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Itzhaki O, Jacoby E, Nissani A, Levi M, Nagler A, Kubi A, Brezinger K, Brayer H, Zeltzer LA, Rozenbaum M, Vernitsky H, Markel G, Toren A, Avigdor A, Schachter J, Besser MJ. Head-to-head comparison of in-house produced CD19 CAR-T cell in ALL and NHL patients. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2019-000148. [PMID: 32152221 PMCID: PMC7061891 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells demonstrate remarkable remission rates in pediatric and adult patients with refractory or relapsed (r/r) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In 2016, we initiated a clinical trial with in-house produced CD19 CAR-T cells with a CD28 co-stimulatory domain. We analyzed, for the first time, differences in production features and phenotype between ALL and NHL patients. Methods Non-cryopreserved CAR-T cells were produced from patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells within 9 to 10 days. 93 patients with r/r ALL and NHL were enrolled under the same study. CAR-T cells of ALL and NHL patients were produced simultaneously, allowing the head-to-head comparison. Results All patients were heavily pretreated. Three patients dropped out from the study due to clinical deterioration (n=2) or production failure (n=1). Cells of ALL patients (n=37) expanded significantly better and contained more CAR-T cells than of NHL patients (n=53). Young age had a positive impact on the proliferation capacity. The infusion products from ALL patients contained significantly more naïve CAR-T cells and a significantly higher expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3. PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, and CD28 were equally expressed. 100% of ALL patients and 94% of NHL patients received the target dose of 1×10e6 CAR-T/kg. The overall response rate was 84% (30/36) in ALL and 62% (32/52) in NHL. We further compared CAR-T cell infusion products to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), another common type of T cell therapy, mainly clinically effective in solid tumors. CAR-T cells contained significantly more naïve T cells and central memory T cells and significantly less CCR5 compared to TIL infusion products. Conclusions The in-house production of CAR-T cells is highly efficient and fast. Clinical response rate is high. CAR-T cells can be successfully produced for 99% of patients in just 9 to 10 days. Cells derived from ALL patients demonstrate a higher proliferation rate and contain higher frequencies of CAR-T cells and naïve T cells than of NHL patients. In addition, understanding the differences between CAR-T and TIL infusion products, may provide an angle to develop CAR-T cells for the treatment of solid tumors in the future. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov; CAR-T: NCT02772198, First posted: May 13, 2016; TIL: NCT00287131, First posted: February 6, 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Itzhaki
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Elad Jacoby
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abraham Nissani
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Levi
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Adva Kubi
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Karin Brezinger
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hadar Brayer
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Li-At Zeltzer
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Meir Rozenbaum
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Helly Vernitsky
- Hematology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos Toren
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abraham Avigdor
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel .,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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102
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D’Ippolito E, Wagner KI, Busch DH. Needle in a Haystack: The Naïve Repertoire as a Source of T Cell Receptors for Adoptive Therapy with Engineered T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8324. [PMID: 33171940 PMCID: PMC7664211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell engineering with antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) has allowed the generation of increasingly specific, reliable, and versatile T cell products with near-physiological features. However, a broad applicability of TCR-based therapies in cancer is still limited by the restricted number of TCRs, often also of suboptimal potency, available for clinical use. In addition, targeting of tumor neoantigens with TCR-engineered T cell therapy moves the field towards a highly personalized treatment, as tumor neoantigens derive from somatic mutations and are extremely patient-specific. Therefore, relevant TCRs have to be de novo identified for each patient and within a narrow time window. The naïve repertoire of healthy donors would represent a reliable source due to its huge diverse TCR repertoire, which theoretically entails T cells for any antigen specificity, including tumor neoantigens. As a challenge, antigen-specific naïve T cells are of extremely low frequency and mostly of low functionality, making the identification of highly functional TCRs finding a "needle in a haystack." In this review, we present the technological advancements achieved in high-throughput mapping of patient-specific neoantigens and corresponding cognate TCRs and how these platforms can be used to interrogate the naïve repertoire for a fast and efficient identification of rare but therapeutically valuable TCRs for personalized adoptive T cell therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/trends
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira D’Ippolito
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (E.D.); (K.I.W.)
| | - Karolin I. Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (E.D.); (K.I.W.)
