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Weston AH, Egner I, Dong Y, Porter EL, Heagerty AM, Edwards G. Stimulated release of a hyperpolarizing factor (ADHF) from mesenteric artery perivascular adipose tissue: involvement of myocyte BKCa channels and adiponectin. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1500-9. [PMID: 23488724 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) releases adipocyte-derived hyperpolarizing factors (ADHFs) that may partly act by opening myocyte K(+) channels. The present study in rat and mouse mesenteric arteries aimed to identify the myocyte K(+) channel activated by PVAT and to determine whether adiponectin contributed to the hyperpolarizing effects of PVAT. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Myocyte membrane potential was recorded from de-endothelialized, non-contracted rat and mouse mesenteric arteries in the presence and absence of PVAT. KEY RESULTS The β3 -adrenoceptor agonist, CL-316,243 (10 μM), generated PVAT-dependent, iberiotoxin-sensitive myocyte hyperpolarizations resulting from BKCa channel opening and which were partially blocked by L-NMMA (100 μM). Adiponectin (5 μg·mL(-1) ) also produced iberiotoxin-sensitive hyperpolarizations in PVAT-denuded arterioles. Activation of myocyte AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) using 5 μM A-769662 also induced BKCa -mediated hyperpolarizations. Dorsomorphin abolished hyperpolarizations to CL-316,243, adiponectin and A-769662. In vessels from Adipo(-/-) mice, hyperpolarizations to CL-316,243 were absent whereas those to A-769662 and adiponectin were normal. In rat vessels, adipocyte-dependent hyperpolarizations were blocked by glibenclamide and clotrimazole but those to NS1619 (33 μM) were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Under basal, non-contracted conditions, β3 -adrenoceptor stimulation of PVAT releases an ADHF, which is probably adiponectin. This activates AMPK to open myocyte BKCa channels indirectly and additionally liberates NO, which also contributes to the observed PVAT-dependent myocyte hyperpolarizations. Clotrimazole and glibenclamide each reversed hyperpolarizations to adiponectin and A-769662, suggesting the involvement of myocyte TRPM4 channels in the ADHF-induced myocyte electrical changes mediated via the opening of BKCa channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Weston
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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102
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Crankshaw DJ, Walsh JM, Morrison JJ. The effects of methyl palmitate, a putative regulator from perivascular fat, on the contractility of pregnant human myometrium. Life Sci 2014; 116:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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103
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Abstract
Over the last decades, cardiovascular disease has become the primary cause of death in the Western world, and this trend is expanding throughout the world. In particular, atherosclerosis and the subsequent vessel obliterations are the primary cause of ischemic disease (stroke and coronary heart disease). Excess calcium influx into the cells is one of the major pathophysiological mechanisms important for ischemic injury in the brain and heart in humans. The large-conductance calcium-activated K+ channels (BK) are thus interesting candidates to protect against excess calcium influx and the events leading to ischemic injury. Indeed, the mitochondrial BK channels (mitoBK) have recently been shown to play a protective function against ischemia-reperfusion injury both in vitro and in animal models, although the exact mechanism of this protection is still under scrutiny. In addition, in both the plasma membrane and mitochondrial BK channel, the α-subunit itself is sensitive to hypoxia. This sensitivity is tissue specific and conferred by a highly conserved motif within an alternatively spliced cysteine-rich insert (STREX) in the intracellular C terminus of the channel. This review describes recent developments of the increasing relevance of BK channels in hypoxia and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Tano
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (a Joint Institution Between the Charité University Medicine and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine), Berlin-Buch, Germany; and Nephrology/Intensive Care Section, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (a Joint Institution Between the Charité University Medicine and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine), Berlin-Buch, Germany; and Nephrology/Intensive Care Section, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
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104
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Withers SB, Bussey CE, Saxton SN, Melrose HM, Watkins AE, Heagerty AM. Mechanisms of Adiponectin-Associated Perivascular Function in Vascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1637-42. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Withers
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. Bussey
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie N. Saxton
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Melrose
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Watkins
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony M. Heagerty
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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105
