101
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Zhou W, Jiang Z, Li X, Xu Y, Shao Z. Cytokines: shifting the balance between glioma cells and tumor microenvironment after irradiation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:575-89. [PMID: 25005789 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas invariably recur after irradiation, showing radioresistance. Meanwhile, cranial irradiation can bring some risk for developing cognitive dysfunction. There is increasing evidence that cytokines play their peculiar roles in these processes. On the one hand, cytokines directly influence the progression of malignant glioma, promoting or suppressing tumor progression. On the other hand, cytokines indirectly contribute to the immunologic response against gliomas, exhibiting pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive activities. We propose that cytokines are not simply unregulated products from tumor cells or immune cells, but mediators finely adjust the balance between glioma cells and tumor microenvironment after irradiation. The paper, therefore, focuses on the changes of cytokines after irradiation, analyzing how these mediate the response of tumor cells and normal cells to irradiation. In addition, cytokine-based immunotherapeutic strategies, accompanied with irradiation, for the treatment of gliomas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Centre, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
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102
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Aryankalayil MJ, Makinde AY, Gameiro SR, Hodge JW, Rivera-Solis PP, Palayoor ST, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Defining molecular signature of pro-immunogenic radiotherapy targets in human prostate cancer cells. Radiat Res 2014; 182:139-48. [PMID: 25003313 DOI: 10.1667/rr13731.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the impact of clinically relevant radiation therapy (RT) on tumor immune gene expression and to utilize the changes that occur during treatment to improve cancer treatment outcome, we examined how immune response genes are modulated in prostate cancer cells of varying p53 status. LNCaP (p53 wild-type), PC3 (p53 null) and DU145 (p53 mutant) cells received a 10 Gy single dose or 1 Gy × 10 multifractionated radiation dose to simulate hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated prostate radiotherapy. Total RNA was isolated 24 h after multifractionated radiation treatment and single-dose treatments and subjected to microarray analysis and later validated by RT-PCR. RT-PCR was utilized to identify total-dose inflection points for significantly upregulated genes in response to multifractionated radiation therapy. Radiation-induced damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) and cytokine analyses were performed using bioluminescence and ELISA. Multifractionated doses activated immune response genes more robustly than single-dose treatment, with a relatively larger number of immune genes upregulated in PC3 compared to DU145 and LNCaP cells. The inflection point of multifractionated radiation-induced immune genes in PC3 cells was observed in the range of 8-10 Gy total radiation dose. Although both multifractionated and single-dose radiation-induced proinflammatory DAMPs and positively modulated the cytokine environment, the changes were of higher magnitude with multifractionated therapy. The findings of this study together with the gene expression data suggest that cells subjected to multifractionated radiation treatment would promote productive immune cell-tumor cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- a Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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103
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Bachmann SB, Frommel SC, Camicia R, Winkler HC, Santoro R, Hassa PO. DTX3L and ARTD9 inhibit IRF1 expression and mediate in cooperation with ARTD8 survival and proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:125. [PMID: 24886089 PMCID: PMC4070648 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in the aging male population and represents the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men around the world. The Deltex (DTX)-3-like E3 ubiquitin ligase (DTX3L), also known as B-lymphoma and BAL-associated protein (BBAP), was originally identified as a binding partner of the diphtheria-toxin-like macrodomain containing ADP-ribosyltransferase-9 (ARTD9), also known as BAL1 and PARP9. We have previously demonstrated that ARTD9 acts as a novel oncogenic survival factor in high-risk, chemo-resistant, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTD8, also known as PARP14 functions as a STAT6-specific co-regulator of IL4-mediated proliferation and survival in B cells. Methods Co-expression of DTX3L, ARTD8, ARTD9 and STAT1 was analyzed in the metastatic PCa (mPCa) cell lines PC3, DU145, LNCaP and in the normal prostate luminal epithelial cell lines HPE and RWPE1. Effects on cell proliferation, survival and cell migration were determined in PC3, DU145 and/or LNCaP cells depleted of DTX3L, ARTD8, ARTD9, STAT1 and/or IRF1 compared to their proficient control cells, respectively. In further experiments, real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitations were conducted to evaluate the physical and functional interactions between DTX3L, ARTD8 and ARTD9. Results Here we could identify DTX3L, ARTD9 and ARTD8 as novel oncogenic survival factors in mPCa cells. Our studies revealed that DTX3L forms a complex with ARTD8 and mediates together with ARTD8 and ARTD9 proliferation, chemo-resistance and survival of mPCa cells. In addition, DTX3L, ARTD8 and ARTD9 form complexes with each other. Our study provides first evidence that the enzymatic activity of ARTD8 is required for survival of mPCa cells. DTX3L and ARTD9 act together as repressors of the tumor suppressor IRF1 in mPCa cells. Furthermore, the present study shows that DTX3L together with STAT1 and STAT3 is implicated in cell migration of mPCa cells. Conclusions Our data strongly indicate that a crosstalk between STAT1, DTX3L and ARTD-like mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases mediates proliferation and survival of mPCa cells. The present study further suggests that the combined targeted inhibition of STAT1, ARTD8, ARTD9 and/or DTX3L could increase the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiation treatment in prostate and other high-risk tumor types with an increased STAT1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul O Hassa
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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104
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Cosset É, Petty TJ, Dutoit V, Cordey S, Padioleau I, Otten-Hernandez P, Farinelli L, Kaiser L, Bruyère-Cerdan P, Tirefort D, Amar El-Dusouqui S, Nayernia Z, Krause KH, Zdobnov EM, Dietrich PY, Rigal E, Preynat-Seauve O. Comprehensive metagenomic analysis of glioblastoma reveals absence of known virus despite antiviral-like type I interferon gene response. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1381-9. [PMID: 24347514 PMCID: PMC4235296 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a deadly malignant brain tumor and one of the most incurable forms of cancer in need of new therapeutic targets. As some cancers are known to be caused by a virus, the discovery of viruses could open the possibility to treat, and perhaps prevent, such a disease. Although an association with viruses such as cytomegalovirus or Simian virus 40 has been strongly suggested, involvement of these and other viruses in the initiation and/or propagation of glioblastoma remains vague, controversial and warrants elucidation. To exhaustively address the association of virus and glioblastoma, we developed and validated a robust metagenomic approach to analyze patient biopsies via high-throughput sequencing, a sensitive tool for virus screening. In addition to traditional clinical diagnostics, glioblastoma biopsies were deep-sequenced and analyzed with a multistage computational pipeline to identify known or potentially discover unknown viruses. In contrast to the studies reporting the presence of viral signatures in glioblastoma, no common or recurring active viruses were detected, despite finding an antiviral-like type I interferon response in some specimens. Our findings highlight a discrete and non-specific viral signature and uncharacterized short RNA sequences in glioblastoma. This study provides new insights into glioblastoma pathogenesis and defines a general methodology that can be used for high-resolution virus screening and discovery in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Cosset
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Hematology Unit, Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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105
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Palayoor ST, John-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN. Differential expression of stress and immune response pathway transcripts and miRNAs in normal human endothelial cells subjected to fractionated or single-dose radiation. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1002-15. [PMID: 24784841 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although modern radiotherapy technologies can precisely deliver higher doses of radiation to tumors, thus, reducing overall radiation exposure to normal tissues, moderate dose, and normal tissue toxicity still remains a significant limitation. The present study profiled the global effects on transcript and miR expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells using single-dose irradiation (SD, 10 Gy) or multifractionated irradiation (MF, 2 Gy × 5) regimens. Longitudinal time points were collected after an SD or final dose of MF irradiation for analysis using Agilent Human Gene Expression and miRNA microarray platforms. Compared with SD, the exposure to MF resulted in robust transcript and miR expression changes in terms of the number and magnitude. For data analysis, statistically significant mRNAs (2-fold) and miRs (1.5-fold) were processed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to uncover miRs associated with target transcripts from several cellular pathways after irradiation. Interestingly, MF radiation induced a cohort of mRNAs and miRs that coordinate the induction of immune response pathway under tight regulation. In addition, mRNAs and miRs associated with DNA replication, recombination and repair, apoptosis, cardiovascular events, and angiogenesis were revealed. IMPLICATIONS Radiation-induced alterations in stress and immune response genes in endothelial cells contribute to changes in normal tissue and tumor microenvironment, and affect the outcome of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeewani T Palayoor
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Molykutty John-Aryankalayil
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Adeola Y Makinde
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | | | | | - C Norman Coleman
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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106