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (E.D.); (K.I.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Focus Group ‘‘Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
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103
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Chatterjee D, Priyadarshini P, Das DK, Mushtaq K, Singh B, Agrewala JN. Deciphering the Structural Enigma of HLA Class-II Binding Peptides for Enhanced Immunoinformatics-based Prediction of Vaccine Epitopes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4655-4669. [PMID: 33103906 PMCID: PMC7640962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines remain the most efficacious means to avoid and eliminate morbid diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials indicate the gaining impetus of peptide vaccines against diseases for which an effective treatment still remains obscure. CD4 T-cell-based peptide vaccines involve immunization with antigenic determinants from pathogens or neoplastic cells that possess the ability to elicit a robust T helper cell response, which subsequently activates other arms of the immune system. The available in silico predictors of human leukocyte antigen II (HLA-II) binding peptides are sequence-based techniques, which ostensibly have balanced sensitivity and specificity. Structural analysis and understanding of the cognate peptide and HLA-II interactions are essential to empirically derive a successful peptide vaccine. However, the availability of structure-based epitope prediction algorithms is inadequate compared with sequence-based prediction methods. The present study is an attempt to understand the structural aspects of HLA-II binders by analyzing the Protein Data Bank (PDB) complexes of pHLA-II. Furthermore, we mimic the peptide exchange mechanism and demonstrate the structural implication of an acidic environment on HLA-II binders. Finally, we discuss a structure-guided approach to decipher potential HLA-II binders within an antigenic protein. This strategy may accurately predict the peptide epitopes and thus aid in designing successful peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepyan Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Pragya Priyadarshini
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Deepjyoti K. Das
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Khurram Mushtaq
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Balvinder Singh
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Javed N. Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India
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104
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French JD. Immunotherapy for advanced thyroid cancers - rationale, current advances and future strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:629-641. [PMID: 32839578 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) technologies. Success across a broad spectrum of cancers has led to a paradigm shift in therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Early data are now accumulating in progressive thyroid cancers treated with single-agent ICB therapies and combination approaches that incorporate ICB technologies. This Review discusses our current knowledge of the immune response in thyroid cancers, the latest and ongoing immune-based approaches, and the future of immunotherapies in thyroid cancer. Physiologically relevant preclinical mouse models and human correlative research studies will inform development of the next stage of immune-based therapies for patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
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105
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Liu Z, Li JP, Chen M, Wu M, Shi Y, Li W, Teijaro JR, Wu P. Detecting Tumor Antigen-Specific T Cells via Interaction-Dependent Fucosyl-Biotinylation. Cell 2020; 183:1117-1133.e19. [PMID: 33096019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Re-activation and clonal expansion of tumor-specific antigen (TSA)-reactive T cells are critical to the success of checkpoint blockade and adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-based therapies. There are no reliable markers to specifically identify the repertoire of TSA-reactive T cells due to their heterogeneous composition. We introduce FucoID as a general platform to detect endogenous antigen-specific T cells for studying their biology. Through this interaction-dependent labeling approach, intratumoral TSA-reactive CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and TSA-suppressive CD4+ T cells can be detected and separated from bystander T cells based on their cell-surface enzymatic fucosyl-biotinylation. Compared to bystander TILs, TSA-reactive TILs possess a distinct T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and unique gene features. Although exhibiting a dysfunctional phenotype, TSA-reactive CD8+ TILs possess substantial capabilities of proliferation and tumor-specific killing. Featuring genetic manipulation-free procedures and a quick turnover cycle, FucoID should have the potential of accelerating the pace of personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilei Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jie P Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mingkuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mengyao Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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106
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Biotechnologies to tackle the challenge of neoantigen identification. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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107
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Gaissmaier L, Elshiaty M, Christopoulos P. Breaking Bottlenecks for the TCR Therapy of Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2095. [PMID: 32937956 PMCID: PMC7564186 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have redefined the treatment of cancer, but their efficacy depends critically on the presence of sufficient tumor-specific lymphocytes, and cellular immunotherapies develop rapidly to fill this gap. The paucity of suitable extracellular and tumor-associated antigens in solid cancers necessitates the use of neoantigen-directed T-cell-receptor (TCR)-engineered cells, while prevention of tumor evasion requires combined targeting of multiple neoepitopes. These can be currently identified within 2 weeks by combining cutting-edge next-generation sequencing with bioinformatic pipelines and used to select tumor-reactive TCRs in a high-throughput manner for expeditious scalable non-viral gene editing of autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes. "Young" cells with a naive, memory stem or central memory phenotype can be additionally armored with "next-generation" features against exhaustion and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, where they wander after reinfusion to attack heavily pretreated and hitherto hopeless neoplasms. Facilitated by major technological breakthroughs in critical manufacturing steps, based on a solid preclinical rationale, and backed by rapidly accumulating evidence, TCR therapies break one bottleneck after the other and hold the promise to become the next immuno-oncological revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gaissmaier
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.G.); (M.E.)
