101
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Grudzinska MK, Kurzejamska E, Hagemann N, Bojakowski K, Soin J, Lehmann MH, Reinecke H, Murry CE, Soderberg-Naucler C, Religa P. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-mediated migration of mesenchymal stem cells is a source of intimal hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1271-9. [PMID: 23599443 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intimal hyperplasia is considered to be a healing response and is a major cause of vessel narrowing after injury, where migration of vascular progenitor cells contributes to pathological events, including transplant arteriosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we used a rat aortic-allograft model to identify the predominant cell types associated with transplant arteriosclerosis and to identify factors important in their recruitment into the graft. Transplantation of labeled adventitial tissues allowed us to identify the adventitia as a major source of cells migrating to the intima. RNA microarrays revealed a potential role for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), stromal cell-derived factor 1, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, and interferon-inducible protein 10 in the induced vasculopathy. MCP-1 induced migration of adventitial fibroblast cells. CCR2, the receptor for MCP-1, was coexpressed with CD90, CD44, NG2, or sca-1 on mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo experiments using MCP-1-deficient and CCR2-deficient mice confirmed an important role of MCP-1 in the formation of intimal hyperplasia in a mouse model of vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS The adventitia is a potentially important cellular source that contributes to intimal hyperplasia, and MCP-1 is a potent chemokine for the recruitment of adventitial vascular progenitor cells to intimal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika K Grudzinska
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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102
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Sedding DG, Widmer-Teske R, Mueller A, Stieger P, Daniel JM, Gündüz D, Pullamsetti S, Nef H, Moellmann H, Troidl C, Hamm C, Braun-Dullaeus R. Role of the phosphatase PTEN in early vascular remodeling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55445. [PMID: 23533567 PMCID: PMC3606387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phosphatase PTEN represents an important physiological inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signalling, however, the functional role of PTEN in the initial phase of angioplasty-induced vascular injury remains elusive. In the present study we sought to determine PTEN's effect on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis following acute injury in vivo and in vitro. Methods and Results Immunohistochemistry indicated a faint basal expression and equal distribution of PTEN in uninjured rat carotid arteries. 12 h following balloon-injury, PTEN expression was strongly increased in apoptotic (TUNEL+) VSMC. In vitro, stimulation with serum or different growth factors or subjecting VSMC to cyclic stretch had no effect on PTEN expression, whereas stimulation with H2O2 robustly increased PTEN expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. To evaluate the functional role of PTEN expression, human VSMC were transduced with WT-PTEN. Overexpression of PTEN increased the number of apoptotic VSMC (19.8%±4.4 vs. 5.6%±2.3; P<0.001) as determined by TUNEL assay. In contrast, siRNA-mediated knock-down of PTEN attenuated the basal as well as H2O2-induced apoptosis of VSMC. Mechanistically, overexpression of PTEN prevented serum-induced Akt-phosphorylation, whereas siRNA-mediated knock down of PTEN augmented Akt-activation. Moreover, co-transfection of PTEN and a constitutive active Akt mutant prevented PTEN-dependent augmentation of VSMC apoptosis, indicating, that PTEN regulates VSMC apoptosis by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation/activation. Conclusion By interfering with the PI3-K/Akt-dependent survival signalling, the oxidative stress-induced up regulation of PTEN in VSMC of injured arteries augments the sensitivity of VSMC to apoptotic stimuli in the early phase following vascular injury, augmenting the initial injury and cell loss of the injured vessel wall. Thus, these data add to our understanding of PTEN's role during vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Sedding
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology/Angiology, Giessen University, Giessen, Germany.
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103
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tang
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
| | - Aijun Wang
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
| | - Dong Wang
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
| | - Song Li
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
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104
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Nguyen AT, Gomez D, Bell RD, Campbell JH, Clowes AW, Gabbiani G, Giachelli CM, Parmacek MS, Raines EW, Rusch NJ, Speer MY, Sturek M, Thyberg J, Towler DA, Weiser-Evans MC, Yan C, Miano JM, Owens GK. Smooth muscle cell plasticity: fact or fiction? Circ Res 2012; 112:17-22. [PMID: 23093573 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.281048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anh T Nguyen
- University of Virginia, Cardiovascular Research Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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105
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Control of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype is essential in the development and maintenance of a healthy vasculature. Acquisition of a synthetic, proproliferative phenotype by VSMCs following vascular insult is central to neointimal formation and the development of vascular pathology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are relatively recently discovered negative regulators of gene expression and act at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs have the potential to control VSMC phenotype. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on how miRNAs influence VSMC biology and acute vascular pathology. RECENT FINDINGS MiRNAs play an important role in the gene regulation by growth factors and downstream transcription factors involved in VSMC phenotypic control and deregulation. Recent studies have revealed miRNAs that are involved in VSMC regulation and further identified several target genes which are implicated in VSMC pathobiology, highlighting new disease mechanisms. Paracrine miRNA-regulated crosstalk between endothelial and VSMCs has also been demonstrated, revealing a novel mechanism through which vascular cells communicate in health and disease. SUMMARY MiRNAs appear to play a major role in the capability of VSMCs to phenotypically switch from a contractile to a synthetic state. Altering miRNA expression levels can prevent and even reverse the acquisition of VSMC synthetic phenotype in vivo and reduce neointimal formation, thereby implicating miRNAs as exciting future therapeutic targets for vascular proliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie C Robinson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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106