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Leung CM, Chen TW, Li SC, Ho MR, Hu LY, Liu WS, Wu TT, Hsu PC, Chang HT, Tsai KW. MicroRNA expression profiles in human breast cancer cells after multifraction and single-dose radiation treatment. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2147-56. [PMID: 24626680 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that contribute to modulating signaling pathways after radiation exposure and have emerged as a potential therapeutic target or biomarker in the radiation response of cancer. Exposing breast cancer cells to single-dose (SD) or multifractionated (MF) radiation may affect the cells differently. However, the roles of miRNAs in breast cancer cells after the response to SD or MF is not thoroughly understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to comprehensively investigate the response of miRNAs in MDA-MB-361 by using various radiation exposing protocols. Our results revealed that only a small fraction of miRNAs exhibiting differential expressions (>1.5‑fold) was identified after MDA-MB-361 cells were exposed to SD (10 Gy) or MF radiation (2 Gy x 5 MF). In addition, we observed that several miRNAs in the MDA-MB-361 cells frequently exhibited differential responses to various types of radiation treatment. Among these miRNAs, the expression levels of an oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster increased following SD radiation treatment. Conversely, miR-19a-3p, miR-20a-5p, and miR-19b-3p expressions were inhibited by >1.5-fold in the following MF treatment. Further analysis of the miR-17-92 cluster expression levels revealed that miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19a/b and miR-20a were significantly overexpressed and miR-92a was downregulated in breast cancer. Functional annotation demonstrated that target genes of the miR-17-92 cluster were predominantly involved in the regulation of radiation-associated signal pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ErbB, p53, Wnt, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), mTOR signaling pathways and cell cycles with an FDR <0.05. Overall, the results of the present study revealed distinct differences in the response of miRNAs to SD and MF radiation exposure, and these radiation-associated miRNAs may contribute to radiosensitivity and can be used as biomarkers for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Man Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sung-Chou Li
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Ru Ho
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ling-Yueh Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tony T Wu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ping-Chi Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hong-Tai Chang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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107
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Kulzer L, Rubner Y, Deloch L, Allgäuer A, Frey B, Fietkau R, Dörrie J, Schaft N, Gaipl US. Norm- and hypo-fractionated radiotherapy is capable of activating human dendritic cells. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 11:328-36. [PMID: 24512329 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.880533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the transient immunosuppressive properties of local radiotherapy (RT), this classical treatment modality of solid tumors is capable of inducing immunostimulatory forms of tumor-cell death. The resulting 'immunotoxicity' in the tumor, but not in healthy tissues, may finally lead to immune-mediated destruction of the tumor. However, little is known about the best irradiation scheme in this setting. This study examines the immunological effects of differently irradiated human colorectal tumor cells on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). Human SW480 tumor cells were irradiated with a norm-fractionation scheme (5 × 2 Gy), a hypo-fractionated protocol (3 × 5 Gy), and with a high single irradiation dose (radiosurgery; 1 × 15 Gy). Subsequently, human immature DC (iDC) were co-incubated with supernatants (SN) of these differently treated tumor cells. Afterwards, DC were analyzed regarding the expression of maturation markers, the release of cytokines, and the potential to stimulate CD4(+) T-cells. The co-incubation of iDC with SN of tumor cells exposed to norm- or hypo-fractionated RT resulted in a significantly increased secretion of the immune activating cytokines IL-12p70, IL-8, IL-6, and TNFα, compared to iDC co-incubated with SN of tumor cells that received a high single irradiation dose or were not irradiated. In addition, DC-maturation markers CD80, CD83, and CD25 were also exclusively elevated after co-incubation with the SN of fractionated irradiated tumor cells. Furthermore, the SN of tumor cells that were irradiated with norm- or hypo-fractionated RT triggered iDC to stimulate CD4(+) T-cells not only in an allogenic, but also in an antigen-specific manner like mature DC. Collectively, these results demonstrate that norm- and hypo-fractionated RT induces a fast human colorectal tumor-cell death with immunogenic potential that can trigger DC maturation and activation in vitro. Such findings may contribute to the improvement of irradiation protocols for the most beneficial induction of anti-tumor immunity.
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108
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Oh DS, Cheang MCU, Fan C, Perou CM. Radiation-induced gene signature predicts pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Radiat Res 2014; 181:193-207. [PMID: 24527691 PMCID: PMC5017206 DOI: 10.1667/rr13485.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers predictive of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in breast cancer patients would be an important advancement in personalized cancer therapy. In this study, we hypothesized that due to similarities between radiation- and chemotherapy-induced cellular response mechanisms, radiation-responsive genes may be useful in predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Murine p53 null breast cancer cell lines representative of the luminal, basal-like and claudin-low human breast cancer subtypes were irradiated to identify radiation-responsive genes across subtypes. These murine tumor radiation-induced genes were then converted to their human orthologs, and subsequently tested as a predictor of pathologic complete response (pCR), which was validated on two independent published neoadjuvant chemotherapy datasets of genomic data with chemotherapy response. A radiation-induced gene signature consisting of 30 genes was identified on a training set of 337 human primary breast cancer tumor samples that was prognostic for survival. Mean expression of this signature was calculated for individual samples on two independent published datasets and was found to be significantly predictive of pCR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis in both independent datasets showed that this 30 gene signature added significant predictive information independent of that provided by standard clinical predictors and other gene expression-based predictors of pCR. This study provides new information for radiation-induced biology, as well as information regarding response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and a possible means of improving the prediction of pCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Oh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Maggie C. U. Cheang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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109
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RIG-I-like receptor LGP2 protects tumor cells from ionizing radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E484-91. [PMID: 24434553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323253111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An siRNA screen targeting 89 IFN stimulated genes in 14 different cancer cell lines pointed to the RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene I)-like receptor Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2 (LGP2) as playing a key role in conferring tumor cell survival following cytotoxic stress induced by ionizing radiation (IR). Studies on the role of LGP2 revealed the following: (i) Depletion of LGP2 in three cancer cell lines resulted in a significant increase in cell death following IR, (ii) ectopic expression of LGP2 in cells increased resistance to IR, and (iii) IR enhanced LGP2 expression in three cell lines tested. Studies designed to define the mechanism by which LGP2 acts point to its role in regulation of IFNβ. Specifically (i) suppression of LGP2 leads to enhanced IFNβ, (ii) cytotoxic effects following IR correlated with expression of IFNβ inasmuch as inhibition of IFNβ by neutralizing antibody conferred resistance to cell death, and (iii) mouse embryonic fibroblasts from IFN receptor 1 knockout mice are radioresistant compared with wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The role of LGP2 in cancer may be inferred from cumulative data showing elevated levels of LGP2 in cancer cells are associated with more adverse clinical outcomes. Our results indicate that cytotoxic stress exemplified by IR induces IFNβ and enhances the expression of LGP2. Enhanced expression of LGP2 suppresses the IFN stimulated genes associated with cytotoxic stress by turning off the expression of IFNβ.
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110
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mRNA Expression Profiles for Prostate Cancer following Fractionated Irradiation Are Influenced by p53 Status. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:573-85. [PMID: 24151538 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed changes in cell lines of varying p53 status after various fractionation regimens to determine if p53 influences gene expression and if multifractionated (MF) irradiation can induce molecular pathway changes. LNCaP (p53 wild-type), PC3 (p53 null), and DU145 (p53 mutant) prostate carcinoma cells received 5 and 10 Gy as single-dose (SD) or MF (0.5 Gy x 10, 1 Gy x 10, and 2 Gy x 5) irradiation to simulate hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated prostate radiotherapies, respectively. mRNA analysis revealed 978 LNCaP genes differentially expressed (greater than two-fold change, P < .05) after irradiation. Most were altered with SD (69%) and downregulated (75%). Fewer PC3 (343) and DU145 (116) genes were induced, with most upregulated (87%, 89%) and altered with MF irradiation. Gene ontology revealed immune response and interferon genes most prominently expressed after irradiation in PC3 and DU145. Cell cycle regulatory (P = 9.23 x 10(-73), 14.2% of altered genes, nearly universally downregulated) and DNA replication/repair (P = 6.86 x 10(-30)) genes were most prominent in LNCaP. Stress response and proliferation genes were altered in all cell lines. p53-activated genes were only induced in LNCaP. Differences in gene expression exist between cell lines and after varying irradiation regimens that are p53 dependent. As the duration of changes is ≥24 hours, it may be possible to use radiation-inducible targeted therapy to enhance the efficacy of molecular targeted agents.
