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Han JW, Shimada K, Ma-Krupa W, Johnson TL, Nerem RM, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Vessel Wall–Embedded Dendritic Cells Induce T-Cell Autoreactivity and Initiate Vascular Inflammation. Circ Res 2008; 102:546-53. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.161653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human medium-sized and large arteries are targeted by inflammation with innate and adaptive immune responses occurring within the unique microspace of the vessel wall. How 3D spatial arrangements influence immune recognition and cellular response thresholds and which cell populations sense immunoactivating ligands and function as antigen-presenting cells are incompletely understood. To mimic the 3D context of human arteries, bioartificial arteries were engineered from collagen type I matrix, human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and human endothelial cells and populated with cells implicated in antigen presentation and T-cell stimulation, including monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs). Responsiveness of wall-embedded antigen-presenting cells was probed with the Toll-like receptor ligand lipopolysaccharide, and inflammation was initiated by adding autologous CD4
+
T cells. DCs colonized the outermost VSMC layer, recapitulating their positioning at the media–adventitia border of normal arteries. Wall-embedded DCs responded to the microbial product lipopolysaccharide by entering the maturation program and upregulating the costimulatory ligand CD86. Activated DCs effectively stimulated autologous CD4 T cells, which produced the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ and infiltrated deeply into the VSMC layer, causing matrix damage. Lipopolysaccharide-triggered macrophages were significantly less efficacious in recruiting T cells and promoting T-cell stimulation. CD14
+
monocytes, even when preactivated, failed to support initial steps of vascular wall inflammation. Innate immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and DCs, display differential functions in the vessel wall. DCs are superior in sensing pathogen-derived motifs and are highly efficient in breaking T-cell tolerance, guiding T cells toward proinflammatory and tissue-invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji W. Han
- From the Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology (J.W.H., K.S., W.M.-K., J.J.G., C.M.W.), Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (T.L.J., R.M.N.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- From the Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology (J.W.H., K.S., W.M.-K., J.J.G., C.M.W.), Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (T.L.J., R.M.N.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - Wei Ma-Krupa
- From the Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology (J.W.H., K.S., W.M.-K., J.J.G., C.M.W.), Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (T.L.J., R.M.N.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - Tiffany L. Johnson
- From the Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology (J.W.H., K.S., W.M.-K., J.J.G., C.M.W.), Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (T.L.J., R.M.N.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - Robert M. Nerem
- From the Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology (J.W.H., K.S., W.M.-K., J.J.G., C.M.W.), Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (T.L.J., R.M.N.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - Jörg J. Goronzy
- From the Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology (J.W.H., K.S., W.M.-K., J.J.G., C.M.W.), Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (T.L.J., R.M.N.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- From the Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology (J.W.H., K.S., W.M.-K., J.J.G., C.M.W.), Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (T.L.J., R.M.N.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
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Solini A, Santini E, Madec S, Nannipieri M, Bonotti A, Cuccato S, Ferrannini E. Rosiglitazone increases matrix production and quenches inflammation: studies in human cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24:197-204. [PMID: 17922475 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by an accelerated atherogenesis, a process to which both proliferative and inflammatory responses contribute. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists have both anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. We tested the effect of therapeutic doses of rosiglitazone on proliferative and inflammatory pathways in fibroblasts (HF) from five controls (C) and five T2D patients, and in aortic smooth muscle cells (hSMC). METHODS Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, and IL-6, laminin and fibronectin release were measured. To identify the involved intracellular signalling, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation and p38 activation were evaluated. RESULTS Both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) [a protein kinase C (PKC) activator] and rosiglitazone increased TGFbeta expression and fibronectin and laminin release in C and T2D patients. Rosiglitazone effect was reversed by its specific inhibitor Sr202. The combination PMA + rosiglitazone was additive in C, but not in T2D patients. IL-6 production was stimulated by PMA in both C and T2D patients; this effect was prevented by rosiglitazone in a Sr202-inhibitable manner. Experiments performed in hSMC yielded the same results. Rosiglitazone increased p38 activation more in C than in T2D patients; PMA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was similarly reduced in both cells. CONCLUSIONS In HF and hSMC, rosiglitazone stimulates the synthesis of matrix components via enhanced TGFbeta expression; when combined with PMA, the resulting PKC activation is mediated by enhanced p38 phosphorylation. On the other hand, rosiglitazone quenches inflammation in both cell types, by counteracting PMA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Italy.