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariam Elshiaty
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.G.); (M.E.)
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.G.); (M.E.)
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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108
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Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV strategy modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems with broader activation to redeploy antitumor immunity with individualized tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens). Following a sequential scheme of tumor biopsy, mutation analysis, and epitope prediction, the administration of neoantigens with synthetic long peptide (SLP) or mRNA formulations dramatically improves the population and activity of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite the promising prospect of PCVs, there is still great potential for optimizing prevaccination procedures and vaccine potency. In particular, the arduous development of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-based vaccines provides valuable experience and rational principles for augmenting vaccine potency which is expected to advance PCV through the design of adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) reversion since current personalized vaccination simply admixes antigens with adjuvants. Considering the broader application of TAA-based vaccine design, these two strategies complement each other and can lead to both personalized and universal therapeutic methods. Chemical strategies provide vast opportunities for (1) exploring novel adjuvants, including synthetic molecules and materials with optimizable activity, (2) constructing efficient and precise delivery systems to avoid systemic diffusion, improve biosafety, target secondary lymphoid organs, and enhance antigen presentation, and (3) combining bioengineering methods to innovate improvements in conventional vaccination, "smartly" re-educate the TME, and modulate antitumor immunity. As chemical strategies have proven versatility, reliability, and universality in the design of T cell- and B cell-based antitumor vaccines, the union of such numerous chemical methods in vaccine construction is expected to provide new vigor and vitality in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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109
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Dimou A, Grewe P, Sidney J, Sette A, Norman PJ, Doebele RC. HLA Class I Binding of Mutant EGFR Peptides in NSCLC Is Associated With Improved Survival. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 16:104-112. [PMID: 32927123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer-associated mutations have the potential to generate neoantigens and elicit CD8-positive T-cell-dependent adaptive immune responses. There are currently no reports of CD8-positive T-cells with specificity for neoepitopes generated by EGFR mutations, which are driver oncogenes in a subset of patients with lung cancer. METHODS We used NETMHCpan 4.0 to identify putative protective human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allotypes that are predicted in silico to bind and present mutant EGFR-generated peptides on the basis of predefined criteria. We associated the presence or absence of these alleles with clinical outcomes in patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas with lung adenocarcinoma. RESULTS We identified 12 HLA class I alleles that fulfilled the predefined criteria for being protective for EGFR p.L858R and six for EGFR p.E746_A750del, the two most common EGFR mutations in lung cancer. We validated the in silico predictions for peptide-HLA allele binding in vitro. A third (12 of 36) of patients with mostly early stage lung adenocarcinoma in The Cancer Genome Atlas with either EGFR p.L858R or EGFR p.E746_A750del had at least one protective allele in their host genomes. More importantly, patients with protective alleles exhibited better disease-free (hazard ratio: 0.20, 95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.78) and overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.13, 95% confidence interval: 0.02-0.64), and this effect was independent of the EGFR mutation type, stage, age, and sex. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed that clinical outcomes were improved in patients with EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma who harbored protective HLA class I alleles. Thus, immunity with specificity for mutant EGFR is possible in a subset of patients with early stage lung cancer and portends a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Dimou
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Paul Grewe
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, University of California in San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul J Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert C Doebele
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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110
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Pozdeyev N, Erickson TA, Zhang L, Ellison K, Rivard CJ, Sams S, Hirsch FR, Haugen BR, French JD. Comprehensive Immune Profiling of Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2020; 30:1263-1279. [PMID: 32242507 PMCID: PMC7869888 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite advances in targeted kinase inhibitor development for patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), most patients develop resistance and would benefit from alternative approaches. Immune-based therapies are now considered for patients with progressive MTC. This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the immune milieu, immune-suppressive molecules, and potential tumor antigens in patients with MTC. Methods: Primary and/or regionally metastatic tumor tissues from 46 patients with MTC were screened for immune infiltrates by using standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) and further analyzed by multispectral imaging for T cell and myeloid markers. RNASeq expression profiling was performed in parallel. RNASeq, targeted sequencing, and IHC techniques identified cancer-associated mutations and MTC-enriched proteins. Results: Organized immune infiltration was observed in 