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111
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Kotredes KP, Gamero AM. Interferons as inducers of apoptosis in malignant cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:162-70. [PMID: 23570382 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovered as antiviral cytokines, interferons (IFNs) are now also recognized for their capacity to inhibit the growth of malignant cells via activation of programmed cell death, better known as apoptosis. In this review, we will cover recent advances made in this field, as it pertains to the various proposed mechanisms of IFN-induced apoptosis and the characterization of IFN-responsive genes not previously known to have apoptotic function. Also mentioned here is a description of the activation and crosstalk of survival signaling pathways as a mode of IFN resistance that remains a persistent clinical adversary to overcome and the future of IFNs as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Kotredes
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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112
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Irshad S, Grigoriadis A, Lawler K, Ng T, Tutt A. Profiling the immune stromal interface in breast cancer and its potential for clinical impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:273-80. [PMID: 23904829 DOI: 10.1159/000341529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in DNA sequencing technologies, as well as refined bioinformatics methods for interpretation of complex datasets, have provided the opportunity to comprehensively assess gene expression in tumours and their surrounding microenvironment. More recently, these advances have highlighted the interplay between the immune effector mechanisms and breast cancer cell biology, emphasizing the long-recognized link between immunity and cancer. Studying immune-associated genes has not only resulted in further stratification within the broad pathological types of breast cancers, but also provided further biological insights into the complex heterogeneity within breast cancer subgroups. On the basis that anti-cancer therapies can modify the host-tumour interaction, investigators have focused their attention on the predictive value of immune parameters as markers of therapeutic anti-tumour response. We discuss the current status of immune signatures in breast cancer and some of the fundamental limitations that need to be overcome to move these discoveries into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Irshad
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy's Hospital, Kings College London; Kings Health Partners AHSC, London, UK
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113
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Nayernia Z, Turchi L, Cosset E, Peterson H, Dutoit V, Dietrich PY, Tirefort D, Chneiweiss H, Lobrinus JA, Krause KH, Virolle T, Preynat-Seauve O. The relationship between brain tumor cell invasion of engineered neural tissues and in vivo features of glioblastoma. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8279-90. [PMID: 23899445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor characterized by its high propensity for local invasion, formation of secondary foci within the brain, as well as areas of necrosis. This study aims to (i) provide a technical approach to reproduce features of the disease in vitro and (ii) characterize the tumor/host brain tissue interaction at the molecular level. Human engineered neural tissue (ENT) obtained from pluripotent stem cells was generated and co-cultured with human glioblastoma-initiating cells. Within two weeks, glioblastoma cells invaded the nervous tissue. This invasion displayed features of the disease in vivo: a primary tumor mass, diffuse migration of invading single cells into the nervous tissue, secondary foci, as well as peritumoral cell death. Through comparative molecular analyses, this model allowed the identification of more than 100 genes that are specifically induced and up-regulated by the nervous tissue/tumor interaction. Notably the type I interferon response, extracellular matrix-related genes were most highly represented and showed a significant correlation with patient survival. In conclusion, glioblastoma development within a nervous tissue can be engineered in vitro, providing a relevant model to study the disease and allows the identification of clinically-relevant genes induced by the tumor/host tissue interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Nayernia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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114
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Franci C, Zhou J, Jiang Z, Modrusan Z, Good Z, Jackson E, Kouros-Mehr H. Biomarkers of residual disease, disseminated tumor cells, and metastases in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58183. [PMID: 23520493 PMCID: PMC3592916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastases arise in part from disseminated tumor cells originating from the primary tumor and from residual disease persisting after therapy. The identification of biomarkers on micro-metastases, disseminated tumors, and residual disease may yield novel tools for early detection and treatment of these disease states prior to their development into metastases and recurrent tumors. Here we describe the molecular profiling of disseminated tumor cells in lungs, lung metastases, and residual tumor cells in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model. MMTV-PyMT mice were bred with actin-GFP mice, and focal hyperplastic lesions from pubertal MMTV-PyMT;actin-GFP mice were orthotopically transplanted into FVB/n mice to track single tumor foci. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with TAC chemotherapy (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide), and residual and relapsed tumor cells were sorted and profiled by mRNA microarray analysis. Data analysis revealed enrichment of the Jak/Stat pathway, Notch pathway, and epigenetic regulators in residual tumors. Stat1 was significantly up-regulated in a DNA-damage-resistant population of residual tumor cells, and a pre-existing Stat1 sub-population was identified in untreated tumors. Tumor cells from adenomas, carcinomas, lung disseminated tumor cells, and lung metastases were also sorted from MMTV-PyMT transplant mice and profiled by mRNA microarray. Whereas disseminated tumors cells appeared similar to carcinoma cells at the mRNA level, lung metastases were genotypically very different from disseminated cells and primary tumors. Lung metastases were enriched for a number of chromatin-modifying genes and stem cell-associated genes. Histone analysis of H3K4 and H3K9 suggested that lung metastases had been reprogrammed during malignant progression. These data identify novel biomarkers of residual tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells and implicate pathways that may mediate metastasis formation and tumor relapse after therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Franci
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Zhou
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhaoshi Jiang
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zinaida Good
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Jackson
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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115
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Kaplon R, Hadziahmetovic M, Sommerfeld J, Bondra K, Lu L, Leasure J, Nguyen P, McHugh K, Li N, Chronowski C, Sebastian N, Singh M, Kurmasheva R, Houghton P, Pelloski CE. The application of radiation therapy to the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP): results of a pilot study in rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:377-382. [PMID: 22692929 PMCID: PMC4733640 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) has been successfully used to determine the efficacy of novel agents against solid tumors by testing them within a mouse-flank in vivo model. To date, radiation therapy has not been applied to this system. We report on the feasibility and biologic outcomes of a pilot study using alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft lines. PROCEDURES We developed a high-throughput mouse-flank irradiation device that allows the safe delivery of radiotherapy in clinically relevant doses. For our pilot study, two rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft lines from the PPTP, Rh30 (alveolar) and Rh18 (embryonal) were selected. Using established methods, xenografts were implanted, grown to appropriate volumes, and were subjected to fractionated radiotherapy. Tumor response-rates, growth kinetics, and event-free survival time were measured. RESULTS Once optimized, the rate of acute toxicity requiring early removal from study in 93 mice was only 3%. During the optimization phase, it was observed that the alveolar Rh30 xenograft line demonstrated a significantly greater radiation resistance than embryonal Rh18 in vivo. This finding was validated within the standardized 30 Gy treatment phase, resulting in overall treatment failure rates of 10% versus 60% for the embryonal versus alveolar subtype, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of our device which enables safe, clinically relevant focal radiation delivery to immunocompromised mice. It further recapitulated the expected clinical radiobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Kaplon
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mersiha Hadziahmetovic
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jim Sommerfeld
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathryn Bondra
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lanchun Lu
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Justin Leasure
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kelsey McHugh
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ning Li
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Chronowski
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nikhil Sebastian
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mamta Singh
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Christopher E. Pelloski
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Correspondence to: Christopher E. Pelloski, MD, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, 300 West 10th Avenue, Suite 094A, Columbus, OH 43210-1280.