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Tano JY, Schleifenbaum J, Gollasch M. Perivascular adipose tissue, potassium channels, and vascular dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1827-30. [PMID: 25012133 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue has been recognized unequivocally as a major player in the pathology of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Through its production of adipokines and the release of other thus far unidentified factors, this recently discovered adipose tissue modulates vascular regulation and the myogenic response. After the discovery of its ability to diminish the vessel's response to vasoconstrictors, a new paradigm established adipose-derived relaxing factor (ADRF) as a paracrine smooth muscle cells' potassium channel opener that could potentially help combat vascular dysfunction. This review will discuss the role of ADRF in vascular dysfunction in obesity and hypertension, the different potassium channels that can be activated by this factor, and describes new pharmacological tools that can mimic the ADRF effect and thus can be beneficial against vascular dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Tano
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin-Buch, Germany; and Nephrology/Intensive Care Section, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna Schleifenbaum
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin-Buch, Germany; and Nephrology/Intensive Care Section, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin-Buch, Germany; and Nephrology/Intensive Care Section, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
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106
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Omar A, Chatterjee TK, Tang Y, Hui DY, Weintraub NL. Proinflammatory phenotype of perivascular adipocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1631-6. [PMID: 24925977 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) directly abuts the lamina adventitia of conduit arteries and actively communicates with the vessel wall to regulate vascular function and inflammation. Mounting evidence suggests that the biological activities of PVAT are governed by perivascular adipocytes, a unique class of adipocyte with distinct molecular and phenotypic characteristics. Perivascular adipocytes surrounding human coronary arteries (pericoronary perivascular adipocytes) exhibit a reduced state of adipogenic differentiation and a heightened proinflammatory state, secreting ≤50-fold higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 compared with adipocytes from other regional depots. Thus, perivascular adipocytes may contribute to upregulated inflammation of PVAT observed in atherosclerotic human blood vessels. However, perivascular adipocytes also secrete anti-inflammatory molecules such as adiponectin, and elimination of PVAT in rodent models has been shown to augment vascular disease, suggesting that some amount of PVAT is required to maintain vascular homeostasis. Evidence in animal models and humans suggests that inflammation of PVAT may be modulated by environmental factors, such as high-fat diet and tobacco smoke, which are relevant to atherosclerosis. These findings suggest that the inflammatory phenotype of PVAT is diverse depending on species, anatomic location, and environmental factors and that these differences are fundamentally important in determining a pathogenic versus protective role of PVAT in vascular disease. Additional research into the mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory balance of perivascular adipocytes may yield new insight into, and treatment strategies for, cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Omar
- From the Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.O., T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Pathology, Institute for Metabolic Diseases, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.Y.H.)
| | - Tapan K Chatterjee
- From the Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.O., T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Pathology, Institute for Metabolic Diseases, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.Y.H.)
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- From the Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.O., T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Pathology, Institute for Metabolic Diseases, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.Y.H.)
| | - David Y Hui
- From the Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.O., T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Pathology, Institute for Metabolic Diseases, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.Y.H.)
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- From the Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.O., T.K.C., Y.T., N.L.W.); and Department of Pathology, Institute for Metabolic Diseases, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.Y.H.)
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107
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Owen MK, Noblet JN, Sassoon DJ, Conteh AM, Goodwill AG, Tune JD. Perivascular adipose tissue and coronary vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1643-9. [PMID: 24790142 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronary perivascular adipose tissue is a naturally occurring adipose tissue depot that normally surrounds the major coronary arteries on the surface of the heart. Although originally thought to promote vascular health and integrity, there is a growing body of evidence to support that coronary perivascular adipose tissue displays a distinct phenotype relative to other adipose depots and is capable of producing local factors with the potential to augment coronary vascular tone, inflammation, and the initiation and progression of coronary artery disease. The purpose of the present review is to outline previous findings about the cardiovascular effects of coronary perivascular adipose tissue and the potential mechanisms by which adipose-derived factors may influence coronary vascular function and the progression of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Kohr Owen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Jillian N Noblet
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Daniel J Sassoon
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Abass M Conteh
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.).
