases the sensitivity of the pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Candida glabrata to oxidative stress induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) sensitized by the cationic porphyrin meso-tetra (N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate (TMP-1363). Since disruption of electron transport chain (ETC) function increases intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species in yeast, we determined whether interference with ETC assembly or function increased sensitivity to TMP-1363-PDT in C. albicans, C. glabrata and the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metabolic inhibitor antimycin A and defined genetic mutants were used to identify ETC components that contribute to the sensitivity to PDT. Inhibition of cytochrome bc(1) (Complex III) with antimycin A increases mitochondrial levels of reactive oxygen species. PDT performed following pre-treatment with antimycin A reduced colony forming units (CFU) of C. albicans and C. glabrata by approximately two orders of magnitude relative to PDT alone. A S. cerevisiae mitochondrial glutaredoxin grx5 mutant, defective in assembly of Fe-S clusters critical for Complex III function, displayed increased sensitivity to PDT. Furthermore, C. glabrata and S.cerevisiae mutants in cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) synthesis and assembly were also significantly more sensitive to PDT. These included suv3, encoding an ATP-dependent RNA helicase critical for maturation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit transcripts, and pet117, encoding an essential cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor. Following PDT, the reduction in CFU of these mutants was one to two orders of magnitude greater than in their respective parental strains. The data demonstrate that selective inhibition of ETC Complexes III and IV significantly increases the sensitivity of C. albicans, C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae to PDT sensitized with TMP-1363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeissa Chabrier-Roselló
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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104
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Greetham D, Vickerstaff J, Shenton D, Perrone GG, Dawes IW, Grant CM. Thioredoxins function as deglutathionylase enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 11:3. [PMID: 20074363 PMCID: PMC2836980 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein-SH groups are amongst the most easily oxidized residues in proteins, but irreversible oxidation can be prevented by protein glutathionylation, in which protein-SH groups form mixed disulphides with glutathione. Glutaredoxins and thioredoxins are key oxidoreductases which have been implicated in regulating glutathionylation/deglutathionylation in diverse organisms. Glutaredoxins have been proposed to be the predominant deglutathionylase enzymes in many plant and mammalian species, whereas, thioredoxins have generally been thought to be relatively inefficient in deglutathionylation. Results We show here that the levels of glutathionylated proteins in yeast are regulated in parallel with the growth cycle, and are maximal during stationary phase growth. This increase in glutathionylation is not a response to increased reactive oxygen species generated from the shift to respiratory metabolism, but appears to be a general response to starvation conditions. Our data indicate that glutathionylation levels are constitutively high in all growth phases in thioredoxin mutants and are unaffected in glutaredoxin mutants. We have confirmed that thioredoxins, but not glutaredoxins, catalyse deglutathionylation of model glutathionylated substrates using purified thioredoxin and glutaredoxin proteins. Furthermore, we show that the deglutathionylase activity of thioredoxins is required to reduce the high levels of glutathionylation in stationary phase cells, which occurs as cells exit stationary phase and resume vegetative growth. Conclusions There is increasing evidence that the thioredoxin and glutathione redox systems have overlapping functions and these present data indicate that the thioredoxin system plays a key role in regulating the modification of proteins by the glutathione system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Greetham
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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105
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Oxidative stress responses and lipid peroxidation damage are induced during dehydration in the production of dry active wine yeasts. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 136:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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106
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Sundaram S, Rathinasabapathi B. Transgenic expression of fern Pteris vittata glutaredoxin PvGrx5 in Arabidopsis thaliana increases plant tolerance to high temperature stress and reduces oxidative damage to proteins. PLANTA 2010; 231:361-9. [PMID: 19936779 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A glutaredoxin of the fern Pteris vittata PvGRX5 was previously implicated in arsenic tolerance. Because of possible involvements of glutaredoxins in metabolic adaptations to high temperature stress, transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively expressing PvGRX5 were evaluated for thermotolerance. Homozygous lines expressing PvGRX5 exhibited significantly greater tolerance to high temperature stress than the vector control and wild-type, based upon growth during stress and during recovery from stress, and this was related to leaf glutaredoxin specific activities. Measurements of tissue ion leakage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyl content showed that PvGRX5-expressors were significantly (P < 0.05) less affected by the high temperature treatment compared to wild-type and vector control lines for damage to membranes and proteins. Immunoblots indicated that specific protein bands, carbonylated during the stress treatment in the control lines, were protected in PvGRX5-expressors, thus implicating PvGRX5 in heat tolerance, likely mediated through cellular protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Sundaram
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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107
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Porras P, McDonagh B, Pedrajas JR, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA. Structure and function of yeast glutaredoxin 2 depend on postranslational processing and are related to subcellular distribution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:839-45. [PMID: 20036764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae localizes at 3 different subcellular compartments, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix and outer membrane, as the result of different postranslational processing of one single gene. Having set the mechanism responsible for this remarkable phenomenon, we have now aimed at defining whether this diversity of subcellular localizations correlates with differences in structure and function of the Grx2 isoforms. We have determined the N-terminal sequence of the soluble mitochondrial matrix Grx2 by mass spectrometry and have determined the exact cleavage site by Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase (MPP). As a consequence of this cleavage, the mitochondrial matrix Grx2 isoform possesses a basic tetrapeptide extension at the N-terminus compared to the cytosolic form. A functional relationship to this structural difference is that mitochondrial Grx2 displays a markedly higher activity in the catalysis of GSSG reduction by the mitochondrial dithiol dihydrolipoamide. We have prepared Grx2 mutants affected on key residues inside the presequence to direct the protein to one single cellular compartment; either the cytosol, the mitochondrial membrane or the matrix and have analyzed their functional phenotypes. Strains expressing Grx2 only in the cytosol are equally sensitive to H(2)O(2) as strains lacking the gene, whereas those expressing Grx2 exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix are more resistant. Mutations on key basic residues drastically affect the cellular fate of the protein, showing that evolutionary diversification of Grx2 structural and functional properties are strictly dependent on the sequence of the targeting signal peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Porras
- Max Delbrueck Center, D-13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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108
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Meyer Y, Buchanan BB, Vignols F, Reichheld JP. Thioredoxins and glutaredoxins: unifying elements in redox biology. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 43:335-67. [PMID: 19691428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery as a substrate for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the role of thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) has been largely extended through their regulatory function. Both proteins act by changing the structure and activity of a broad spectrum of target proteins, typically by modifying redox status. Trx and Grx are members of families with multiple and partially redundant genes. The number of genes clearly increased with the appearance of multicellular organisms, in part because of new types of Trx and Grx with orthologs throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. The function of Trx and Grx also broadened as cells achieved increased complexity, especially in the regulation arena. In view of these progressive changes, the ubiquitous distribution of Trx and the wide occurrence of Grx enable these proteins to serve as indicators of the evolutionary history of redox regulation. In so doing, they add a unifying element that links the diverse forms of life to one another in an uninterrupted continuum. It is anticipated that future research will embellish this continuum and further elucidate the properties of these proteins and their impact on biology. The new information will be important not only to our understanding of the role of Trx and Grx in fundamental cell processes but also to future societal benefits as the proteins find new applications in a range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Meyer
- Université de Perpignan, Génome et dévelopement des plantes, CNRS-UP-IRD UMR 5096, F 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France.