49% and 90% of primary and metastatic tumors, respectively. CD8+ cells were the dominant T cell subtype in most samples, while CD163+ macrophages were most frequent among myeloid infiltrates. PD-1+ T cells were evident in 24% of patients. Myeloid subsets were largely major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII-), suggesting a dysfunctional phenotype. Expression profiling confirmed enrichment in T cell, macrophage, and inflammatory profiles in a subset of samples. PD-L1 was expressed at low levels in a small subset of patients, while the immune regulatory molecules CD155 and CD47 were broadly expressed. Calcitonin, GRP, HIST1H4E, NOMO3, and NPIPA2 were highly and specifically expressed in MTC. Mutations in tumor suppressors, PTEN and p53, and mismatch repair genes, MSH2 and MSH6, may be relevant to disease progression and antigenicity. Conclusions: This study suggests that MTC is a more immunologically active tumor that has been previously reported. Patients with advanced MTC should be screened for targetable antigens and immune checkpoints to determine their eligibility for current clinical trials. Additional studies are necessary to fully characterize the antigenic potential of MTC and may encourage the development of adoptive T cells therapies for this rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Pozdeyev
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy A. Erickson
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kim Ellison
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sharon Sams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fred R. Hirsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryan R. Haugen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jena D. French
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Address correspondence to: Jena D. French, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, RC1 South, 7401D, Campus Box 8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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111
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Li Q, Ding ZY. The Ways of Isolating Neoantigen-Specific T Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1347. [PMID: 32850430 PMCID: PMC7431921 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the standard of care for a range of malignancies. Accumulating evidence suggests that the success of immunotherapy is likely attributable to neoantigen-specific T cells. Thus, adoptive cell therapy with these neoantigen-specific T cells is highly promising. This strategy has proven to successfully elicit tumor regression or even complete remission in metastatic cancer patients. However, a fundamental challenge is to effectively identify and isolate neoantigen-specific T cells or their T cell receptors (TCRs), from either tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), and many methods have been developed to this end. In this review, we focus on the current proposed strategies for identifying and isolating neoantigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Ding
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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112
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Harari A, Graciotti M, Bassani-Sternberg M, Kandalaft LE. Antitumour dendritic cell vaccination in a priming and boosting approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:635-652. [PMID: 32764681 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mobilizing antitumour immunity through vaccination potentially constitutes a powerful anticancer strategy but has not yet provided robust clinical benefits in large patient populations. Although major hurdles still exist, we believe that currently available strategies for vaccines that target dendritic cells or use them to present antitumour antigens could be integrated into existing clinical practice using prime-boost approaches. In the priming phase, these approaches capitalize on either standard treatment modalities to trigger in situ vaccination and release tumour antigens or vaccination with dendritic cells loaded with tumour lysates or patient-specific neoantigens. In a second boost phase, personalized synthetic vaccines specifically boost T cells that were triggered during the priming phase. This immunotherapy approach has been enabled by the substantial recent improvements in dendritic cell vaccines. In this Perspective, we discuss these improvements, highlight how the prime-boost approach can be translated into clinical practice and provide solutions for various anticipated hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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113
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De Mattos-Arruda L, Vazquez M, Finotello F, Lepore R, Porta E, Hundal J, Amengual-Rigo P, Ng CKY, Valencia A, Carrillo J, Chan TA, Guallar V, McGranahan N, Blanco J, Griffith M. Neoantigen prediction and computational perspectives towards clinical benefit: recommendations from the ESMO Precision Medicine Working Group. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:978-990. [PMID: 32610166 PMCID: PMC7885309 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has enabled the rapid identification of non-synonymous somatic mutations in cancer cells. Neoantigens are mutated peptides derived from somatic mutations not present in normal tissues that may result in the presentation of tumour-specific peptides capable of eliciting antitumour T-cell responses. Personalised neoantigen-based cancer vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapies have been shown to prime host immunity against tumour cells and are under clinical trial development. However, the optimisation and standardisation of neoantigen identification, as well as its delivery as immunotherapy are needed to increase tumour-specific T-cell responses and, thus, the clinical efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies. METHODS In this recommendation article, launched by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), we outline and discuss the available framework for neoantigen prediction and present a systematic review of the current scientific evidence. RESULTS A number of computational pipelines for neoantigen prediction are available. Most of them provide peptide major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding affinity predictions, but more recent approaches incorporate additional features like variant allele fraction, gene expression, and clonality of mutations. Neoantigens can be predicted in all cancer types with high and low tumour mutation burden, in part by exploiting tumour-specific aberrations derived from mutational frameshifts, splice variants, gene fusions, endogenous retroelements and other tumour-specific processes that could yield more potently immunogenic tumour neoantigens. Ongoing clinical trials will highlight those cancer types and combinations of immune therapies that would derive the most benefit from neoantigen-based immunotherapies. CONCLUSIONS Improved identification, selection and prioritisation of tumour-specific neoantigens are needed to increase the scope of benefit from cancer vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapies. Novel pipelines are being developed to resolve the challenges posed by high-throughput sequencing and to predict immunogenic neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Mattos-Arruda
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
| | - M Vazquez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Finotello
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Lepore
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Porta
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - J Hundal
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, USA
| | | | - C K Y Ng
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - T A Chan
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision-Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - V Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College, London, UK; Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Blanco
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - M Griffith
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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114
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Yao T, Shooshtari P, Haeryfar SMM. Leveraging Public Single-Cell and Bulk Transcriptomic Datasets to Delineate MAIT Cell Roles and Phenotypic Characteristics in Human Malignancies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1691. [PMID: 32849590 PMCID: PMC7413026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize vitamin B metabolites of microbial origin among other antigens displayed by the monomorphic molecule MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1). Abundant in human tissues, reactive to local inflammatory cues, and endowed with immunomodulatory and cytolytic functions, MAIT cells are likely to play key roles in human malignancies. They accumulate in various tumor microenvironments (TMEs) where they often lose some of their functional capacities. However, the potential roles of MAIT cells in anticancer immunity or cancer progression and their significance in shaping clinical outcomes remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed publicly available bulk and single-cell tumor transcriptomic datasets to investigate the tissue distribution, phenotype, and prognostic significance of MAIT cells across several human cancers. We found that expanded MAIT cell clonotypes were often shared between the blood, tumor tissue and adjacent healthy tissue of patients with colorectal, hepatocellular, and non-small cell lung carcinomas. Gene expression comparisons between tumor-infiltrating and healthy tissue MAIT cells revealed the presence of activation and/or exhaustion programs within the TMEs of primary hepatocellular and colorectal carcinomas. Interestingly, in basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade upregulated the expression of several effector genes in tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells. We derived a signature comprising stable and specific MAIT cell gene markers across several tissue compartments and cancer types. By applying this signature to estimate MAIT cell abundance in pan-cancer gene expression data, we demonstrate that a heavier intratumoral MAIT cell presence is positively correlated with a favorable prognosis in esophageal carcinoma but predicts poor overall survival in colorectal and squamous cell lung carcinomas. Finally, in colorectal carcinoma and four other cancer types, we found a positive correlation between MR1 expression and estimated MAIT cell abundance. Collectively, our findings indicate that MAIT cells serve important but diverse roles in human cancers. Our work provides useful models and resources that employ gene expression data platforms to enable future studies in the realm of MAIT cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Parisa Shooshtari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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115
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Burchett R, Walsh S, Wan Y, Bramson JL. A rational relationship: Oncolytic virus vaccines as functional partners for adoptive T cell therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:149-159. [PMID: 32665126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumours employ a variety of immune-evasion and suppression mechanisms to impair development of functional tumor-specific T cells and subvert T cell-mediated immunity in the tumour microenvironment. Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) aims to overcome these barriers and overwhelm tumor defenses with a bolus of T cells that were selectively expanded ex vivo. Although this strategy has been effective in liquid tumors and melanomas, many tumors appear to be resistant to ACT. Several factors are thought to play into this resistance, including poor engraftment and persistence of transferred cells, tumour cell heterogeneity and antigen loss, poor immune cell recruitment and infiltration into the tumour, and susceptibility to local immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic viruses (OV) have been identified as powerful stimulators of the anti-tumour immune response. As such, OVs are inherently well-positioned to act in synergy with ACT to bolster the anti-tumour T cell response. Further, OV vaccines, wherein tumour-associated antigens are encoded into the viral backbone, have proven to be remarkable in boosting antigen-specific T cell response. Pre-clinical studies have revealed remarkable therapeutic outcomes when OV vaccines are paired with ACT. In this scenario, OV vaccines are thought to function in a "push and pull" manner, where push refers to expanding T cells in the periphery and pull refers to recruiting those cells into the tumour that has been rendered amenable to T cell attack by the actions of the OV. In this review, we discuss barriers that limit eradication of tumors by T cells, highlight attributes of OVs that break down these barriers and present strategies for rational combinations of ACT with OV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Burchett
