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Fol M, Włodarczyk M, Druszczyńska M. Host Epigenetics in Intracellular Pathogen Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134573. [PMID: 32605029 PMCID: PMC7369821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some intracellular pathogens are able to avoid the defense mechanisms contributing to host epigenetic modifications. These changes trigger alterations tothe chromatin structure and on the transcriptional level of genes involved in the pathogenesis of many bacterial diseases. In this way, pathogens manipulate the host cell for their own survival. The better understanding of epigenetic consequences in bacterial infection may open the door for designing new vaccine approaches and therapeutic implications. This article characterizes selected intracellular bacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium spp., Listeria spp., Chlamydia spp., Mycoplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Legionella spp. and Yersinia spp., which can modulate and reprogram of defense genes in host innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Fol
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-44-72
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Douchy T, Lagrou K, Jochmans I, Sainz Barriga M, Monbaliu D, Pirenne J, Debaveye Y. Solid organ donation after death from listeria encephalitis: A case report. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13295. [PMID: 32303115 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite organ shortage, organs from donors with listeria infections have been discarded for transplantation. We present the first-reported case of liver transplantation following listeria encephalitis. The patient was admitted with progressing neurological symptoms after an episode of gastroenteritis. Rhombo-encephalitis was diagnosed, and Listeria monocytogenes was found to be the causative pathogen. Despite proper antibiotic treatment and rapid clearance of bacteremia, he continued to deteriorate and became brain dead, after which organ donation was performed. At procurement, he had been treated with amoxicillin for 9 days. The recipient was treated with pipercillin/tazobactam for 21 days. Besides an anastomotic biliary stricture, necessitating endoscopic dilatation and stenting, further clinical course was uneventful and she is doing well eleven months post-transplant. Our case suggests that listeria encephalitis is not an absolute contra-indication to solid organ donation. We suggest that donors should be treated with adequate antibiotics for at least 48h prior to procurement and advocate confirmation of sterile blood cultures as a prerequisite for donation. According to listeriosis guidelines, we suggest that the recipient should be treated with targeted antibiotics for at least 2 weeks. The risk of transmission should, however, always be balanced carefully against the suspected waiting list mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Douchy
- Department of abdominal transplant surgery, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ina Jochmans
- Department of abdominal transplant surgery, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, Transplantation Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauricio Sainz Barriga
- Department of abdominal transplant surgery, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, Transplantation Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diethard Monbaliu
- Department of abdominal transplant surgery, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, Transplantation Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Department of abdominal transplant surgery, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, Transplantation Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Debaveye
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Biswas R, Sonenshein AL, Belitsky BR. Genome-wide identification of Listeria monocytogenes CodY-binding sites. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:841-858. [PMID: 31944451 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CodY is a global transcriptional regulator that controls, directly or indirectly, the expression of dozens of genes and operons in Listeria monocytogenes. We used in vitro DNA affinity purification combined with massively parallel sequencing (IDAP-Seq) to identify genome-wide L. monocytogenes chromosomal DNA regions that CodY binds in vitro. The total number of CodY-binding regions exceeded 2,000, but they varied significantly in their strengths of binding at different CodY concentrations. The 388 strongest CodY-binding regions were chosen for further analysis. A strand-specific analysis of the data allowed pinpointing CodY-binding sites at close to single-nucleotide resolution. Gel shift and DNase I footprinting assays confirmed the presence and locations of several CodY-binding sites. Surprisingly, most of the sites were located within genes' coding regions. The binding site within the beginning of the coding sequence of the prfA gene, which encodes the master regulator of virulence genes, has been previously implicated in regulation of prfA, but this site was weaker in vitro than hundreds of other sites. The L. monocytogenes CodY protein was functionally similar to Bacillus subtilis CodY when expressed in B. subtilis cells. Based on the sequences of the CodY-binding sites, a model of CodY interaction with DNA is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Biswas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abraham L Sonenshein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Boris R Belitsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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