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109
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Jeong W, Jung Y, Kim H, Park SJ, Rhee SG. Thioredoxin-related protein 14, a new member of the thioredoxin family with disulfide reductase activity: implication in the redox regulation of TNF-alpha signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1294-303. [PMID: 19628032 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin-related protein 14 (TRP14) is a novel 14-kDa disulfide reductase with two active site Cys residues in its WCPDC motif, which is comparable to the WCGPC motif of thioredoxin (Trx). Although the active site cysteine of TRP14 is sufficiently nucleophilic, its redox potential is similar to that of Trx1, and it receives the electrons from Trx reductase 1 (TrxR1) as does Trx1. TRP14 does not target the same substrate as Trx1, suggesting that TRP14 and Trx1 might act on distinct substrate proteins. Comparison of the crystal structures of TRP14 and Trx1 reveals distinct surface structures in the vicinity of their active sites. Both TRP14 and Trx1 inhibit the pathways of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), mitogen-activated protein kinases, and apoptosis in cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but they appear to do so by acting on target proteins, some of which do not overlap. TRP14 inhibits the TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation to a greater extent than Trx1. The dynein light chain LC8 was identified as a new target of disulfide reductase activity of TRP14, and LC8 was shown to bind IkappaBalpha in a redox-dependent manner, thereby preventing its phosphorylation by IkappaB kinase. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanism by which NF-kappaB activation is regulated through TRP14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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110
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Glutaredoxins: roles in iron homeostasis. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 35:43-52. [PMID: 19811920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins, proteins traditionally involved in redox reactions, are also required for iron-sulfur cluster assembly and haem biosynthesis. These new roles are probably related to the ability of some glutaredoxins to bind labile [2Fe-2S] clusters and to transfer them rapidly and efficiently to acceptor proteins. Recent results point to putative roles for glutaredoxins in the sensing of cellular iron and in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, either as scaffold proteins for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters or as carrier proteins for the transfer of preformed iron-sulfur clusters. Based on prokaryote genome analysis and in vivo studies of iron regulation in yeast, we propose putative new roles and binding partners for glutaredoxins in the assembly of metalloproteins.
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111
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Lee DW, Kaur D, Chinta SJ, Rajagopalan S, Andersen JK. A disruption in iron-sulfur center biogenesis via inhibition of mitochondrial dithiol glutaredoxin 2 may contribute to mitochondrial and cellular iron dysregulation in mammalian glutathione-depleted dopaminergic cells: implications for Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2083-94. [PMID: 19290777 PMCID: PMC2819798 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by early glutathione depletion in the substantia nigra (SN). Among its various functions in the cell, glutathione acts as a substrate for the mitochondrial enzyme glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2). Grx2 is involved in glutathionylation of protein cysteine sulfhydryl residues in the mitochondria. Although monothiol glutathione-dependent oxidoreductases (Grxs) have previously been demonstrated to be involved in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) center biogenesis, including that in yeast, here we report data suggesting the involvement of mitochondrial Grx2, a dithiol Grx, in iron-sulfur biogenesis in a mammalian dopaminergic cell line. Given that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased cellular iron levels are two important hallmarks of PD, this suggests a novel potential mechanism by which glutathione depletion may affect these processes in dopaminergic neurons. We report that depletion of glutathione as substrate results in a dose-dependent Grx2 inhibition and decreased iron incorporation into a mitochondrial complex I (CI) and aconitase (m-aconitase). Mitochondrial Grx2 inhibition through siRNA results in a corresponding decrease in CI and m-aconitase activities. It also results in significant increases in iron-regulatory protein (IRP) binding, likely as a consequence of conversion of Fe-S-containing cellular aconitase to its non-Fe-S-containing IRP1 form. This is accompanied by increased transferrin receptor, decreased ferritin, and subsequent increases in mitochondrial iron levels. This suggests that glutathione depletion may affect important pathologic cellular events associated with PD through its effects on Grx2 activity and mitochondrial Fe-S biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna W Lee
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA
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112
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Couturier J, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N. Evolution and diversity of glutaredoxins in photosynthetic organisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2539-57. [PMID: 19506802 PMCID: PMC11115520 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequencing of prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms enables a comparative genomic study of the glutaredoxin (Grx) family. The analysis of 58 genomes, using a specific motif composed of the active site sequence and of amino acids involved in glutathione binding, led to an updated classification of Grxs into six classes. Only two classes (I and II) are common to all photosynthetic organisms. Eukaryotes and cyanobacteria have two specific Grx classes (classes III and IV and classes V and VI, respectively). The classes IV, V and VI have not yet been identified and contain multimodular Grx fusions. In addition, putative Grx partners were identified from the presence of fusion proteins, the conservation of gene order in bacterial operons, and the gene co-occurrence. The genes encoding class II Grxs and BolA/YrbA proteins are frequently adjacent, in the same transcriptional orientation in prokaryote genomes and present in the same organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Couturier
- Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, IFR 110 Génomique Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Jacquot
- Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, IFR 110 Génomique Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, IFR 110 Génomique Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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113