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116
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Makinde AY, John-Aryankalayil M, Palayoor ST, Cerna D, Coleman CN. Radiation survivors: understanding and exploiting the phenotype following fractionated radiation therapy. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:5-12. [PMID: 23175523 PMCID: PMC3552079 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation oncology modalities such as intensity-modulated and image-guided radiation therapy can reduce the high dose to normal tissue and deliver a heterogeneous dose to tumors, focusing on areas deemed at highest risk for tumor persistence. Clinical radiation oncology produces daily doses ranging from 1 to 20 Gy, with tissues being exposed to 30 or more daily fractions. Hypothesizing the cells that survive fractionated radiation therapy have a substantially different phenotype than the untreated cells, which might be exploitable for targeting with molecular therapeutics or immunotherapy, three prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) and normal endothelial cells were studied to understand the biology of differential effects of multifraction (MF) radiation of 0.5, 1, and/or 2 Gy fraction to 10 Gy total dose, and a single dose of 5 and 10 Gy. The resulting changes in mRNA, miRNA, and phosphoproteome were analyzed. Significant differences were observed in the MF radiation exposures including those from the 0.5 Gy MF that produces little cell killing. As expected, p53 function played a major role in response. Pathways modified by MF include immune response, DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest, TGF-β, survival, and apoptotic signal transduction. The radiation-induced stress response will set forth a unique platform for exploiting the effects of radiation therapy as "focused biology" for cancer treatment in conjunction with molecular targeted or immunologically directed therapy. Given that more normal tissue is treated, albeit to lower doses with these newer techniques, the response of the normal tissue may also influence long-term treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Y Makinde
- National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 10, B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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117
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Demaria S, Formenti SC. Radiation as an immunological adjuvant: current evidence on dose and fractionation. Front Oncol 2012; 2:153. [PMID: 23112958 PMCID: PMC3481113 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation to a cancer site has the ability to convert the irradiated tumor in an immunogenic hub. However, radiation is a complex modifier of the tumor microenvironment and, by itself, is seldom sufficient to induce a therapeutically significant anti-tumor immune response, since it can also activate immune suppressive pathways. While several combinations of local radiation and immunotherapy have been shown in pre-clinical models to induce powerful anti-tumor immunity, the optimal strategy to achieve this effect remains to be defined. When used in vivo, radiation effects on tumors depend on the dose per fraction applied, the number of fractions used, and the total dose. Moreover, the interplay of these three variables is contingent upon the tumor setting studied, both in pre-clinical and clinical applications. To enable repair of the collateral damage to the normal tissue, radiation is usually given in multiple fractions, usually of 2 Gy. Generally, the use of larger fractions is limited to stereotactic applications, whereby optimal immobilization reduces inter- and intrafraction movement and permits a very conformal delivery of dose to the target, with optimal exclusion of normal tissue. Translation of the partnership of radiation and immunotherapy to the clinic requires a careful consideration of the radiation regimens used. To date, little is known on whether different dose/fractionation regimens have a specific impact on the anti-tumor immune response. Most experiments combining the two modalities were conducted with single fractions of radiotherapy. However, there is at least some evidencethat when combined with some specific immunotherapy approaches, the ability of radiation to promote anti-tumor immunity is dependent on the dose and fractionation employed. We critically review the available in vitro and in vivo data on this subject and discuss the potential impact of fractionation on the ability of radiation to synergize with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center New York, NY, USA
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118
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Klymiuk I, Kenner L, Adler T, Busch DH, Boersma A, Irmler M, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Leitner N, Müller M, Kühn R, Schlederer M, Treise I, de Angelis MH, Beckers J. In vivo functional requirement of the mouse Ifitm1 gene for germ cell development, interferon mediated immune response and somitogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44609. [PMID: 23115618 PMCID: PMC3480353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 (Ifitm1) gene was originally identified as a member of a gene family highly inducible by type I and type II interferons. Based on expression analyses, it was suggested to be required for normal primordial germ cell migration. The knockdown of Ifitm1 in mouse embryos provided evidence for a role in somitogenesis. We generated the first targeted knockin allele of the Ifitm1 gene to systematically reassess all inferred functions. Sperm motility and the fertility of male and female mutant mice are as in wild type littermates. Embryonic somites and the adult vertebral column appear normal in homozygous Ifitm1 knockout mice, demonstrating that Ifitm1 is not essential for normal segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm. Proportions of leucocyte subsets, including granulocytes, monocytes, B-cells, T-cells, NK-cells, and NKT-cells, are unchanged in mutant mice. Based on a normal immune response to Listeria monocytogenes infection, there is no evidence for a dysfunction in downstream IFNγ signaling in Ifitm1 mutant mice. Expression from the Ifitm1 locus from E8.5 to E14.5 is highly dynamic. In contrast, in adult mice, Ifitm1 expression is highly restricted and strong in the bronchial epithelium. Intriguingly, IFITM1 is highly overexpressed in tumor epithelia cells of human squamous cell carcinomas and in adenocarcinomas of NSCLC patients. These analyses underline the general importance of targeted in vivo studies for the functional annotation of the mammalian genome. The first comprehensive description of the Ifitm1 expression pattern provides a rational basis for the further examination of Ifitm1 gene functions. Based on our data, the fact that IFITM1 can function as a negative regulator of cell proliferation, and because the gene maps to chromosome band 11p15.5, previously associated with NSCLC, it is likely that IFITM1 in man has a key role in tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Klymiuk
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IK); (JB)
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research and Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thure Adler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Auke Boersma
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Leitner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Treise
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail: (IK); (JB)
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119
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Systemic delivery of a TLR7 agonist in combination with radiation primes durable antitumor immune responses in mouse models of lymphoma. Blood 2012; 121:251-9. [PMID: 23086756 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-432393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies has improved outcome for patients with B-cell malignancies, although many still relapse and little progress has been made with T-cell malignancies. Novel treatment approaches are clearly required in this disease setting. There has been much recent interest in developing therapeutic approaches to enhance antitumor immune responses using novel immunomodulatory agents in combination with standard of care treatments. Here we report that intravenous administration of the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, R848 in combination with radiation therapy (RT), leads to the longstanding clearance of tumor in T- and B-cell lymphoma bearing mice. In combination, TLR7/RT therapy leads to the expansion of tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and improved survival. Furthermore, those mice that achieve long-term clearance of tumor after TLR7/RT therapy are protected from subsequent tumor rechallenge by the generation of a tumor-specific memory immune response. Our findings demonstrate the potential for enhancing the efficacy of conventional cytotoxic anticancer therapy through combination with a systemically administered TLR7 agonist to improve antitumor immune responses and provide durable remissions.
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120
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Miladi I, Duc GL, Kryza D, Berniard A, Mowat P, Roux S, Taleb J, Bonazza P, Perriat P, Lux F, Tillement O, Billotey C, Janier M. Biodistribution of ultra small gadolinium-based nanoparticles as theranostic agent: Application to brain tumors. J Biomater Appl 2012; 28:385-94. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328212454315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based nanoparticles are novel objects with interesting physical properties, allowing their use for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Gadolinium-based nanoparticles were imaged following intravenous injection in healthy rats and rats grafted with 9L gliosarcoma tumors using magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphic imaging. Quantitative biodistribution using gamma-counting of each sampled organ confirmed that these nanoparticles were rapidly cleared essentially by renal excretion. Accumulation of these nanoparticles in 9L gliosarcoma tumors implanted in the rat brain was quantitated. This passive and long-duration accumulation of gadolinium-based nanoparticles in tumor, which is related to disruption of the blood–brain barrier, is in good agreement with the use of these nanoparticles as radiosensitizers for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Miladi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Le Duc
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 17 Biomedical Beamline, Polygone Scientifique Louis Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - David Kryza
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Berniard
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Mowat
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Roux
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Institut UTINAM, UMR 6213 CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Jacqueline Taleb
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Pauline Bonazza
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Perriat
- Matériaux Ingénierie et Science, UMR 5510 CNRS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - François Lux
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Claire Billotey
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Janier
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, UMR 5620 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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121
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Scaruffi P, Morandi F, Gallo F, Stigliani S, Parodi S, Moretti S, Bonassi S, Fardin P, Garaventa A, Zanazzo G, Pistoia V, Tonini GP, Corrias MV. Bone marrow of neuroblastoma patients shows downregulation of CXCL12 expression and presence of IFN signature. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:44-51. [PMID: 21994039 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At diagnosis, children with neuroblastoma (NB) present with either localized or metastatic disease. Since the mechanisms responsible for BM invasion are not well known, we investigated the transcriptome of resident BM cells from NB patients as compared to healthy children. PROCEDURE Ninety-two and 88 children with localized and metastatic NB, respectively, and 15 healthy children were included in the study. BM resident cells recovered from BM aspirates by immunomagnetic bead manipulation were subjected to genome-wide microarray analysis. After validation in an independent set of samples, the genes significantly modulated in resident BM cells from NB patients were tested for their diagnostic/prognostic values. RESULTS BM resident cells, irrespective of neoplastic cell invasion, significantly overexpressed genes involved in innate immune responses, and interferon (IFN) and IFN-DRS signatures were enriched. Genes coding for metallothioneins and zinc finger proteins, and involved in histone and nucleosome/chromatin organization were also overexpressed. Resident BM cells from NB patients significantly downregulated genes involved in cell adhesion, and in erythrocyte, myeloid, and platelet differentiation pathways. Among downregulated genes, CXCL12 expression reached near complete silencing in patients with metastatic disease. The downregulation of CXCL12 expression was independent of contact between NB cell and resident BM cell. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that NB tumor growth at the primary site can alter the BM microenvironment, and the presence of BM-infiltrating NB cells makes the alterations more pronounced. Therefore, the restoration of a BM physiological state by means of IFN-α monoclonal antibody, Sifalimumab, and selective noradrenaline receptor blockers should be further studied to ameliorate patients' clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scaruffi
- Translational Oncopathology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
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122
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Kleibeuker EA, Griffioen AW, Verheul HM, Slotman BJ, Thijssen VL. Combining angiogenesis inhibition and radiotherapy: A double-edged sword. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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123
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Khodarev NN, Roizman B, Weichselbaum RR. Molecular Pathways: Interferon/Stat1 Pathway: Role in the Tumor Resistance to Genotoxic Stress and Aggressive Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3015-21. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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124
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Cheriyath V, Kuhns MA, Jacobs BS, Evangelista P, Elson P, Downs-Kelly E, Tubbs R, Borden EC. G1P3, an interferon- and estrogen-induced survival protein contributes to hyperplasia, tamoxifen resistance and poor outcomes in breast cancer. Oncogene 2012; 31:2222-36. [PMID: 21996729 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormonally regulated survival factors can have an important role in breast cancer. Here we elucidate G1P3, a survival protein induced by interferons (IFNs), as a target of estrogen signaling and a contributor to poor outcomes in estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancer. Compared with normal breast tissue, G1P3 was upregulated in the malignant epithelium (50 × higher) and was induced by estrogen ex vivo. In accord with its overexpression in early stages of breast cancer (hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ), in morphogenesis assays G1P3 enhanced the survival of MCF10A acinar luminal cells causing hyperplasia by suppressing detachment-induced loss of mitochondrial potential and apoptosis (anoikis). In cells undergoing anoikis, G1P3 attenuated the induction of Bim protein, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and reversed the downmodulation of Bcl-2 protein. Downregulation of G1P3 induced spontaneous apoptosis in BT-549 breast cancer cells and significantly reduced the growth of ER(+) breast cancer cell MCF7 (P≤0.01), further suggesting its prosurvival activity. In agreement with its induction by estrogen, G1P3 antagonized tamoxifen, an inhibitor of ER in MCF7 cells. More importantly, elevated expression of G1P3 was significantly associated with decreased relapse-free and overall survival in ER(+) breast cancer patients (P≤0.01). Our studies suggest that elevated expression of G1P3 may perturb canonical tumor-suppressing activity of IFNs partly by affecting the balance of pro- and antiapoptotic members of Bcl-2 family proteins, leading to breast cancer development and resistance to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cheriyath
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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125
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Wynder C, Stalker L, Doughty ML. Role of H3K4 demethylases in complex neurodevelopmental diseases. Epigenomics 2012; 2:407-18. [PMID: 22121901 DOI: 10.2217/epi.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant neurological disorders can result from subtle perturbations of gene regulation that are often linked to epigenetic regulation. Proteins that regulate the methylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) and play a central role in epigenetic regulation, and mutations in genes encoding these enzymes have been identified in both autism and Rett syndrome. The H3K4 demethylases remove methyl groups from lysine 4 leading to loss of RNA polymerase binding and transcriptional repression. When these proteins are mutated, brain development is altered. Currently, little is known regarding how these gene regulators function at the genomic level. In this article, we will discuss findings that link H3K4 demethylases to neurodevelopment and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wynder
- McMaster Stem Cell & Cancer Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5 Canada.