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103
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Herczenik E, Gebbink MFBG. Molecular and cellular aspects of protein misfolding and disease. FASEB J 2008; 22:2115-33. [PMID: 18303094 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-099671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are essential elements for life. They are building blocks of all organisms and the operators of cellular functions. Humans produce a repertoire of at least 30,000 different proteins, each with a different role. Each protein has its own unique sequence and shape (native conformation) to fulfill its specific function. The appearance of incorrectly shaped (misfolded) proteins occurs on exposure to environmental changes. Protein misfolding and the subsequent aggregation is associated with various, often highly debilitating, diseases for which no sufficient cure is available yet. In the first part of this review we summarize the structural composition of proteins and the current knowledge of underlying forces that lead proteins to lose their native structure. In the second and third parts we describe the molecular and cellular mechanisms that are associated with protein misfolding in disease. Finally, in the last part we portray recent efforts to develop treatments for protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Herczenik
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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104
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Glenn G, van der Geer P. Toll-like receptors stimulate regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the CSF-1 receptor through Erk activation. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:911-5. [PMID: 18294963 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The CSF-1 receptor is a protein-tyrosine kinase that regulates the renewal, differentiation and activation of monocytes and macrophages. We have recently shown that the CSF-1 receptor undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis, or RIPping. Here, we report that RIPping can be observed in response to pathogen-associated molecules, which act through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR-induced CSF-1 receptor RIPping is largely independent of protein kinase C, while maximal RIPping depends on Erk activation. Our studies show that CSF-1 receptor RIPping can be activated by various intracellular signal transduction pathways and that RIPping is likely to play an important role during macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Glenn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
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105
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Minami M, Shimizu K, Okamoto Y, Folco E, Ilasaca ML, Feinberg MW, Aikawa M, Libby P. Prostaglandin E receptor type 4-associated protein interacts directly with NF-kappaB1 and attenuates macrophage activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9692-703. [PMID: 18270204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709663200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation participates pivotally in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. Through the receptor EP4, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) exerts an anti-inflammatory action in macrophages, suppressing stimulus-induced expression of certain proinflammatory genes, including chemokines. We recently identified a novel EP4 receptor-associated protein (EPRAP), whose function in PGE(2)-mediated anti-inflammation remains undefined. Here we demonstrate that PGE(2) pretreatment selectively inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor kappaB1 (NF-kappaB1) p105 phosphorylation and degradation in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages through EP4-dependent mechanisms. Similarly, directed EPRAP expression in RAW264.7 cells suppresses LPS-induced p105 phosphorylation and degradation, and subsequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2. Forced expression of EPRAP also inhibits NF-kappaB activation induced by various proinflammatory stimuli in a concentration-dependent manner. In co-transfected cells, EPRAP, which contains multiple ankyrin repeat motifs, directly interacts with NF-kappaB1 p105/p50 and forms a complex with EP4. In EP4-overexpressing cells, PGE(2) enhances the protective action of EPRAP against stimulus-induced p105 phosphorylation, whereas EPRAP silencing in RAW264.7 cells impairs the inhibitory effect of PGE(2)-EP4 signaling on LPS-induced p105 phosphorylation. Additionally, EPRAP knockdown as well as deficiency of NF-kappaB1 in macrophages attenuates the inhibitory effect of PGE(2) on LPS-induced MIP-1beta production. Thus, PGE(2)-EP4 signaling augments NF-kappaB1 p105 protein stability through EPRAP after proinflammatory stimulation, limiting macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Minami
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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