101
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Russo R, Andolfo I, Iolascon A. Next generation research and therapy in red blood cell diseases. Haematologica 2016; 101:515-7. [PMID: 27132276 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.139238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Immacolata Andolfo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
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102
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The Gene Targeting Approach of Small Fragment Homologous Replacement (SFHR) Alters the Expression Patterns of DNA Repair and Cell Cycle Control Genes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e304. [PMID: 27045208 PMCID: PMC5014528 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses and molecular mechanisms activated by exogenous DNA that
invades cells are only partially understood. This limits the practical use of
gene targeting strategies. Small fragment homologous replacement (SFHR) uses a
small exogenous wild-type DNA fragment to restore the endogenous wild-type
sequence; unfortunately, this mechanism has a low frequency of correction.
In this study, we used a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line with a stably
integrated mutated gene for enhanced green fluorescence protein. The restoration
of a wild-type sequence can be detected by flow cytometry analysis. We
quantitatively analyzed the expression of 84 DNA repair genes and 84 cell cycle
control genes. Peculiar temporal gene expression patterns were observed for both
pathways. Different DNA repair pathways, not only homologous recombination, as
well as the three main cell cycle checkpoints appeared to mediate the cellular
response. Eighteen genes were selected as highly significant target/effectors of
SFHR. We identified a wide interconnection between SFHR, DNA repair, and cell
cycle control. Our results increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms
involved in cell invasion by exogenous DNA and SFHR. Specific molecular targets
of both the cell cycle and DNA repair machineries were selected for manipulation
to enhance the practical application of SFHR.
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103
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Xue HY, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xiaojie L, Dai WJ, Xu Y. In vivo gene therapy potentials of CRISPR-Cas9. Gene Ther 2016; 23:557-9. [PMID: 27029608 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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104
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Montserrat N, Garreta E, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Regenerative strategies for kidney engineering. FEBS J 2016; 283:3303-24. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotent Stem Cells and Activation of Endogenous Tissue Programs for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab) Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotent Stem Cells and Activation of Endogenous Tissue Programs for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab) Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Spain
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105
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White MK, Khalili K. CRISPR/Cas9 and cancer targets: future possibilities and present challenges. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26840090 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7104.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
All cancers have multiple mutations that can largely be grouped into certain classes depending on the function of the gene in which they lie and these include oncogenic changes that enhance cellular proliferation, loss of function of tumor suppressors that regulate cell growth potential and induction of metabolic enzymes that confer resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Thus the ability to correct such mutations is an important goal in cancer treatment. Recent research has led to the developments of reagents which specifically target nucleotide sequences within the cellular genome and these have a huge potential for expanding our anticancer armamentarium. One such a reagent is the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated 9 (Cas9) system, a powerful, highly specific and adaptable tool that provides unparalleled control for editing the cellular genome. In this short review, we discuss the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 against human cancers and the current difficulties in translating this for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive Neuroaids Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive Neuroaids Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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106
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Tost J. Engineering of the epigenome: synthetic biology to define functional causality and develop innovative therapies. Epigenomics 2016; 8:153-6. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France
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107
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Liu T, Shen JK, Li Z, Choy E, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Development and potential applications of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology in sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:109-118. [PMID: 26806808 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas include some of the most aggressive tumors and typically respond poorly to chemotherapy. In recent years, specific gene fusion/mutations and gene over-expression/activation have been shown to drive sarcoma pathogenesis and development. These emerging genomic alterations may provide targets for novel therapeutic strategies and have the potential to transform sarcoma patient care. The RNA-guided nuclease CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 nuclease) is a convenient and versatile platform for site-specific genome editing and epigenome targeted modulation. Given that sarcoma is believed to develop as a result of genetic alterations in mesenchymal progenitor/stem cells, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technologies hold extensive application potentials in sarcoma models and therapies. We review the development and mechanisms of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in genome editing and introduce its application in sarcoma research and potential therapy in clinic. Additionally, we propose future directions and discuss the challenges faced with these applications, providing concise and enlightening information for readers interested in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Liu
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Orthopaedic, the 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jacson K Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic, the 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Edwin Choy
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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108
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CRISPR-Cas9 for in vivo Gene Therapy: Promise and Hurdles. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e349. [PMID: 28131272 PMCID: PMC5023403 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its easy-to-use and multiplexing nature, the genome editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated nuclease 9) is revolutionizing many areas of medical research and one of the most amazing areas is its gene therapy potentials. Previous explorations into the therapeutic potentials of CRISPR-Cas9 were mainly conducted in vitro or in animal germlines, the translatability of which, however, is either limited (to tissues with adult stem cells amenable to culture and manipulation) or currently impermissible (due to ethic concerns). Recently, important progresses have been made on this regard. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of CRISPR-Cas9 for in vivo gene therapy in adult rodent models of human genetic diseases delivered by methods that are potentially translatable to human use. Although these recent advances represent a significant step forward to the eventual application of CRISPR-Cas9 to the clinic, there are still many hurdles to overcome, such as the off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas9, efficacy of homology-directed repair, fitness of edited cells, immunogenicity of therapeutic CRISPR-Cas9 components, as well as efficiency, specificity, and translatability of in vivo delivery methods. In this article, we introduce the mechanisms and merits of CRISPR-Cas9 in genome editing, briefly retrospect the applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in gene therapy explorations and highlight recent advances, later we discuss in detail the challenges lying ahead in the way of its translatability, propose possible solutions, and future research directions.