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Lewinska A, Bilinski T, Bartosz G. Limited Effectiveness of Antioxidants in the Protection of Yeast Defective in Antioxidant Proteins. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:1159-65. [PMID: 15621692 DOI: 10.1080/10715760400009860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy of several antioxidants in the protection of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants deficient in CuZnSOD and deficient in glutaredoxin 5 to growth restriction induced by oxidants was studied. Ascorbate and glutathione protected the Deltasod1 and Deltagrx5 mutants against the effects of t-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide, Deltasod1 mutants against oxytetracycline and Deltagrx5 mutants against menadione and 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane). However, Tempol, Trolox and melatonin were much less effective, showing prooxidative effects and, at high concentrations, hampering the growth of the mutants in the absence of exogenous oxidants. These results point to a complication of cellular effects of antioxidants by their prooxidative effects and to the usefulness of cellular tests to evaluate the biological effectiveness of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszów, ul. Cegielniana 12, PL 35-595 Rzeszów, Poland
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114
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McDonagh B, Ogueta S, Lasarte G, Padilla CA, Bárcena JA. Shotgun redox proteomics identifies specifically modified cysteines in key metabolic enzymes under oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Proteomics 2009; 72:677-89. [PMID: 19367685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational redox modification of thiol groups can form the molecular basis of antioxidative protection and redox control. We have implemented a shotgun redox proteomic technique to identify the precise cysteines reversibly oxidised in key proteins. The method was applied to Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjected to peroxide treatment. Enrichment by covalent redox affinity chromatography allowed the isolation of a "redox subpeptidome" that was analysed by LC-MS/MS. Unique peptides containing specific reversibly oxidised cysteines were used to identify over 70 proteins in control and treated samples of which 27 were consistently present in all replicates. In most cases, the redox modification negatively affects their function and slows down their metabolic pathways. Integration of the data provides a snapshot consistent with a metabolic defensive strategy, regulating key enzymes by redox modification, redirecting energy toward ribulose-5-phosphate recycling for NADPH production and antioxidative defence.This generally applicable method has allowed us to discover new redox regulated proteins (DAHP and carbamoylphosphate synthases, Doa1p) and to precisely identify target cysteines in a number of known ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McDonagh
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
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115
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Dittami SM, Scornet D, Petit JL, Ségurens B, Da Silva C, Corre E, Dondrup M, Glatting KH, König R, Sterck L, Rouzé P, Van de Peer Y, Cock JM, Boyen C, Tonon T. Global expression analysis of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus (Phaeophyceae) reveals large-scale reprogramming of the transcriptome in response to abiotic stress. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R66. [PMID: 19531237 PMCID: PMC2718500 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are phylogenetically distant from red and green algae and an important component of the coastal ecosystem. They have developed unique mechanisms that allow them to inhabit the intertidal zone, an environment with high levels of abiotic stress. Ectocarpus siliculosus is being established as a genetic and genomic model for the brown algal lineage, but little is known about its response to abiotic stress. RESULTS Here we examine the transcriptomic changes that occur during the short-term acclimation of E. siliculosus to three different abiotic stress conditions (hyposaline, hypersaline and oxidative stress). Our results show that almost 70% of the expressed genes are regulated in response to at least one of these stressors. Although there are several common elements with terrestrial plants, such as repression of growth-related genes, switching from primary production to protein and nutrient recycling processes, and induction of genes involved in vesicular trafficking, many of the stress-regulated genes are either not known to respond to stress in other organisms or are have been found exclusively in E. siliculosus. CONCLUSIONS This first large-scale transcriptomic study of a brown alga demonstrates that, unlike terrestrial plants, E. siliculosus undergoes extensive reprogramming of its transcriptome during the acclimation to mild abiotic stress. We identify several new genes and pathways with a putative function in the stress response and thus pave the way for more detailed investigations of the mechanisms underlying the stress tolerance of brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Dittami
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Delphine Scornet
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- CEA, DSV, Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France
- CNRS, UMR 8030 Génomique métabolique des genomes, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, UMR 8030 Génomique métabolique des genomes, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Béatrice Ségurens
- CEA, DSV, Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France
- CNRS, UMR 8030 Génomique métabolique des genomes, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, UMR 8030 Génomique métabolique des genomes, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- CEA, DSV, Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France
- CNRS, UMR 8030 Génomique métabolique des genomes, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, UMR 8030 Génomique métabolique des genomes, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- SIG-FR 2424 CNRS UPMC, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), University of Bielefeld, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Glatting
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lieven Sterck
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Rouzé
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Mark Cock
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Catherine Boyen
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Thierry Tonon
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7139 Végétaux marins et Biomolécules, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
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116
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Wang Y, He YX, Yu J, Zhou CZ. Cloning, overproduction, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of yeast glutaredoxin Grx5. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:651-3. [PMID: 19478456 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109018417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Grx5 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a monothiol glutaredoxin that is involved in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Here, yeast Grx5 was cloned and overproduced in Escherichia coli. The purified protein was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Diffraction data for Grx5 were collected to 1.67 A resolution. The crystal of Grx5 belonged to space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 85.12, c = 48.95 A, alpha = beta = 90.00, gamma = 120.00 degrees .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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117