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126
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Tsai CC, Hung EC, Tsai SC, Hueng DY. Letter to the Editor: Hydrocephalus and radiotherapy. J Neurosurg 2012; 116:927-8; author reply 928. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.10.jns111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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127
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Expression signature of IFN/STAT1 signaling genes predicts poor survival outcome in glioblastoma multiforme in a subtype-specific manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29653. [PMID: 22242177 PMCID: PMC3252343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have implicated an induction of genes in IFN/STAT1 (Interferon/STAT1) signaling in radiation resistant and prosurvival tumor phenotypes in a number of cancer cell lines, and we have hypothesized that upregulation of these genes may be predictive of poor survival outcome and/or treatment response in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) patients. We have developed a list of 8 genes related to IFN/STAT1 that we hypothesize to be predictive of poor survival in GBM patients. Our working hypothesis that over-expression of this gene signature predicts poor survival outcome in GBM patients was confirmed, and in addition, it was demonstrated that the survival model was highly subtype-dependent, with strong dependence in the Proneural subtype and no detected dependence in the Classical and Mesenchymal subtypes. We developed a specific multi-gene survival model for the Proneural subtype in the TCGA (the Cancer Genome Atlas) discovery set which we have validated in the TCGA validation set. In addition, we have performed network analysis in the form of Bayesian Network discovery and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to further dissect the underlying biology of this gene signature in the etiology of GBM. We theorize that the strong predictive value of the IFN/STAT1 gene signature in the Proneural subtype may be due to chemotherapy and/or radiation resistance induced through prolonged constitutive signaling of these genes during the course of the illness. The results of this study have implications both for better prediction models for survival outcome in GBM and for improved understanding of the underlying subtype-specific molecular mechanisms for GBM tumor progression and treatment response.
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128
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Raus S, Coin S, Monsurrò V. Adenovirus as a new agent for multiple myeloma therapies: Opportunities and restrictions. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:229-38. [PMID: 22259628 PMCID: PMC3259514 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of B-cells that is characterized by the clonal expansion and accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. This disease remains incurable, and a median survival of 3-5 years has been reported with the use of current treatments. Viral-based therapies offer promising alternatives or possible integration with current therapeutic regimens. Among several gene therapy vectors and oncolytic agents, adenovirus has emerged as a promising agent, and it is already being used for the treatment of solid tumors in humans. The main concern with the clinical use of this vector has been its high immunogenicity; adenovirus is often able to induce a strong immune response in the host. Furthermore, new limitations in the efficacy of this therapy, intrinsic to the nature of tumor cells, have been recently observed. For example, our group showed a strong antiviral phenotype in vitro and in vivo in a subset of tumors, shedding new insights that may explain the partial failure of clinical trials based on this promising new therapy. In this review, we describe novel therapeutic approaches that implement viral-based treatments in hematological malignancies and address the novelty as well as the possible limitations of these new therapies, especially in the context of the use of adenoviral vectors for treating multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svjetlana Raus
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
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129
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Kostelich EJ, Kuang Y, McDaniel JM, Moore NZ, Martirosyan NL, Preul MC. Accurate state estimation from uncertain data and models: an application of data assimilation to mathematical models of human brain tumors. Biol Direct 2011; 6:64. [PMID: 22185645 PMCID: PMC3340325 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-6-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data assimilation refers to methods for updating the state vector (initial condition) of a complex spatiotemporal model (such as a numerical weather model) by combining new observations with one or more prior forecasts. We consider the potential feasibility of this approach for making short-term (60-day) forecasts of the growth and spread of a malignant brain cancer (glioblastoma multiforme) in individual patient cases, where the observations are synthetic magnetic resonance images of a hypothetical tumor. Results We apply a modern state estimation algorithm (the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter), previously developed for numerical weather prediction, to two different mathematical models of glioblastoma, taking into account likely errors in model parameters and measurement uncertainties in magnetic resonance imaging. The filter can accurately shadow the growth of a representative synthetic tumor for 360 days (six 60-day forecast/update cycles) in the presence of a moderate degree of systematic model error and measurement noise. Conclusions The mathematical methodology described here may prove useful for other modeling efforts in biology and oncology. An accurate forecast system for glioblastoma may prove useful in clinical settings for treatment planning and patient counseling. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Anthony Almudevar, Tomas Radivoyevitch, and Kristin Swanson (nominated by Georg Luebeck).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Kostelich
- School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA.
