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Bettenworth D, Rieder F. Medical therapy of stricturing Crohn's disease: what the gut can learn from other organs - a systematic review. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2014; 7:5. [PMID: 24678903 PMCID: PMC4230721 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic remitting and relapsing disease. Fibrostenosing complications such as intestinal strictures, stenosis and ultimately obstruction are some of its most common long-term complications. Despite recent advances in the pathophysiological understanding of CD and a significant improvement of anti-inflammatory therapeutics, medical therapy for stricturing CD is still inadequate. No specific anti-fibrotic therapy exists and the incidence rate of strictures has essentially remained unchanged. Therefore, the current therapy of established fibrotic strictures comprises mainly endoscopic dilation as well as surgical approaches. However, these treatment options are associated with major complications as well as high recurrence rates. Thus, a specific anti-fibrotic therapy for CD is urgently needed. Importantly, there is now a growing body of evidence for prevention as well as effective medical treatment of fibrotic diseases of other organs such as the skin, lung, kidney and liver. In face of the similarity of molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis across these organs, translation of therapeutic approaches from other fibrotic diseases to the intestine appears to be a promising treatment strategy. In particular transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) neutralization, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, blockade of components of the renin-angiotensin system, IL-13 inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have emerged as potential drug candidates for anti-fibrotic therapy and may retard progression or even reverse established intestinal fibrosis. However, major challenges have to be overcome in the translation of novel anti-fibrotics into intestinal fibrosis therapy, such as the development of appropriate biomarkers that predict the development and accurately monitor therapeutic responses. Future clinical studies are a prerequisite to evaluate the optimal timing for anti-fibrotic treatment approaches, to elucidate the best routes of application, and to evaluate the potential of drug candidates to reach the ultimate goal: the prevention or reversal of established fibrosis and strictures in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, NC22, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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102
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Rieder F. The gut microbiome in intestinal fibrosis: environmental protector or provocateur? Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:190ps10. [PMID: 23785034 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal fibrosis is a serious clinical complication with no specific therapies. Patients develop bowel fistulae and strictures that usually require surgery and often reoccur. The main driver of gut fibrogenesis is believed to be chronic inflammation, which leads to mesenchymal cell recruitment and activation. Recent findings suggest that the environment--in particular, the microbiome--plays a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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103
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Walkin L, Herrick SE, Summers A, Brenchley PE, Hoff CM, Korstanje R, Margetts PJ. The role of mouse strain differences in the susceptibility to fibrosis: a systematic review. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:18. [PMID: 24294831 PMCID: PMC3849643 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, a number of genetic factors have been linked to the development of fibrosis in a variety of different organs. Seeking a wider understanding of this observation in man is ethically important. There is mounting evidence suggesting that inbred mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds demonstrate variable susceptibility to a fibrotic injury. We performed a systematic review of the literature describing strain and organ specific response to injury in order to determine whether genetic susceptibility plays a role in fibrogenesis. Data were collected from studies that were deemed eligible for analysis based on set inclusion criteria, and findings were assessed in relation to strain of mouse, type of injury and organ of investigation. A total of 44 studies were included covering 21 mouse strains and focusing on fibrosis in the lung, liver, kidney, intestine and heart. There is evidence that mouse strain differences influence susceptibility to fibrosis and this appears to be organ specific. For instance, C57BL/6J mice are resistant to hepatic, renal and cardiac fibrosis but susceptible to pulmonary and intestinal fibrosis. However, BALB/c mice are resistant to pulmonary fibrosis but susceptible to hepatic fibrosis. Few studies have assessed the effect of the same injury stimulus in different organ systems using the same strains of mouse. Such mouse strain studies may prove useful in elucidating the genetic as well as epigenetic factors in humans that could help determine why some people are more susceptible to the development of certain organ specific fibrosis than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Walkin
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- 3.107 Blond McIndoe Laboratory, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sarah E Herrick
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Angela Summers
- Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Paul E Brenchley
- Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Catherine M Hoff
- Baxter Healthcare, Renal Division Scientific Affairs, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, McGaw Park, Chicago, Illinois, 60015-4625, USA
| | - Ron Korstanje
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Peter J Margetts
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L8, Canada
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104
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Abstract
The clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is highly heterogeneous and often unpredictable, with multiple and serious complications that range from stricture formation to bowel obstruction or perforation, fistula formation and the need for surgery. All these problems are manifestations of tissue remodeling, a secondary but universal response to the insults of chronic inflammation. The factors involved in tissue remodeling are several, including the site and duration of inflammation, soluble molecules, the gut microbiota, and the type of mesenchymal cell response. The prototypical and most common type of tissue remodeling in IBD, and Crohn's disease (CD) in particular, is a fibrotic response, and this review will focus on the factors and mechanisms involved in fibrogenesis, and speculate on what is needed for the development of a rational treatment of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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105
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Breynaert C, Dresselaers T, Perrier C, Arijs I, Cremer J, Van Lommel L, Van Steen K, Ferrante M, Schuit F, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Himmelreich U, Ceuppens JL, Geboes K, Van Assche G. Unique gene expression and MR T2 relaxometry patterns define chronic murine dextran sodium sulphate colitis as a model for connective tissue changes in human Crohn's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68876. [PMID: 23894361 PMCID: PMC3720888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronically relapsing inflammation, tissue remodeling and fibrosis are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in connective tissue in a chronic murine model resulting from repeated cycles of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) ingestion, to mimic the relapsing nature of the human disease. Materials and Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to DSS in drinking water for 1 week, followed by a recovery phase of 2 weeks. This cycle of exposure was repeated for up to 3 times (9 weeks in total). Colonic inflammation, fibrosis, extracellular matrix proteins and colonic gene expression were studied. In vivo MRI T2 relaxometry was studied as a potential non-invasive imaging tool to evaluate bowel wall inflammation and fibrosis. Results Repeated cycles of DSS resulted in a relapsing and remitting disease course, which induced a chronic segmental, transmural colitis after 2 and 3 cycles of DSS with clear induction of fibrosis and remodeling of the muscular layer. Tenascin expression mirrored its expression in Crohn’s colitis. Microarray data identified a gene expression profile different in chronic colitis from that in acute colitis. Additional recovery was associated with upregulation of unique genes, in particular keratins, pointing to activation of molecular pathways for healing and repair. In vivo MRI T2 relaxometry of the colon showed a clear shift towards higher T2 values in the acute stage and a gradual regression of T2 values with increasing cycles of DSS. Conclusions Repeated cycles of DSS exposure induce fibrosis and connective tissue changes with typical features, as occurring in Crohn’s disease. Colonic gene expression analysis revealed unique expression profiles in chronic colitis compared to acute colitis and after additional recovery, pointing to potential new targets to intervene with the induction of fibrosis. In vivo T2 relaxometry is a promising non-invasive assessment of inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Breynaert
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Dresselaers
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clémentine Perrier
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Arijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leentje Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Van Steen
- Montefiore Institute, System and Modeling Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Rutgeerts
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan L. Ceuppens
- Laboratory of Clinical immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Geboes
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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106
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Dothel G, Vasina V, Barbara G, De Ponti F. Animal models of chemically induced intestinal inflammation: Predictivity and ethical issues. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:71-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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107
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Development of a peptidoglycan-polysaccharide murine model of Crohn's disease: effect of genetic background. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:1238-44. [PMID: 23619717 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e31828132b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PGPS) model using inbred rats closely mimics Crohn's disease. Our aim was to identify mouse strains that develop ileocolitis in response to bowel wall injection with PGPS. Mouse strains studied included NOD2 knockout animals, RICK/RIP2 knockout animals, and genetically inbred strains that are susceptible to inflammation. Mice underwent laparotomy with intramural injection of PGPS or human serum albumin in the terminal ileum, ileal Peyer's patches, and cecum. Gross abdominal score, cecal histologic score, and levels of pro-fibrotic factor mRNAs were determined 20 to 32 days after laparotomy. PGPS-injected wild-type and knockout mice with mutations in the NOD2 pathway had higher abdominal scores than human serum albumin-injected mice. The RICK knockout animals tended to have higher mean abdominal scores than the NOD2 knockout animals, but the differences were not significant. CBA/J mice were shown to have the most robust response to PGPS, demonstrating consistently higher abdominal scores than other strains. Animals killed on day 26 had an average gross abdominal score of 6.1 ± 1.5, compared with those on day 20 (3.0 ± 0.0) or day 32 (2.8 ± 0.9). PGPS-injected CBA/J mice studied 26 days after laparotomy developed the most robust inflammation and most closely mimicked the PGPS rat model and human Crohn's disease.
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