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Linares GR, Xing W, Govoni KE, Chen ST, Mohan S. Glutaredoxin 5 regulates osteoblast apoptosis by protecting against oxidative stress. Bone 2009; 44:795-804. [PMID: 19442627 PMCID: PMC4683083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence which suggests an important role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. However, little is known on the molecular components of the oxidative stress pathway or their functions in bone. In this study, we evaluated the role and mechanism of action of glutaredoxin (Grx) 5, a protein that is highly expressed in bone. Osteoblasts were transfected with Grx5 siRNA and treated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Grx5 siRNA treatment increased apoptosis while Grx5 overexpression protected MC3T3-E1 cells against H(2)O(2) induced apoptosis and ROS formation. Grx5 deficiency results in impaired biogenesis of Fe-S cluster in yeast. Accordingly, activity of mitochondrial aconitase, whose activity is dependent on Fe-S cluster, decreased in Grx5 siRNA treated cells. Since reduced formation of Fe-S cluster would lead to increased level of free iron, a competitive inhibitor of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), we measured MnSOD activity in Grx5 deficient osteoblasts and found MnSOD activity was significantly reduced. The consequence of long term inhibition of Grx5 on osteoblast apoptosis was evaluated using lentiviral shRNA technology. Grx5 shRNA cells exhibited higher caspase activity and cardiolipin oxidation in the presence of H(2)O(2). MnSOD activity was rescued by the addition of MnCl(2) to Grx5 shRNA osteoblasts in the presence of H(2)O(2). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Grx5 is an important determinant of osteoblast apoptosis and acts via a molecular pathway that involves regulation of ROS production, cardiolipin oxidation, caspase activity, Fe-S cluster formation, and MnSOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Linares
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
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118
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Gallogly MM, Starke DW, Mieyal JJ. Mechanistic and kinetic details of catalysis of thiol-disulfide exchange by glutaredoxins and potential mechanisms of regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1059-81. [PMID: 19119916 PMCID: PMC2842129 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are small, heat-stable proteins that exhibit a characteristic thioredoxin fold and a CXXC/S active-site motif. A variety of glutathione (GSH)-dependent catalytic activities have been attributed to the glutaredoxins, including reduction of ribonucleotide reductase, arsenate, and dehydroascorbate; assembly of iron sulfur cluster complexes; and protein glutathionylation and deglutathionylation. Catalysis of reversible protein glutathionylation by glutaredoxins has been implicated in regulation of redox signal transduction and sulfhydryl homeostasis in numerous contexts in health and disease. This forum review is presented in two parts. Part I is focused primarily on the mechanism of the deglutathionylation reaction catalyzed by prototypical dithiol glutaredoxins, especially human Grx1 and Grx2. Grx-catalyzed protein deglutathionylation proceeds by a nucleophilic, double-displacement mechanism in which rate enhancement is attributed to special reactivity of the low pK(a) cysteine at its active site, and to increased nucleophilicity of the second substrate, GSH. Glutaredoxins (and Grx domains) have been identified in most organisms, and many exhibit deglutathionylation or other activities or both. Further characterization according to glutathionyl selectivity, physiological substrates, and intracellular roles may lead to subclassification of this family of enzymes. Part II presents potential mechanisms for in vivo regulation of Grx activity, providing avenues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Gallogly
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA
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119
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Couturier J, Koh CS, Zaffagnini M, Winger AM, Gualberto JM, Corbier C, Decottignies P, Jacquot JP, Lemaire SD, Didierjean C, Rouhier N. Structure-function relationship of the chloroplastic glutaredoxin S12 with an atypical WCSYS active site. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9299-310. [PMID: 19158074 PMCID: PMC2666582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807998200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are efficient catalysts for the reduction of mixed disulfides in glutathionylated proteins, using glutathione or thioredoxin reductases for their regeneration. Using GFP fusion, we have shown that poplar GrxS12, which possesses a monothiol (28)WCSYS(32) active site, is localized in chloroplasts. In the presence of reduced glutathione, the recombinant protein is able to reduce in vitro substrates, such as hydroxyethyldisulfide and dehydroascorbate, and to regenerate the glutathionylated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Although the protein possesses two conserved cysteines, it is functioning through a monothiol mechanism, the conserved C terminus cysteine (Cys(87)) being dispensable, since the C87S variant is fully active in all activity assays. Biochemical and crystallographic studies revealed that Cys(87) exhibits a certain reactivity, since its pK(a) is around 5.6. Coupled with thiol titration, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry analyses, the resolution of poplar GrxS12 x-ray crystal structure shows that the only oxidation state is a glutathionylated derivative of the active site cysteine (Cys(29)) and that the enzyme does not form inter- or intramolecular disulfides. Contrary to some plant Grxs, GrxS12 does not incorporate an iron-sulfur cluster in its wild-type form, but when the active site is mutated into YCSYS, it binds a [2Fe-2S] cluster, indicating that the single Trp residue prevents this incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Couturier
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 UHP-INRA Interaction Arbres-Microorganismes, IFR 110 GEEF, Nancy Université, Faculté des Sciences, 54506 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
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120
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The glutathione/glutaredoxin system is essential for arsenate reduction in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:3534-43. [PMID: 19304854 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01798-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic resistance in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is mediated by an operon of three genes in which arsC codes for an arsenate reductase with unique characteristics. Here we describe the identification of two additional and nearly identical genes coding for arsenate reductases in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, which we have designed arsI1 and arsI2, and the biochemical characterization of both ArsC (arsenate reductase) and ArsI. Functional analysis of single, double, and triple mutants shows that both ArsI enzymes are active arsenate reductases but that their roles in arsenate resistance are essential only in the absence of ArsC. Based on its biochemical properties, ArsC belongs to a family that, though related to thioredoxin-dependent arsenate reductases, uses the glutathione/glutaredoxin system for reduction, whereas ArsI belongs to the previously known glutaredoxin-dependent family. We have also analyzed the role in arsenate resistance of the three glutaredoxins present in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 both in vitro and in vivo. Only the dithiolic glutaredoxins, GrxA (glutaredoxin A) and GrxB (glutaredoxin B), are able to donate electrons to both types of reductases in vitro, while GrxC (glutaredoxin C), a monothiolic glutaredoxin, is unable to donate electrons to either type. Analysis of glutaredoxin mutant strains revealed that only those lacking the grxA gene have impaired arsenic resistance.