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130
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Brzostek-Racine S, Gordon C, Van Scoy S, Reich NC. The DNA damage response induces IFN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5336-45. [PMID: 22013119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals a new complexity in the cellular response to DNA damage: activation of IFN signaling. The DNA damage response involves the rapid recruitment of repair enzymes and the activation of signal transducers that regulate cell-cycle checkpoints and cell survival. To understand the link between DNA damage and the innate cellular defense that occurs in response to many viral infections, we evaluated the effects of agents such as etoposide that promote dsDNA breaks. Treatment of human cells with etoposide led to the induction of IFN-stimulated genes and the IFN-α and IFN-λ genes. NF-κB, known to be activated in response to DNA damage, was shown to be a key regulator of this IFN gene induction. Expression of an NF-κB subunit, p65/RelA, was sufficient for induction of the human IFN-λ1 gene. In addition, NF-κB was required for the induction of IFN regulatory factor-1 and -7 that are able to stimulate expression of the IFN-α and IFN-λ genes. Cells that lack the NF-κB essential modulator lack the ability to induce the IFN genes following DNA damage. Breaks in DNA are generated during normal physiological processes of replication, transcription, and recombination, as well as by external genotoxic agents or infectious agents. The significant finding of IFN production as a stress response to DNA damage provides a new perspective on the role of IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Brzostek-Racine
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5200, USA
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131
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DNA methylation changes in cells regrowing after fractioned ionizing radiation. Radiother Oncol 2011; 101:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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132
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Liikanen I, Monsurrò V, Ahtiainen L, Raki M, Hakkarainen T, Diaconu I, Escutenaire S, Hemminki O, Dias JD, Cerullo V, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Marzioni D, Colombatti M, Hemminki A. Induction of interferon pathways mediates in vivo resistance to oncolytic adenovirus. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1858-66. [PMID: 21792178 PMCID: PMC3188743 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are an emerging experimental approach for treatment of tumors refractory to available modalities. Although preclinical results have been promising, and clinical safety has been excellent, it is also apparent that tumors can become virus resistant. The resistance mechanisms acquired by advanced tumors against conventional therapies are increasingly well understood, which has allowed development of countermeasures. To study this in the context of oncolytic adenovirus, we developed two in vivo models of acquired resistance, where initially sensitive tumors eventually gain resistance and relapse. These models were used to investigate the phenomenon on RNA and protein levels using two types of analysis of microarray data, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Interferon (IFN) signaling pathways were found upregulated and Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) expression was identified as a marker correlating with resistance, while transplantation experiments suggested a role for tumor stroma in maintaining resistance. Furthermore, pathway analysis suggested potential therapeutic targets in oncolytic adenovirus-resistant cells. Improved understanding of the antiviral phenotype causing tumor recurrence is of key importance in order to improve treatment of advanced tumors with oncolytic adenoviruses. Given the similarities between mechanisms of action, this finding might be relevant for other oncolytic viruses as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Liikanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Immune parameters affecting the efficacy of chemotherapeutic regimens. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2011; 8:151-60. [PMID: 21364688 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of chemotherapy can be influenced by the host immune system at multiple levels. Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells by causing them to elicit an immune response or alternatively, by increasing their susceptibility to immune attack. In addition, chemotherapy can stimulate anticancer immune effectors either in a direct fashion or by subverting immunosuppressive mechanisms. Beyond cancer-cell-intrinsic factors that determine the cytotoxic or cytostatic response, as well as the potential immunogenicity of tumor cells, the functional state of the host immune system has a major prognostic and predictive impact on the fate of cancer patients treated with conventional or targeted chemotherapies. In this Review, we surmise that immune-relevant biomarkers may guide personalized therapeutic interventions including compensatory measures to restore or improve anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM U1015, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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134
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Androutsopoulos VP, Ruparelia KC, Papakyriakou A, Filippakis H, Tsatsakis AM, Spandidos DA. Anticancer effects of the metabolic products of the resveratrol analogue, DMU-212: structural requirements for potency. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2586-95. [PMID: 21497957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The methoxylated trans-stilbene resveratrol analogue, (E)-3,4,5,4'-tetramethoxystilbene (1), has shown promising antiproliferative activity in in vitro cell line and in vivo models. In vivo 1 gives rise to several metabolic products through demethylation or hydroxylation reactions at the stilbene moiety. In the present study we examined the anticancer activity of 1 and the metabolites (E)-3'-hydroxy-3,4,5,4'-tetramethoxystilbene (2), (E)-4'-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethoxystilbene (3), (E)-4-hydroxy-3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene (4) and (E)-3-hydroxy-4,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene (5) by means of cell viability testing, cell cycle analysis, immunostaining and Western blotting. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited submicromolar toxicity in MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma and HepG2 hepatoma cells, whereas 3, 4 and 5 were inactive in terms of inhibition of cellular proliferation. Incubation with 1 or 2 at 10 μM for 24h induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. Immunostaining of MCF-7 cells for β-tubulin in the presence of either 1 or 2 revealed shorter localization of the protein around the nucleus, as compared to control cells. Western blot analyses further demonstrated that treatment with either 1 or 2 at concentrations between 30 and 50 μM for 24 h caused a downregulation in the levels of β-tubulin and cyclin D1 expression and an upregulation in the levels of p53 expression in MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. 2 further increased the ratio of mRNA levels of the apoptosis-related genes Bax/Bcl-xL in both MCF-7 and HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that 2 inhibits HepG2 and MCF-7 cellular proliferation by inducing apoptosis and G2/M arrest through p53 and Bax/Bcl-xL upregulation. Our findings further demonstrate that trimethoxy substitutions along with the presence of a methoxy group at position 4' are necessary for retaining the activity of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis P Androutsopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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135
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Long-term follow-up of HLA-A2+ patients with high-risk, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer vaccinated with the prostate specific antigen peptide homologue (PSA146-154). Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:473453. [PMID: 21253471 PMCID: PMC3022181 DOI: 10.1155/2010/473453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight HLA-A2+ patients with high-risk, locally advanced or metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer were immunized with a peptide homologue of prostate-specific antigen, PSA146-154, between July 2002 and September 2004 and monitored for clinical and immune responses. Fifty percent of the patients developed strong PSA146-154-peptide-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity skin responses, tetramer and/or IFN-γ responses within one year. Thirteen patients had stable or declining serum levels of PSA one year post-vaccination. A decreased risk of biochemical progression was observed in patients who developed augmented tetramer responses at six months compared to pre-vaccination levels (P = .02). Thirteen patients have died while 15 patients remain alive with a mean overall survival of 60 months (95% CI, 51 to 68 months) per Kaplan-Meier analysis. A trend towards greater overall survival was detected in men with high-risk, hormone-sensitive CaP who developed specific T-cell immunity following vaccination with PSA146-154 peptide.
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136
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Cheon H, Yang J, Stark GR. The functions of signal transducers and activators of transcriptions 1 and 3 as cytokine-inducible proteins. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:33-40. [PMID: 21166594 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3 genes are specifically activated by phosphorylated STATs 1 and 3, respectively, resulting in large and prolonged increases in the levels of unphosphorylated STATs (U-STATs) in response to interferons (for STAT1) or ligands that activate gp130, such as IL-6 (for STAT3). U-STATs 1 and 3 are transcription factors that drive gene expression by mechanisms distinct from those used by phosphorylated STATs. U-STAT3 drives expression of many proteins not induced by phospho-STAT3, including several that are important in tumorigenesis. U-STAT1 prolongs and increases expression of a subset of proteins induced initially in response to phospho-STAT1, leading to antiviral and immune responses that are long-lived. U-STAT1 levels are also high in some cancers, and the protein products of genes induced by U-STAT1 enhance resistance to DNA damage. Therefore, interferons not only drive short-term expression of proteins that inhibit growth and promote apoptosis and immune surveillance, but also promote long-term expression of proteins that facilitate tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjoo Cheon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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137
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Siegrist F, Ebeling M, Certa U. The small interferon-induced transmembrane genes and proteins. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:183-97. [PMID: 21166591 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) genes are transcribed in most tissues and are with the exception of IFITM5 interferon inducible. They are involved in early development, cell adhesion, and control of cell growth. Most IFITM genes are activated in response to bacterial and viral infections, and the exact host immune defense mechanisms are still unknown. Elevated gene expression triggered by past or chronic inflammation could prevent spreading of pathogens by limiting host cell proliferation. Accordingly, induction in cells with low basal protein levels is sufficient to drive growth arrest and a senescence-like morphology. On the other hand, loss of IFITM levels in cancer is correlated with pronounced malignancy; thus, these genes are considered as tumor suppressors. However, several cancer cells have deregulated high levels of IFITM transcripts, indicating a tumor progression stage where at least one of the interferon-controlled antiproliferative pathways has been silenced. Phylogenetic analyses of the protein coding genomic sequences suggest a single interferon-inducible gene in the common ancestor of rodents and primates. Biological functions studied so far may have evolved in parallel, and functional characterization of IFITM proteins will provide insight into innate immune defense, cancer development, and other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Siegrist
- Non-Clinical Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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138
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Analysis of Brca1-deficient mouse mammary glands reveals reciprocal regulation of Brca1 and c-kit. Oncogene 2010; 30:1597-607. [PMID: 21132007 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the breast cancer susceptibility gene Brca1 results in defective lobular-alveolar development in the mammary gland and a predisposition to breast tumourigenesis in humans and in mice. Recent evidence suggests that BRCA1 loss in humans is associated with an expansion of the luminal progenitor cell compartment in the normal breast and tumours with a luminal progenitor-like expression profile. To further investigate the role of BRCA1 in the mammary gland, we examined the consequences of Brca1 loss in mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that Brca1 loss is associated with defective morphogenesis of SCp2 and HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell lines and that in the MMTV-Cre Brca1(Co/Co) mouse model of Brca1 loss, there is an accumulation of luminal progenitor (CD61(+)CD29(lo)CD24(+)) cells during pregnancy. By day 1 of lactation, there are marked differences in the expression of 1379 genes, with most significantly altered pathways and networks, including lactation, the immune response and cancer. One of the most differentially expressed genes was the luminal progenitor marker, c-kit. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the increase in c-kit levels is associated with an increase in c-kit positivity. Interestingly, an inverse association between Brca1 and c-kit expression was also observed during mammary epithelial differentiation, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Brca1 resulted in a significant increase in c-kit mRNA levels. We found no evidence that c-kit plays a direct role in regulating differentiation of HC11 cells, suggesting that Brca1-mediated induction of c-kit probably contributes to Brca1-associated tumourigenesis via another cellular process, and that c-kit is likely to be a marker rather than a mediator of defective lobular-alveolar development resulting from Brca1 loss.