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Walsh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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116
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Fewer tumour-specific PD-1 +CD8 + TILs in high-risk "Infiltrating" HPV - HNSCC. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:932-941. [PMID: 32616847 PMCID: PMC7492364 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of HPV- HNSCC was worse than that of HPV+ HNSCC. Analysis of tumours and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may provide insight into the progression of HPV- HNSCC. METHODS The tumour and TIL phenotypic characteristics of 134 HNSCC specimens (HPV- tumours were classified into "Infiltrating" and "Pushing" subtypes based on their different tumour nest configuration and prognosis) were retrospectively analysed. HNSCC data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 263) were analysed for CD8α, HPV and overall survival (OS). A murine HNSCC model was used to verify the antitumour role of PD-1+CD8+ TILs. RESULTS The "Infiltrating" HPV- subtype showed shorter OS than the "Pushing" subtype. Moreover, there is a tendency from "Pushing" to "Infiltrating" subtype from the primary to the recurrent lesion. Different from total CD8+ TILs, tumour-specific PD-1+CD8+ TILs were fewer in invasive margin (IM) of "Infiltrating" HPV- tumours. PD-1+CD8+ TILs recognised autologous HNSCC cells and showed stronger inhibition of tumour growth in a murine HNSCC model resistant to PD-1 blockade. CONCLUSIONS Coevolution of HPV- HNSCC and TILs is characterised by an "Infiltrating" phenotype and less tumour-specific PD-1+CD8+ TILs, which may provide a framework for further translational studies and patient stratification.
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117
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Bianchi V, Harari A, Coukos G. Neoantigen-Specific Adoptive Cell Therapies for Cancer: Making T-Cell Products More Personal. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1215. [PMID: 32695101 PMCID: PMC7333784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation-derived neoantigens are taking central stage as a determinant in eliciting effective antitumor immune responses following adoptive T-cell therapies. These mutations are patient-specific, and their targeting calls for highly personalized pipelines. The promising clinical outcomes of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy have spurred interest in generating T-cell infusion products that have been selectively enriched in neoantigen (or autologous tumor) reactivity. The implementation of an isolation step, prior to T-cell in vitro expansion and reinfusion, may provide a way to improve the overall response rates achieved to date by adoptive T-cell therapies in metastatic cancer patients. Here we provide an overview of the main technologies [i.e., peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers, cytokine capture, and activation markers] to enrich infiltrating or circulating T-cells in predefined neoantigen specificities (or tumor reactivity). The unique technical and regulatory challenges faced by such highly specialized and patient-specific manufacturing T-cell platforms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianchi
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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118
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Chronic Viral Liver Diseases: Approaching the Liver Using T Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Technologies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061471. [PMID: 32560123 PMCID: PMC7349849 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with viral hepatitis is a major risk factor for liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One major contributing factor to the chronicity is the dysfunction of virus-specific T cell immunity. T cells engineered to express virus-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) may be a therapeutic option to improve host antiviral responses and have demonstrated clinical success against virus-associated tumours. This review aims to give an overview of TCRs identified from viral hepatitis research and discuss how translational lessons learned from cancer immunotherapy can be applied to the field. TCR isolation pipelines, liver homing signals, cell type options, as well as safety considerations will be discussed herein.
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119
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Pilipow K, Darwich A, Losurdo A. T-cell-based breast cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 72:90-101. [PMID: 32492452 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has witnessed a new renaissance with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which reactivate T cells and foster endogenous anti-tumor responses. The excellent results of immunotherapy in the field of melanoma, renal cancer, lung cancer, and other cancer types that have traditionally been known to be immunogenic, rekindled the interest of the oncology community in extending the benefits to all cancers including breast cancer (BC). In this review, we highlight the current state of using T cells as both markers for clinical practice and therapeutic options for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pilipow
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Abbass Darwich
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Microbiota, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - Rozzano, MI, Italy; Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Agnese Losurdo
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Italy; Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - Rozzano, MI, Italy.