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121
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Seitomer E, Balar B, He D, Copeland PR, Kinzy TG. Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae null allele strains identifies a larger role for DNA damage versus oxidative stress pathways in growth inhibition by selenium. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 52:1305-15. [PMID: 18496816 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Selenium toxicity is a growing environmental concern due to widespread availability of high-dose selenium supplements and the development of high-selenium agricultural drainage basins. To begin to analyze the effects of selenium toxicity at the genetic level, we have systematically determined which genes are involved in responding to high environmental selenium using a collection of viable haploid null allele strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae representing three major stress pathways: the RAD9-dependent DNA repair pathway, the RAD6/RAD18 DNA damage tolerance pathway, and the oxidative stress pathway. A total of 53 null allele strains were tested for growth defects in the presence of a range of sodium selenite and selenomethionine (SeMet) concentrations. Our results show that approximately 64-72% of the strains lacking RAD9-dependent DNA repair or RAD6/RAD18 DNA damage tolerance pathway genes show reduced growth in sodium selenite versus approximately 28-36% in SeMet. Interestingly both compounds reduced growth in approximately 21-25% of the strains lacking oxidative stress genes. These data suggest that both selenite and SeMet are likely inducing DNA damage by generating reactive species. The anticipated effects of loss of components of the oxidative stress pathway were not observed, likely due to apparent redundancies in these gene products that may keep the damaging effects in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Seitomer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, NJ 08854-5635, USA
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122
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Eckers E, Bien M, Stroobant V, Herrmann JM, Deponte M. Biochemical Characterization of Dithiol Glutaredoxin 8 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The Catalytic Redox Mechanism Redux. Biochemistry 2009; 48:1410-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bi801859b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eckers
- Butenandt Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Bien
- Butenandt Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Butenandt Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johannes M. Herrmann
- Butenandt Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Butenandt Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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123
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Discola KF, de Oliveira MA, Rosa Cussiol JR, Monteiro G, Bárcena JA, Porras P, Padilla CA, Guimarães BG, Netto LES. Structural Aspects of the Distinct Biochemical Properties of Glutaredoxin 1 and Glutaredoxin 2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 2009; 385:889-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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124
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Herrero E, Ros J, Bellí G, Cabiscol E. Redox control and oxidative stress in yeast cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1217-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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125
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Lillig CH, Berndt C, Holmgren A. Glutaredoxin systems. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1304-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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126
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Comini MA, Rettig J, Dirdjaja N, Hanschmann EM, Berndt C, Krauth-Siegel RL. Monothiol Glutaredoxin-1 Is an Essential Iron-Sulfur Protein in the Mitochondrion of African Trypanosomes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27785-27798. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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127
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A role for yeast glutaredoxin genes in selenite-mediated oxidative stress. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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128
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Tripathi T, Rahlfs S, Becker K, Bhakuni V. Structural and stability characteristics of a monothiol glutaredoxin: Glutaredoxin-like protein 1 from Plasmodium falciparum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:946-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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129
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Morel M, Kohler A, Martin F, Gelhaye E, Rouhier N. Comparison of the thiol-dependent antioxidant systems in the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor and the saprotrophic Phanerochaete chrysosporium. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:391-407. [PMID: 18513221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing of the Laccaria bicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium genomes, together with the availability of many fungal genomes, allow careful comparison to be made of these two basidiomycetes, which possess a different way of life (either symbiotic or saprophytic), with other fungi. Central to the antioxidant systems are superoxide dismutases, catalases and thiol-dependent peroxidases (Tpx). The two reducing systems (thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione/glutaredoxin (Grx)) are of particular importance against oxidative insults, both for detoxification, through the regeneration of thiol-peroxidases, and for developmental, physiological and signalling processes. Among those thiol-dependent antioxidant systems, special emphasis is given to the redoxin and methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) multigenic families. The genes coding for these enzymes were identified in the L. bicolor and P. chrysosporium genomes, were correctly annotated, and the gene content, organization and distribution were compared with other fungi. Expression of the Laccaria genes was also compiled from microarray data. A complete classification, based essentially on gene structure, on phylogenetic and sequence analysis, and on existing experimental data, was proposed. Comparison of the gene content of fungi from all phyla did not show huge differences for multigenic families in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification network, although some protein subgroups were absent in some fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Morel
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes INRA/Nancy Université, IFR 110 Génomique Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Fonctionnelles. Faculté des Sciences BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes INRA/Nancy Université, IFR 110 Génomique Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Fonctionnelles. Faculté des Sciences BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Francis Martin
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes INRA/Nancy Université, IFR 110 Génomique Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Fonctionnelles. Faculté des Sciences BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes INRA/Nancy Université, IFR 110 Génomique Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Fonctionnelles. Faculté des Sciences BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes INRA/Nancy Université, IFR 110 Génomique Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Fonctionnelles. Faculté des Sciences BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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130
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx6 and Grx7 are monothiol glutaredoxins associated with the early secretory pathway. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1415-26. [PMID: 18503006 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00133-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx6 and Grx7 are two monothiol glutaredoxins whose active-site sequences (CSYS and CPYS, respectively) are reminiscent of the CPYC active-site sequence of classical dithiol glutaredoxins. Both proteins contain an N-terminal transmembrane domain which is responsible for their association to membranes of the early secretory pathway vesicles, facing the luminal side. Thus, Grx6 localizes at the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments, while Grx7 is mostly at the Golgi. Expression of GRX6 is modestly upregulated by several stresses (calcium, sodium, and peroxides) in a manner dependent on the Crz1-calcineurin pathway. Some of these stresses also upregulate GRX7 expression under the control of the Msn2/4 transcription factor. The N glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin induces the expression of both genes along with protein accumulation. Mutants lacking both glutaredoxins display reduced sensitivity to tunicamycin, although the drug is still able to manifest its inhibitory effect on a reporter glycoprotein. Grx6 and Grx7 have measurable oxidoreductase activity in vivo, which is increased in the presence of tunicamycin. Both glutaredoxins could be responsible for the regulation of the sulfhydryl oxidative state at the oxidant conditions of the early secretory pathway vesicles. However, the differences in location and expression responses against stresses suggest that their functions are not totally overlapping.