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139
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Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Fan W, Georges GE, Schwartz JL, Kepler CM, Lee H, Suchanek AL, Cronk MR, Brumbaugh A, Engel JH, Yukawa M, Zhao LP, Heimfeld S, Stirewalt DL. Identification of radiation-induced expression changes in nonimmortalized human T cells. Radiat Res 2010; 175:172-84. [PMID: 21268710 DOI: 10.1667/rr1977.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the event of a radiation accident or attack, it will be imperative to quickly assess the amount of radiation exposure to accurately triage victims for appropriate care. RNA-based radiation dosimetry assays offer the potential to rapidly screen thousands of individuals in an efficient and cost-effective manner. However, prior to the development of these assays, it will be critical to identify those genes that will be most useful to delineate different radiation doses. Using global expression profiling, we examined expression changes in nonimmortalized T cells across a wide range of doses (0.15-12 Gy). Because many radiation responses are highly dependent on time, expression changes were examined at three different times (3, 8, and 24 h). Analyses identified 61, 512 and 1310 genes with significant linear dose-dependent expression changes at 3, 8 and 24 h, respectively. Using a stepwise regression procedure, a model was developed to estimate in vitro radiation exposures using the expression of three genes (CDKN1A, PSRC1 and TNFSF4) and validated in an independent test set with 86% accuracy. These findings suggest that RNA-based expression assays for a small subset of genes can be employed to develop clinical biodosimetry assays to be used in assessments of radiation exposure and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era L Pogosova-Agadjanyan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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140
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John-Aryankalayil M, Palayoor ST, Cerna D, Simone CB, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN. Fractionated radiation therapy can induce a molecular profile for therapeutic targeting. Radiat Res 2010; 174:446-58. [PMID: 20726711 DOI: 10.1667/rr2105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To examine the possibility of using fractionated radiation in a unique way with molecular targeted therapy, gene expression profiles of prostate carcinoma cells treated with 10 Gy radiation administered either as a single dose or as fractions of 2 Gy × 5 and 1 Gy × 10 were examined by microarray analysis. Compared to the single dose, the fractionated irradiation resulted in significant increases in differentially expressed genes in both cell lines, with more robust changes in PC3 cells than in DU145 cells. The differentially expressed genes (>twofold change; P < 0.05) were clustered and their ontological annotations evaluated. In PC3 cells genes regulating immune and stress response, cell cycle and apoptosis were significantly up-regulated by multifractionated radiation compared to single-dose radiation. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the differentially expressed genes revealed that immune response and cardiovascular genes were in the top functional category in PC3 cells and cell-to-cell signaling in DU145 cells. RT-PCR analysis showed that a flexure point for gene expression occurred at the 6th-8th fraction and AKT inhibitor perifosine produced enhanced cell killing after 1 Gy × 8 fractionated radiation in PC3 and DU145 cells compared to single dose. This study suggests that fractionated radiation may be a uniquely exploitable, non-oncogene-addiction stress pathway for molecular therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molykutty John-Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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141
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Cheriyath V, Leaman DW, Borden EC. Emerging roles of FAM14 family members (G1P3/ISG 6-16 and ISG12/IFI27) in innate immunity and cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:173-81. [PMID: 20939681 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) manifest their cellular functions by regulating expression of target genes known collectively as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The repertoires of ISGs vary slightly between cell types, but routinely include a core of common ISGs robustly upregulated in most IFN-treated cells. Here, we review the regulation and cellular functions of 2 related ISGs, ISG12 (IFI27) and G1P3 (ISG 6-16), that are commonly induced by IFNs in most, if not all, IFN-responsive cells. On the basis of sequence similarity, they are grouped together within the newly defined FAM14 family. Emerging data on ISG12 and G1P3 suggest that both are mitochondrial proteins with opposing activities on apoptosis that may influence the innate immune responses of IFNs. The G1P3 gene encodes a low molecular weight mitochondrial protein that may stabilize mitochondrial function and oppose apoptosis. In contrast, ISG12 expression may sensitize cells to apoptotic stimuli via mitochondrial membrane destabilization. On the basis of these results and differences in induction kinetics between ISG12 and G1P3, we have proposed a model for the role of these genes in mediating cellular activity of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan Cheriyath
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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142
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Madhusoodhanan R, Natarajan M, Singh JVN, Jamgade A, Awasthi V, Anant S, Herman TS, Aravindan N. Effect of black raspberry extract in inhibiting NFkappa B dependent radioprotection in human breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:93-104. [PMID: 20043264 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903191494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Black raspberry extracts (RSE) have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and stimulate apoptosis. Also, studies have demonstrated that RSE inhibits transcriptional regulators including NFkappa B. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of RSE in inhibiting radiation (IR) induced NFkappa B mediated radioprotection in breast adenocarcinoma cells. MCF-7 cells were exposed to IR (2Gy), treated with RSE (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 micro g/ml) or treated with RSE (1.0 micro g/ml) followed by IR exposure, and harvested after 1, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. NFkappa B DNA-binding activity was measured by EMSA and phosphorylated Ikappa Balpha by immunoblotting. Expression of IAP1, IAP2, XIAP and survivin were measured by QPCR and immunoblotting. Cell survival was measured using MTT assay and cell death using Caspase-3/7 activity. Effect of RSE on IR induced MnSOD, TNFalpha, IL-1alpha and MnSOD activity was also determined. RSE inhibited NFkappa B activity in a dose-dependent manner. Also, RSE inhibited IR-induced sustained activation of NFkappa B, and NFkappa B regulated IAP1, IAP2, XIAP, and survivin. In addition, RSE inhibited IR-induced TNFalpha, IL-1alpha, and MnSOD levels and MnSOD activity. RSE suppressed cell survival and enhanced cell death. These results suggest that RSE may act as a potent radiosensitizer by overcoming the effects of NFkappa B mediated radioprotection in human breast cancer cells.