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108
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Favero G, Paganelli C, Buffoli B, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Endothelium and its alterations in cardiovascular diseases: life style intervention. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:801896. [PMID: 24719887 PMCID: PMC3955677 DOI: 10.1155/2014/801896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium, which forms the inner cellular lining of blood vessels and lymphatics, is a highly metabolically active organ that is involved in many physiopathological processes, including the control of vasomotor tone, barrier function, leukocyte adhesion, and trafficking and inflammation. In this review, we summarized and described the following: (i) endothelial cell function in physiological conditions and (ii) endothelial cell activation and dysfunction in the main cardiovascular diseases (such as atherosclerosis, and hypertension) and to diabetes, cigarette smoking, and aging physiological process. Finally, we presented the currently available evidence that supports the beneficial effects of physical activity and various dietary compounds on endothelial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Favero
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Corrado Paganelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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109
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Erythropoietin has a restorative effect on the contractility of arteries following experimental hypoxia. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2014; 4:164-9. [PMID: 24396255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcdr.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of erythropoietin on vascular contractility using an in vitro model of hypoxia replicating the hypoxic environment of blood vessels and surrounding adipose tissue in obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS Pharmacological in vitro studies were carried out on small mesenteric arterial segments from male Wistar rats with and without perivascular fat and endothelium. Contractile responses were investigated by wire myography under normoxia, experimental hypoxia ± erythropoietin and l-NNA. Perivascular fat exerted an anticontractile effect which was lost following the induction of experimental hypoxia. Erythropoietin prevented the loss of the anticontractile capacity when vessels were incubated for one hour before the induction of hypoxia or throughout the period of hypoxia; this was found to be independent of the function of perivascular fat, as fat denuded arteries had a similar reduction in contractility (artery no fat + hypoxia vs. artery no fat + hypoxia + erythropoietin). The mechanism by which erythropoietin was exerting its effect was found to be partially endothelium dependent and associated with an increase of nitric oxide bioavailability as nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevented the effect. CONCLUSIONS Whilst erythropoietin is working downstream from perivascular fat, it is possible that it may be therapeutically useful in obesity when hypoxia and inflammation reduce the normal activity of perivascular fat.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- BMI, body mass index
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- EPO, erythropoietin
- KPSS, high potassium physiological salt solution
- LDL, low density lipoproteins
- Microcirculation
- Myograph
- NA, noradrenaline
- NO, nitric oxide
- Obesity
- PSS, physiological salt solution
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- l-NNA, Nω-nitro-l-arginine
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110
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Withers SB, Simpson L, Fattah S, Werner ME, Heagerty AM. cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) mediates the anticontractile capacity of perivascular adipose tissue. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:130-7. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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111
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Szasz T, Bomfim GF, Webb RC. The influence of perivascular adipose tissue on vascular homeostasis. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013; 9:105-16. [PMID: 23576873 PMCID: PMC3616689 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s33760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is now recognized as an active contributor to vascular function. Adipocytes and stromal cells contained within PVAT are a source of an ever-growing list of molecules with varied paracrine effects on the underlying smooth muscle and endothelial cells, including adipokines, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and gaseous compounds. Their secretion is regulated by systemic or local cues and modulates complex processes, including vascular contraction and relaxation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and vascular inflammation. Recent evidence demonstrates that metabolic and cardiovascular diseases alter the morphological and secretory characteristics of PVAT, with notable consequences. In obesity and diabetes, the expanded PVAT contributes to vascular insulin resistance. PVAT-derived cytokines may influence key steps of atherogenesis. The physiological anticontractile effect of PVAT is severely diminished in hypertension. Above all, a common denominator of the PVAT dysfunction in all these conditions is the immune cell infiltration, which triggers the subsequent inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypoxic processes to promote vascular dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the currently known mechanisms by which the PVAT influences blood vessel function. The important discoveries in the study of PVAT that have been made in recent years need to be further advanced, to identify the mechanisms of the anticontractile effects of PVAT, to explore the vascular-bed and species differences in PVAT function, to understand the regulation of PVAT secretion of mediators, and finally, to uncover ways to ameliorate cardiovascular disease by targeting therapeutic approaches to PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Szasz
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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112
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Shimizu I, Walsh K. Vascular remodeling mediated by Angptl2 produced from perivascular adipose tissue. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 59:176-8. [PMID: 23528806 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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