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131
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Yu J, Zhang NN, Yin PD, Cui PX, Zhou CZ. Glutathionylation-triggered conformational changes of glutaredoxin Grx1 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins 2008; 72:1077-83. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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132
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Silva GM, Netto LES, Discola KF, Piassa-Filho GM, Pimenta DC, Bárcena JA, Demasi M. Role of glutaredoxin 2 and cytosolic thioredoxins in cysteinyl-based redox modification of the 20S proteasome. FEBS J 2008; 275:2942-55. [PMID: 18435761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The yeast 20S proteasome is subject to sulfhydryl redox alterations, such as the oxidation of cysteine residues (Cys-SH) into cysteine sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH), followed by S-glutathionylation (Cys-S-SG). Proteasome S-glutathionylation promotes partial loss of chymotrypsin-like activity and post-acidic cleavage without alteration of the trypsin-like proteasomal activity. Here we show that the 20S proteasome purified from stationary-phase cells was natively S-glutathionylated. Moreover, recombinant glutaredoxin 2 removes glutathione from natively or in vitro S-glutathionylated 20S proteasome, allowing the recovery of chymotrypsin-like activity and post-acidic cleavage. Glutaredoxin 2 deglutathionylase activity was dependent on its entry into the core particle, as demonstrated by stimulating S-glutathionylated proteasome opening. Under these conditions, deglutathionylation of the 20S proteasome and glutaredoxin 2 degradation were increased when compared to non-stimulated samples. Glutaredoxin 2 fragmentation by the 20S proteasome was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, and S-glutathionylation was evaluated by either western blot analyses with anti-glutathione IgG or by spectrophotometry with the thiol reactant 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. It was also observed in vivo that glutaredoxin 2 was ubiquitinated in cellular extracts of yeast cells grown in glucose-containing medium. Other cytoplasmic oxido-reductases, namely thioredoxins 1 and 2, were also active in 20S proteasome deglutathionylation by a similar mechanism. These results indicate for the first time that 20S proteasome cysteinyl redox modification is a regulated mechanism coupled to enzymatic deglutathionylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo M Silva
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, São Paulo, Brazil, and Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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133
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Vlamis-Gardikas A. The multiple functions of the thiol-based electron flow pathways of Escherichia coli: Eternal concepts revisited. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1170-200. [PMID: 18423382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron flow via thiols is a theme with many variations in all kingdoms of life. The favourable physichochemical properties of the redox active couple of two cysteines placed in the optimised environment of the thioredoxin fold allow for two electron transfers in between top biological reductants and ultimate oxidants. The reduction of ribonucleotide reductases by thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was one of the first pathways to be elucidated. Diverse functions such as protein folding in the periplasm, maturation of respiratory enzymes, detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and prevention of oxidative damage may be based on two electron transfers via thiols. A growing field is the relation of thiol reducing pathways and the interaction of E. coli with different organisms. This concept combined with the sequencing of the genomes of different bacteria may allow for the identification of fine differences in the systems employing thiols for electron flow between pathogens and their corresponding mammalian hosts. The emerging possibility is the development of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios Vlamis-Gardikas
- Center of Basic Research I-Biochemistry Division, Biomedical Research Foundation (BRFAA), Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, GR-11527 Athens, Greece.
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134
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Chloroplast monothiol glutaredoxins as scaffold proteins for the assembly and delivery of [2Fe-2S] clusters. EMBO J 2008; 27:1122-33. [PMID: 18354500 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small oxidoreductases that reduce disulphide bonds or protein-glutathione mixed disulphides. More than 30 distinct grx genes are expressed in higher plants, but little is currently known concerning their functional diversity. This study presents biochemical and spectroscopic evidence for incorporation of a [2Fe-2S] cluster in two heterologously expressed chloroplastic Grxs, GrxS14 and GrxS16, and in vitro cysteine desulphurase-mediated assembly of an identical [2Fe-2S] cluster in apo-GrxS14. These Grxs possess the same monothiol CGFS active site as yeast Grx5 and both were able to complement a yeast grx5 mutant defective in Fe-S cluster assembly. In vitro kinetic studies monitored by CD spectroscopy indicate that [2Fe-2S] clusters on GrxS14 are rapidly and quantitatively transferred to apo chloroplast ferredoxin. These data demonstrate that chloroplast CGFS Grxs have the potential to function as scaffold proteins for the assembly of [2Fe-2S] clusters that can be transferred intact to physiologically relevant acceptor proteins. Alternatively, they may function in the storage and/or delivery of preformed Fe-S clusters or in the regulation of the chloroplastic Fe-S cluster assembly machinery.
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135
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Krauth-Siegel RL, Comini MA. Redox control in trypanosomatids, parasitic protozoa with trypanothione-based thiol metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1236-48. [PMID: 18395526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes and leishmania, the causative agents of several tropical diseases, possess a unique redox metabolism which is based on trypanothione. The bis(glutathionyl)spermidine is the central thiol that delivers electrons for the synthesis of DNA precursors, the detoxification of hydroperoxides and other trypanothione-dependent pathways. Many of the reactions are mediated by tryparedoxin, a distant member of the thioredoxin protein family. Trypanothione is kept reduced by the parasite-specific flavoenzyme trypanothione reductase. Since glutathione reductases and thioredoxin reductases are missing, the reaction catalyzed by trypanothione reductase represents the only connection between the NADPH- and the thiol-based redox metabolisms. Thus, cellular thiol redox homeostasis is maintained by the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione. Nearly all proteins of the parasite-specific trypanothione metabolism have proved to be essential.
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136
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Abstract
The oxidizing nature of the extracellular environment is vastly different from the highly reducing nature of the intracellular compartment. The redox potential of the cytosolic compartment of the intracellular environment limits disulfide bond formation, whereas the oxidizing extracellular environment contains proteins rich in disulfide bonds. If not for an extracellular antioxidant system to eliminate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation would become excessive, resulting in cellular damage. Many reviews have focused on the role of intracellular antioxidants in the elimination of oxidative stress, but this one will focus on the coordinated action of both intracellular and extracellular antioxidants in limiting cellular oxidant stress.