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143
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Monsurrò V, Beghelli S, Wang R, Barbi S, Coin S, Di Pasquale G, Bersani S, Castellucci M, Sorio C, Eleuteri S, Worschech A, Chiorini JA, Pederzoli P, Alter H, Marincola FM, Scarpa A. Anti-viral state segregates two molecular phenotypes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: potential relevance for adenoviral gene therapy. J Transl Med 2010; 8:10. [PMID: 20113473 PMCID: PMC2845551 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a leading cause of cancer mortality for which novel gene therapy approaches relying on tumor-tropic adenoviruses are being tested. Methods We obtained the global transcriptional profiling of primary PDAC using RNA from eight xenografted primary PDAC, three primary PDAC bulk tissues, three chronic pancreatitis and three normal pancreatic tissues. The Affymetrix GeneChip HG-U133A was used. The results of the expression profiles were validated applying immunohistochemical and western blot analysis on a set of 34 primary PDAC and 10 established PDAC cell lines. Permissivity to viral vectors used for gene therapy, Adenovirus 5 and Adeno-Associated Viruses 5 and 6, was assessed on PDAC cell lines. Results The analysis of the expression profiles allowed the identification of two clearly distinguishable phenotypes according to the expression of interferon-stimulated genes. The two phenotypes could be readily recognized by immunohistochemical detection of the Myxovirus-resistance A protein, whose expression reflects the activation of interferon dependent pathways. The two molecular phenotypes discovered in primary carcinomas were also observed among established pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, suggesting that these phenotypes are an intrinsic characteristic of cancer cells independent of their interaction with the host's microenvironment. The two pancreatic cancer phenotypes are characterized by different permissivity to viral vectors used for gene therapy, as cell lines expressing interferon stimulated genes resisted to Adenovirus 5 mediated lysis in vitro. Similar results were observed when cells were transduced with Adeno-Associated Viruses 5 and 6. Conclusion Our study identified two molecular phenotypes of pancreatic cancer, characterized by a differential expression of interferon-stimulated genes and easily recognized by the expression of the Myxovirus-resistance A protein. We suggest that the detection of these two phenotypes might help the selection of patients enrolled in virally-mediated gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladia Monsurrò
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
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Dewan MZ, Galloway AE, Kawashima N, Dewyngaert JK, Babb JS, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5379-88. [PMID: 19706802 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1223] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypothesis that the type of dose fractionation regimen determines the ability of radiotherapy to synergize with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TSA mouse breast carcinoma cells were injected s.c. into syngeneic mice at two separate sites, defined as a "primary" site that was irradiated and a "secondary" site outside the radiotherapy field. When both tumors were palpable, mice were randomly assigned to eight groups receiving no radiotherapy or three distinct regimens of radiotherapy (20 Gy x 1, 8 Gy x 3, or 6 Gy x 5 fractions in consecutive days) in combination or not with 9H10 monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4. Mice were followed for tumor growth/regression. Similar experiments were conducted in the MCA38 mouse colon carcinoma model. RESULTS In either of the two models tested, treatment with 9H10 alone had no detectable effect. Each of the radiotherapy regimens caused comparable growth delay of the primary tumors but had no effect on the secondary tumors outside the radiation field. Conversely, the combination of 9H10 and either fractionated radiotherapy regimens achieved enhanced tumor response at the primary site (P < 0.0001). Moreover, an abscopal effect, defined as a significant growth inhibition of the tumor outside the field, occurred only in mice treated with the combination of 9H10 and fractionated radiotherapy (P < 0.01). The frequency of CD8+ T cells showing tumor-specific IFN-gamma production was proportional to the inhibition of the secondary tumor. CONCLUSIONS Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an abscopal effect when in combination with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in two preclinical carcinoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zahidunnabi Dewan
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Madhusoodhanan R, Natarajan M, Veeraraghavan J, Herman TS, Jamgade A, Singh N, Aravindan N. NFkappaB signaling related molecular alterations in human neuroblastoma cells after fractionated irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:311-324. [PMID: 19436149 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been used as an adjunctive local-control modality for high-risk neuroblastoma. However, relapse due to radioresistance affects the success of radiotherapy. Ascertaining the fractionated radiation (FIR) modulated molecular targets is imperative in targeted molecular therapy. Accordingly, we investigated the (i) expression of genes representing six functional pathways; (ii) NFkappaB DNA-binding activity and (iii) expression of radioresponsive molecules after single dose (10 Gy) radiation (SDR) and FIR (2 Gy x 5) in human neuroblastoma cells. Alterations in gene expression were analyzed using QPCR-profiling, NFkappaB activity using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and pIkappaBalpha using immunoblotting. Modulations in TNFalpha, IL-1alpha, pAKT, IAP1, IAP2, XIAP, survivin, MnSOD, BID, Bak, MyD88 and Vegfc were determined using quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) and immunoblotting. Compared to SDR, FIR significantly induced the expression of 25 genes and completely suppressed another 30 genes. Furthermore, FIR induced NFkappaB-DNA-binding activity and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Similarly, we observed an induced expression of IAP1, IAP2, XIAP, Survivin, IL-1alpha, MnSOD, Bid, Bak, MyD88, TNFalpha and pAKT in cells exposed to FIR. The results of the study clearly show distinct differences in the molecular response of cells between SDR and FIR. We identified several potential targets confining to NFkappaB signaling cascade that may affect radio-resistance after FIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhesh Madhusoodhanan
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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The evolution and application of techniques in molecular biology to human brain tumors: a 25 year perspective. J Neurooncol 2009; 92:261-73. [PMID: 19357954 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the establishment of the AANS/CNS Section on Tumors in 1984, neurosurgeons have been actively involved in basic science research of human brain tumors that has moved the field forward considerably. Here, we chronicle the major advances that have been made with respect to our understanding of the concepts guiding the biology of human malignant brain tumors. Numerous technical advances in science, such as the development of gene transfer techniques, the polymerase chain reaction, the discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and the refinement of approaches to cancer cytogenetics have enabled researchers to identify many of the non-random genetic alterations associated with brain tumor growth, invasion, immunology, angiogenesis and apoptosis. These data led to some astounding progress, for example with the use of gene therapy, whereby in the 1990s several human clinical trials were conducted for patients with brain tumors. More recently, the human genome project has been completed providing a blueprint for the human species. What has followed are exciting new techniques in molecular biology such as transcriptional profiling, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-arrays, array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH), microRNA profiling, and detection of epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes. The cancer genome is now being sequenced at break neck speed using advanced DNA sequencing techniques. We are on the threshold of cataloguing the major genetic alterations observed in all human brain tumors. What will follow is modeling of these genetic alterations in systems that will allow for the development of novel pharmacotherapeutics and translational research therapies.
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The novel Akt inhibitor Palomid 529 (P529) enhances the effect of radiotherapy in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:932-40. [PMID: 19240717 PMCID: PMC2661786 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a common treatment for localised prostate cancer, but can cause important side effects. The therapeutic efficacy of RT can be enhanced by pharmacological compounds that target specific pathways involved in cell survival. This would elicit a similar therapeutic response using lower doses of RT and, in turn, reducing side effects. This study describes the antitumour activity of the novel Akt inhibitor 8-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-2-methoxy-3-(4-methoxy-benzyloxy)-benzo[c]chromen-6-one (Palomid 529 or P529) as well as its ability to decrease radiation-activated phospho-Akt (p-Akt) signalling in a prostate cancer model. P529 showed a potent antiproliferative activity in the NCI-60 cell lines panel, with growth inhibitory 50 (GI50) <35 μM. In addition, P529 significantly enhanced the antiproliferative effect of radiation in prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Analysis of signalling pathways targeted by P529 exhibited a decrease in p-Akt, VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, and Id-1 levels after radiation treatment. Moreover, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was also reduced. Treatment of PC-3 tumour-bearing mice with 20 mg kg−1 P529 or 6 Gy radiation dose decreased tumour size by 42.9 and 53%, respectively. Combination of both treatments resulted in 77.4% tumour shrinkage. Decreased tumour growth was due to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis (as assessed by PCNA and caspase-3 immunostaining). Our results show the antitumour efficacy of P529 alone, and as a radiosensitiser, and suggest that this compound could be used in the future to treat human prostate cancer.
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John-Aryankalayil M, Palayoor ST, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN. NS-398, ibuprofen, and cyclooxygenase-2 RNA interference produce significantly different gene expression profiles in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:261-73. [PMID: 19139136 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a significant role in tumor development and progression. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) exhibit potent anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo by COX-2-dependent and COX-2-independent mechanisms. In this study, we used microarray analysis to identify the change of expression profile regulated by a COX-2-specific NSAID NS-398 (0.01 and 0.1 mmol/L), a nonspecific NSAID ibuprofen (0.1 and 1.5 mmol/L) and RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated COX-2 inhibition in PC3 prostate cancer cells. A total of 3,362 differentially expressed genes with 2-fold change and P<0.05 were identified. Low concentrations of NSAIDs and COX-2 RNAi altered very few genes (1-3%) compared with the higher concentration of NS-398 (17%) and ibuprofen (80%). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for distributing the differentially expressed genes into biological networks and for evaluation of functional significance. The top 3 networks for both NSAIDs included functional categories of DNA replication, recombination and repair, and gastrointestinal disease. Immunoresponse function was specific to NS-398, and cell cycle and cellular movement were among the top functions for ibuprofen. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis also identified renal and urologic disease as a function specific for ibuprofen. This comprehensive study identified several COX-2-independent targets of NSAIDs, which may help explain the antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of NSAIDs. However, none of these categories were reflected in the identified networks in PC3 cells treated with clinically relevant low concentrations of NS-398 and ibuprofen or with COX-2 RNAi, suggesting the benefit to fingerprinting preclinical drug concentrations to improve their relevance to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molykutty John-Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Room B3 B 406, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hui Z, Tretiakova M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang X, Zhu JX, Gao Y, Mai W, Furge K, Qian CN, Amato R, Butler EB, Teh BT, Teh BS. Radiosensitization by Inhibiting STAT1 in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73:288-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lawrence YR, Werner-Wasik M, Dicker AP. Biologically conformal treatment: biomarkers and functional imaging in radiation oncology. Future Oncol 2008; 4:689-704. [PMID: 18922126 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.4.5.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
'Conformal radiation therapy' is the standard of care in radiation oncology, referring to the process of shaping the radiation beam to precisely match a tumor's physical dimensions. We describe 'biologically conformal radiotherapy', in which the radiation oncologist matches the prescribed treatment to a tumor's biological characteristics and the host's predicted tolerance of radiation. This paradigm emphasizes that not all tumors are equally sensitive to radiation; conversely, some patients are especially susceptible to radiation's side effects. Patients bearing radioresistant tumors or those prone to toxicity may be best treated with the incorporation of targeted radiation modulators or, in extreme cases, by a different modality. The biological characteristics of tumors can be assessed by a wide range of techniques: functional imaging (positron emission tomography and advanced magnetic resonance imaging), single gene/protein molecular techniques and 'omic' technologies. This paper reviews the latest advances in the use of biomarkers and functional imaging in guiding patients to receive the most appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov Richard Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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