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109
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Vandemoortele G, Gevaert K, Eyckerman S. Proteomics in the genome engineering era. Proteomics 2015; 16:177-87. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giel Vandemoortele
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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110
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Song C, Knöpfel T. Optogenetics enlightens neuroscience drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 15:97-109. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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111
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Abstract
Targeted modification of genes ("gene editing") is made much easier by the recently developed CRISPR-Cas9 system. This has raised alarm about possible uses of this technology for germline modification of the human genome; however this technology has less controversial applications, notably for somatic gene therapy with already some striking demonstrations in animal systems. Because of its precision and relative ease of use, CRISPR can be expected to drive a revolution in gene therapy and to turn it into a more mainstream approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Jordan
- UMR 7268 ADÉS, Aix-Marseille, Université/EFS/CNRS, Espace éthique méditerranéen, hôpital d'adultes la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France ; CoReBio PACA, case 901, parc scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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112
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Hou P, Chen S, Wang S, Yu X, Chen Y, Jiang M, Zhuang K, Ho W, Hou W, Huang J, Guo D. Genome editing of CXCR4 by CRISPR/cas9 confers cells resistant to HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15577. [PMID: 26481100 PMCID: PMC4612538 DOI: 10.1038/srep15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9 has become an efficient and reliable way to make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells. CXCR4 is a co-receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and has been considered as an important therapeutic target for AIDS. CXCR4 mediates viral entry into human CD4(+) cells by binding to envelope protein, gp120. Here, we show that human CXCR4 gene is efficiently disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, leading to HIV-1 resistance of human primary CD4(+) T cells. We also show that the Cas9-mediated ablation of CXCR4 demonstrated high specificity and negligible off-target effects without affecting cell division and propagation. The precise and efficient genome editing of CXCR4 will provide a new strategy for therapeutic application against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Shuliang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Shilei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Xiao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Ke Zhuang
- The Center for Animal Experiment and ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- The Center for Animal Experiment and ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Deyin Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
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113
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Belizário JE, Napolitano M. Human microbiomes and their roles in dysbiosis, common diseases, and novel therapeutic approaches. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1050. [PMID: 26500616 PMCID: PMC4594012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is the residence of a large number of commensal (non-pathogenic) and pathogenic microbial species that have co-evolved with the human genome, adaptive immune system, and diet. With recent advances in DNA-based technologies, we initiated the exploration of bacterial gene functions and their role in human health. The main goal of the human microbiome project is to characterize the abundance, diversity and functionality of the genes present in all microorganisms that permanently live in different sites of the human body. The gut microbiota expresses over 3.3 million bacterial genes, while the human genome expresses only 20 thousand genes. Microbe gene-products exert pivotal functions via the regulation of food digestion and immune system development. Studies are confirming that manipulation of non-pathogenic bacterial strains in the host can stimulate the recovery of the immune response to pathogenic bacteria causing diseases. Different approaches, including the use of nutraceutics (prebiotics and probiotics) as well as phages engineered with CRISPR/Cas systems and quorum sensing systems have been developed as new therapies for controlling dysbiosis (alterations in microbial community) and common diseases (e.g., diabetes and obesity). The designing and production of pharmaceuticals based on our own body’s microbiome is an emerging field and is rapidly growing to be fully explored in the near future. This review provides an outlook on recent findings on the human microbiomes, their impact on health and diseases, and on the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Belizário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mauro Napolitano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
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114
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Wen D, Danquah M, Chaudhary AK, Mahato RI. Small molecules targeting microRNA for cancer therapy: Promises and obstacles. J Control Release 2015; 219:237-247. [PMID: 26256260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of miRNAs is critically implicated in cancer initiation and progression. Therapeutic approaches focused on regulating miRNAs are therefore a promising approach for treating cancer. Antisense oligonucleotides, miRNA sponges, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems are being investigated as tools for regulating miRNAs. Despite the accruing insights in the use of these tools, delivery concerns have mitigated clinical application of such systems. In contrast, little attention has been given to the potential of small molecules to modulate miRNA expression for cancer therapy. In these years, many researches proved that small molecules targeting cancer-related miRNAs might have greater potential for cancer treatment. Small molecules targeting cancer related miRNAs showed significantly promising results in different cancer models. However, there are still several obstacles hindering the progress and clinical application in this area. This review discusses the development, mechanisms and application of small molecules for modulating oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs). Attention has also been given to screening technologies and perspectives aimed to facilitate clinical translation for small molecule-based miRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Michael Danquah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 South King Drive., Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
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115
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116
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Canli T. Neurogenethics: An emerging discipline at the intersection of ethics, neuroscience, and genomics. Appl Transl Genom 2015; 5:18-22. [PMID: 26937354 PMCID: PMC4745360 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) associated with genetics ("genethics") has focused on traditional concerns in bioethics, such as privacy and informed consent. The analysis of ELSI associated with neuroscience ("neuroethics") has focused on concerns related to personhood, such as free will or cognitive enhancement. With neurogenomics coming of age, this is an appropriate time to attend to the set of novel concerns that arises when we consider the confluence of these two lines of research. I call this area of ethics inquiry "neurogenethics", map out the problem space, and highlight future areas of inquiry related to genome editing and gene therapy, optogenetics and memory manipulation, and genomic identity and online communities.
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