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137
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Berndt C, Lillig CH, Holmgren A. Thioredoxins and glutaredoxins as facilitators of protein folding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:641-50. [PMID: 18331844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase systems of bacterial cytoplasm and eukaryotic cytosol favor reducing conditions and protein thiol groups, while bacterial periplasm and eukaryotic endoplasmatic reticulum provide oxidizing conditions and a machinery for disulfide bond formation in the secretory pathway. Oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin fold superfamily catalyze steps in oxidative protein folding via protein-protein interactions and covalent catalysis to act as chaperones and isomerases of disulfides to generate a native fold. The active site dithiol/disulfide of thioredoxin fold proteins is CXXC where variations of the residues inside the disulfide ring are known to increase the redox potential like in protein disulfide isomerases. In the catalytic mechanism thioredoxin fold proteins bind to target proteins through conserved backbone-backbone hydrogen bonds and induce conformational changes of the target disulfide followed by nucleophilic attack by the N-terminally located low pK(a) Cys residue. This generates a mixed disulfide covalent bond which subsequently is resolved by attack from the C-terminally located Cys residue. This review will focus on two members of the thioredoxin superfamily of proteins known to be crucial for maintaining a reduced intracellular redox state, thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, and their potential functions as facilitators and regulators of protein folding and chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- The Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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138
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Cheng NH. AtGRX4, an Arabidopsis chloroplastic monothiol glutaredoxin, is able to suppress yeast grx5 mutant phenotypes and respond to oxidative stress. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:848-54. [PMID: 18275854 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis monothiol glutaredoxin (Grx), AtGRX4, was targeted to chloroplasts/plastids and had high similarity to yeast Grx5. In yeast expression assays, AtGRX4 localized to the mitochondria and suppressed the sensitivity of grx5 cells to oxidants. In addition, AtGRX4 reduced iron accumulation and rescued the lysine auxotrophy of grx5 cells. In planta, AtGRX4 RNA transcripts accumulated in growing tissues. Furthermore, AtGRX4expression was altered under various stresses. Genetic analysis revealed that seedlings of atgrx4 mutants were sensitive to oxidants. Taken together, these results suggest that AtGRX4 may have important functions in plant growth and development under extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Hui Cheng
- Plant Physiology Group, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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139
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Gomes DS, Pereira MD, Panek AD, Andrade LR, Eleutherio ECA. Apoptosis as a mechanism for removal of mutated cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The role of Grx2 under cadmium exposure. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:160-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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140
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Abstract
Parenteral nutrition is a life-saving treatment for patients who have acute and chronic intestinal failure. Severe cholestasis induced by total parental nutrition (TPN-IC) is characterized by bile duct regeneration, portal inflammation, and fibrosis. Its progression could be very rapid, and in some patients liver cirrhosis may develop in few months. This article describes the definition, incidence, hepatic changes, histopathologic findings, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical implications of TPN-IC. The goal is to improve hospital and home management, quality of life, and prognosis of patients requiring parenteral nutrition.
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141
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Cloning, functional analysis, and mitochondrial localization of Trypanosoma brucei monothiol glutaredoxin-1. Biol Chem 2008; 389:21-32. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAfrican trypanosomes encode three monothiol glutaredoxins (1-C-Grx1 to 3). 1-C-Grx1 has a putative CAYS active site and Cys181 as single additional cysteine. The recombinant protein forms non-covalent homodimers. As observed for other monothiol glutaredoxins,Trypanosoma brucei1-C-Grx1 was not active in the glutaredoxin assay with hydroxyethyl disulfide and glutathione nor catalyzed the reduction of insulin disulfide. In addition, it lacked peroxidase activity and did not catalyze protein (de)glutathionylation. Upon oxidation, 1-C-Grx1 forms an intramolecular disulfide bridge and, to a minor degree, covalent dimers. Both disulfide forms are reduced by the parasite trypanothione/tryparedoxin system. 1-C-Grx1 shows mitochondrial localization. The total cellular concentration is at least 5 μm. Thus, 1-C-Grx1 is an abundant protein especially in the rudimentary organelle of the mammalian form of the parasite. Expression of 1-C-Grx1 in Grx5-deficient yeast cells with its authentic presequence targeted the protein to the mitochondria and partially restored the growth phenotype and aconitase activity of the mutant, and conferred resistance against hydroperoxides and diamide. The parasite Grx2 and 3 failed to substitute for Grx5. This is surprising because even bacterial and plant 1-Cys-glutaredoxins efficiently revert the defects, and may be due to the lack of two basic residues conserved in all but the trypanosomatid proteins.
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142
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Sundaram S, Rathinasabapathi B, Ma LQ, Rosen BP. An arsenate-activated glutaredoxin from the arsenic hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata L. regulates intracellular arsenite. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:6095-101. [PMID: 18156657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms of arsenic resistance in the arsenic hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata L., a cDNA for a glutaredoxin (Grx) Pv5-6 was isolated from a frond expression cDNA library based on the ability of the cDNA to increase arsenic resistance in Escherichia coli. The deduced amino acid sequence of Pv5-6 showed high homology with an Arabidopsis chloroplastic Grx and contained two CXXS putative catalytic motifs. Purified recombinant Pv5-6 exhibited glutaredoxin activity that was increased 1.6-fold by 10 mm arsenate. Site-specific mutation of Cys(67) to Ala(67) resulted in the loss of both GRX activity and arsenic resistance. PvGrx5 was expressed in E. coli mutants in which the arsenic resistance genes of the ars operon were deleted (strain AW3110), a deletion of the gene for the ArsC arsenate reductase (strain WC3110), and a strain in which the ars operon was deleted and the gene for the GlpF aquaglyceroporin was disrupted (strain OSBR1). Expression of PvGrx5 increased arsenic tolerance in strains AW3110 and WC3110, but not in OSBR1, suggesting that PvGrx5 had a role in cellular arsenic resistance independent of the ars operon genes but dependent on GlpF. AW3110 cells expressing PvGrx5 had significantly lower levels of arsenite when compared with vector controls when cultured in medium containing 2.5 mm arsenate. Our results are consistent with PvGrx5 having a role in regulating intracellular arsenite levels, by either directly or indirectly modulating the aquaglyceroporin. To our knowledge, PvGrx5 is the first plant Grx implicated in arsenic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Sundaram
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA
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143
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Ralser M, Wamelink MM, Kowald A, Gerisch B, Heeren G, Struys EA, Klipp E, Jakobs C, Breitenbach M, Lehrach H, Krobitsch S. Dynamic rerouting of the carbohydrate flux is key to counteracting oxidative stress. J Biol 2007; 6:10. [PMID: 18154684 PMCID: PMC2373902 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic cells have evolved various response mechanisms to counteract the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress. Among these processes, metabolic alterations seem to play an important role. RESULTS We recently discovered that yeast cells with reduced activity of the key glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase exhibit an increased resistance to the thiol-oxidizing reagent diamide. Here we show that this phenotype is conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans and that the underlying mechanism is based on a redirection of the metabolic flux from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway, altering the redox equilibrium of the cytoplasmic NADP(H) pool. Remarkably, another key glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), is known to be inactivated in response to various oxidant treatments, and we show that this provokes a similar redirection of the metabolic flux. CONCLUSION The naturally occurring inactivation of GAPDH functions as a metabolic switch for rerouting the carbohydrate flux to counteract oxidative stress. As a consequence, altering the homoeostasis of cytoplasmic metabolites is a fundamental mechanism for balancing the redox state of eukaryotic cells under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ralser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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144