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Tang Z, Wang A, Yuan F, Yan Z, Liu B, Chu JS, Helms JA, Li S. Differentiation of multipotent vascular stem cells contributes to vascular diseases. Nat Commun 2012; 3:875. [PMID: 22673902 PMCID: PMC3538044 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the de-differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from contractile to proliferative/synthetic phenotype has an important role during vascular remodeling and diseases. Here we provide evidence that challenges this theory. We identify a new type of multipotent vascular stem cell (MVSC) in blood vessel wall. MVSCs express markers including Sox17, Sox10 and S100β, are cloneable, have telomerase activity, and can differentiate into neural cells and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells that subsequently differentiate into SMCs. On the other hand, we use lineage tracing with smooth muscle myosin heavy chain as a marker to show that MVSCs and proliferative or synthetic SMCs do not arise from the de-differentiation of mature SMCs. Upon vascular injuries, MVSCs, instead of SMCs, become proliferative, and MVSCs can differentiate into SMCs and chondrogenic cells, thus contributing to vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. These findings support a new hypothesis that the differentiation of MVSCs, rather than the de-differentiation of SMCs, contributes to vascular remodeling and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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107
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Hamers AAJ, Vos M, Rassam F, Marinković G, Marincovic G, Kurakula K, van Gorp PJ, de Winther MPJ, Gijbels MJJ, de Waard V, de Vries CJM. Bone marrow-specific deficiency of nuclear receptor Nur77 enhances atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2011; 110:428-38. [PMID: 22194623 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.260760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nuclear receptor Nur77, also known as NR4A1, TR3, or NGFI-B, is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions in macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells and smooth muscle cells. Macrophages play a critical role in atherosclerosis and the function of Nur77 in lesion macrophages has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to delineate the function of Nur77 in macrophages and to assess the effect of bone marrow-specific deficiency of Nur77 on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated Nur77 in macrophage polarization using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from wild-type and Nur77-knockout (Nur77(-/-)) mice. Nur77(-/-) BMM exhibit changed expression of M2-specific markers and an inflammatory M1-phenotype with enhanced expression of interleukin-12, IFNγ, and SDF-1α and increased NO synthesis in (non)-stimulated Nur77(-/-) BMM cells. SDF-1α expression in nonstimulated Nur77(-/-) BMM is repressed by Nur77 and the chemoattractive activity of Nur77(-/-) BMM is abolished by SDF-1α inhibiting antibodies. Furthermore, Nur77(-/-) mice show enhanced thioglycollate-elicited migration of macrophages and B cells. The effect of bone marrow-specific deficiency of Nur77 on atherosclerosis was studied in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice. Ldlr(-/-) mice with a Nur77(-/-)-deficient bone marrow transplant developed 2.1-fold larger atherosclerotic lesions than wild-type bone marrow-transplanted mice. These lesions contain more macrophages, T cells, smooth muscle cells and larger necrotic cores. SDF-1α expression is higher in lesions of Nur77(-/-)-transplanted mice, which may explain the observed aggravation of lesion formation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in bone marrow-derived cells the nuclear receptor Nur77 has an anti-inflammatory function, represses SDF-1α expression and inhibits atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk A J Hamers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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108
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Horita HN, Simpson PA, Ostriker A, Furgeson S, Van Putten V, Weiser-Evans MCM, Nemenoff RA. Serum response factor regulates expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog through a microRNA network in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2909-19. [PMID: 21940949 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.233585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum response factor (SRF) is a critical transcription factor in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) controlling differentiation and proliferation. Our previous work demonstrated that depleting SRF in cultured SMCs decreased expression of SMC markers but increased proliferation and inflammatory mediators. A similar phenotype has been observed in SMCs silenced for phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), suggesting that SRF and PTEN may lie on a common pathway. Our goal was to determine the effect of SRF depletion on PTEN levels and define mechanisms mediating this effect. METHODS AND RESULTS In SRF-silenced SMCs, PTEN protein levels but not mRNA levels were decreased, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation. Reintroduction of PTEN into SRF-depleted SMCs reversed increases in proliferation and cytokine/chemokine production but had no effect on SMC marker expression. SRF-depleted cells showed decreased levels of microRNA (miR)-143 and increased miR-21, which was sufficient to suppress PTEN. Increased miR-21 expression was dependent on induction of Fos related antigen (FRA)-1, which is a direct target of miR-143. Introducing miR-143 into SRF-depleted SMCs reduced FRA-1 expression and miR-21 levels and restored PTEN expression. CONCLUSIONS SRF regulates PTEN expression in SMCs through a miR network involving miR-143, targeting FRA-1, which regulates miR-21. Cross-talk between SRF and PTEN likely represents a critical axis in phenotypic remodeling of SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrick N Horita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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109
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Majesky MW, Dong XR, Hoglund V, Mahoney WM, Daum G. The adventitia: a dynamic interface containing resident progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1530-9. [PMID: 21677296 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.221549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Conventional views of the tunica adventitia as a poorly organized layer of vessel wall composed of fibroblasts, connective tissue, and perivascular nerves are undergoing revision. Recent studies suggest that the adventitia has properties of a stem/progenitor cell niche in the artery wall that may be poised to respond to arterial injury. It is also a major site of immune surveillance and inflammatory cell trafficking and harbors a dynamic microvasculature, the vasa vasorum, that maintains the medial layer and provides an important gateway for macrophage and leukocyte migration into the intima. In addition, the adventitia is in contact with tissue that surrounds the vessel and may actively participate in exchange of signals and cells between the vessel wall and the tissue in which it resides. This brief review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the adventitia and its resident progenitor cells and discusses progress toward an integrated view of adventitial function in vascular development, repair, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majesky
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatric, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, and the Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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