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Vujcic M, Shroff M, Singh KK. Genetic determinants of mitochondrial response to arsenic in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9740-9. [PMID: 17942904 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have used yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool to identify the importance of mitochondrial processes involved in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity in humans. We screened 466 single-gene knockout strains of yeast S. cerevisiae known to be involved in biogenesis of mitochondria for sodium arsenite (AsIII) and sodium arsenate (AsV) sensitivity. We identified 72 arsenite-sensitive and 81 arsenate-sensitive mutants. We categorized the identified mutants based on the various mitochondrial processes, including nucleic acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis, and vacuolar acidification. We have identified 65 human orthologues to proteins involved in arsenite sensitivity and 3 human orthologues to arsenite resistance. Furthermore, 23 human orthologues to arsenate sensitivity and 20 human orthologues to arsenate-resistant proteins, including MSH3, COX10, GCSH, PPOX, and MTHFD1, were also identified. Using PathwayAssist software, we did cellular network analysis between identified mitochondrial proteins. Three types of interactions, (a) protein-protein interactions, (b) common transcriptional regulators, and (c) common target genes, were identified. We found that RTG (retrograde) genes involved in mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling regulate both arsenite sensitivity and resistance. Furthermore, our study revealed that ABF1, a multifunctional transcriptional factor, regulates genes involved in both arsenite and arsenate sensitivity and resistance. However, REB1 and RAP1 transcriptional regulators were common to only arsenate- and arsenite-sensitive genes, respectively. These studies indicate that multiple pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis protect yeast S. cerevisiae from arsenic-induced toxicity. Together, our studies suggest that evolutionary conserved mitochondrial networks identified in yeast S. cerevisiae must play an important role in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vujcic
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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145
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Reverter-Branchat G, Cabiscol E, Tamarit J, Sorolla MA, Ángeles de la Torre M, Ros J. Chronological and replicative life-span extension in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by increased dosage of alcohol dehydrogenase 1. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:3667-3676. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/009340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reverter-Branchat
- Bioquímica de l'Estrès Oxidatiu, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - Elisa Cabiscol
- Bioquímica de l'Estrès Oxidatiu, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - Jordi Tamarit
- Bioquímica de l'Estrès Oxidatiu, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - M. Alba Sorolla
- Bioquímica de l'Estrès Oxidatiu, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles de la Torre
- Bioquímica de l'Estrès Oxidatiu, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ros
- Bioquímica de l'Estrès Oxidatiu, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
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146
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Gessler NN, Aver’yanov AA, Belozerskaya TA. Reactive oxygen species in regulation of fungal development. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:1091-109. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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147
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Belozerskaya TA, Gessler NN. Reactive oxygen species and the strategy of antioxidant defense in fungi: A review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807050031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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148
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Camaschella C, Campanella A, De Falco L, Boschetto L, Merlini R, Silvestri L, Levi S, Iolascon A. The human counterpart of zebrafish shiraz shows sideroblastic-like microcytic anemia and iron overload. Blood 2007; 110:1353-8. [PMID: 17485548 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-072520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Inherited microcytic-hypochromic anemias in rodents and zebrafish suggest the existence of corresponding human disorders. The zebrafish mutant shiraz has severe anemia and is embryonically lethal because of glutaredoxin 5 (GRLX5) deletion, insufficient biogenesis of mitochondrial iron-sulfur (Fe/S) clusters, and deregulated iron-regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) activity. This leads to stabilization of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR) RNA, repression of ferritin, and ALA-synthase 2 (ALAS2) translation with impaired heme synthesis. We report the first case of GLRX5 deficiency in a middle-aged anemic male with iron overload and a low number of ringed sideroblasts. Anemia was worsened by blood transfusions but partially reversed by iron chelation. The patient had a homozygous (c.294A>G) mutation that interferes with intron 1 splicing and drastically reduces GLRX5 RNA. As in shiraz, aconitase and H-ferritin levels were low and TfR level was high in the patient's cells, compatible with increased IRP1 binding. Based on the biochemical and clinical phenotype, we hypothesize that IRP2, less degraded by low heme, contributes to the repression of the erythroblasts ferritin and ALAS2, increasing mitochondrial iron. Iron chelation, redistributing iron to the cytosol, might relieve IRP2 excess, improving heme synthesis and anemia. GLRX5 function is highly conserved, but at variance with zebrafish, its defect in humans leads to anemia and iron overload.
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149
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Funato Y, Miki H. Nucleoredoxin, a novel thioredoxin family member involved in cell growth and differentiation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1035-57. [PMID: 17567240 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRX) family proteins are involved in various biologic processes by regulating the response to oxidative stress. Nucleoredoxin (NRX), a relatively uncharacterized member of the TRX family protein, has recently been reported to regulate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, which itself regulates cell fate and early development, in a redox-dependent manner. In this review, we describe the TRX family proteins and discuss in detail the similarities and differences between NRX and other TRX family proteins. Although NRX possesses a conserved TRX domain and a catalytic motif for oxidoreductase activity, its sequence homology to TRX is not as high as that of the close relatives of TRX. The sequence of NRX is more similar to that of tryparedoxin (TryX), a TRX family member originally identified in parasite trypanosomes. We also discuss the reported properties and potential physiologic roles of NRX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Funato
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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150
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Gallogly MM, Mieyal JJ. Mechanisms of reversible protein glutathionylation in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:381-91. [PMID: 17662654 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein S-glutathionylation (protein-SSG) is an important post-translational modification, providing protection of protein cysteines from irreversible oxidation and serving to transduce redox signals. Analogous to phosphatases, glutaredoxin (GRx) enzymes catalyze deglutathionylation of proteins, regulating diverse intracellular signaling pathways. Recently, other enzymes have been reported to exhibit deglutathionylating activity, but their contribution to intracellular protein deglutathionylation is uncertain. Currently, no enzyme has been shown to serve as a catalyst of S-glutathionylation in situ, although potential prototypes are reported, including human GRx1 and the pi isoform of glutathione-S-transferase (GSTpi). Further insight into cellular mechanisms of protein glutathionylation and deglutathionylation will enrich our understanding of redox signal transduction and potentially identify new therapeutic targets for diseases in which oxidative stress perturbs normal redox signaling. Accordingly, this review focuses primarily on mechanisms of catalysis in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Gallogly
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, and the Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, United States
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