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120
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Ma Y, Ou J, Lin T, Chen L, Wang J, Qiao D, Lai S, Duan C, Cheng Y, Chang R, Zhang C, Wang M. Phenotypic analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from non-small cell lung cancer and their potential application for adoptive cell therapy. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:319-329. [PMID: 32419542 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1765375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has demonstrated clinical benefits in metastatic melanoma treatment. However, the clinical application of TILs produced by a widely used standard protocol from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be quite challenging because of the limited clinical benefits. A comprehensive phenotypic knowledge of TILs obtained from NSCLC is important for the development and improvement of personalized TIL therapy for NSCLC patients. METHODS In this study, we successfully expanded TILs from 141 NSCLC tissues which can be used in clinical ACT after expansion by a rapid expansion protocol (REP). RESULTS Our study indicates that the clinicopathological characteristics of patients have considerable impacts on the phenotype of in vitro TIL culture products. Different culture conditions are necessary for patients with different clinical features. Specific manipulations before REP expansion are required depending on the different phenotypes of TIL cultures (e.g. depletion of immune-suppressive γδT cells). With these optimizations, next-generation TIL therapy may become a treatment alternative for NSCLC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Ma
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jiayu Ou
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Dongjuan Qiao
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Shuoyan Lai
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chaojun Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yuanda Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Ruimin Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Shenzhen, PR China
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121
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Poschke IC, Hassel JC, Rodriguez-Ehrenfried A, Lindner KAM, Heras-Murillo I, Appel LM, Lehmann J, Lövgren T, Wickström SL, Lauenstein C, Roth J, König AK, Haanen JBAG, van den Berg J, Kiessling R, Bergmann F, Flossdorf M, Strobel O, Offringa R. The Outcome of Ex Vivo TIL Expansion Is Highly Influenced by Spatial Heterogeneity of the Tumor T-Cell Repertoire and Differences in Intrinsic In Vitro Growth Capacity between T-Cell Clones. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4289-4301. [PMID: 32303540 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During our efforts to develop tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy to counter the devastating recurrence rate in patients with primary resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), we found that PDA TILs can readily be expanded in vitro and that the majority of resulting TIL cultures show reactivity against the autologous tumor. However, the fraction of tumor-reactive T cells is low. We investigated to which extent this was related to the in vitro expansion. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the clonal composition of TIL preparations before and after in vitro expansion using T-cell receptor (TCR) deep sequencing. Our findings for PDA were benchmarked to experiments with melanoma TILs. RESULTS We found that the TIL TCR repertoire changes dramatically during in vitro expansion, leading to loss of tumor- dominant T-cell clones and overgrowth by newly emerging T-cell clones that are barely detectable in the tumor. These changes are primarily driven by differences in the intrinsic in vitro expansion capacity of T-cell clones. Single-cell experiments showed an association between poor proliferative capacity and expression of markers related to antigen experience and dysfunction. Furthermore, we found that spatial heterogeneity of the TIL repertoire resulted in TCR repertoires that are greatly divergent between TIL cultures derived from distant tumor samples of the same patient. CONCLUSIONS Culture-induced changes in clonal composition are likely to affect tumor reactivity of TIL preparations. TCR deep sequencing provides important insights into the factors that govern the outcome of in vitro TIL expansion and thereby a path toward optimization of the production of TIL preparations with high therapeutic efficacy.See related commentary by Lozano-Rabella and Gros, p. 4177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Poschke
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica C Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aaron Rodriguez-Ehrenfried
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina A M Lindner
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Heras-Murillo
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena M Appel
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Lehmann
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Lövgren
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina L Wickström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Lauenstein
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Roth
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina König
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost van den Berg
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Department of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Flossdorf
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rienk Offringa
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Precision medicine in the clinical management of respiratory tract infections including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: learning from innovations in immuno-oncology. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2020; 25:233-241. [PMID: 30883448 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the light of poor management outcomes of antibiotic-resistant respiratory tract infection (RTI)-associated sepsis syndrome and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), new management interventions based on host-directed therapies (HDTs) are warranted to improve morbidity, mortality and long-term functional outcomes. We review developments in potential HDTs based on precision cancer therapy concepts applicable to RTIs including MDR-TB. RECENT FINDINGS Immune reactivity, tissue destruction and repair processes identified during studies of cancer immunotherapy share common pathogenetic mechanisms with RTI-associated sepsis syndrome and MDR-TB. T-cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors targeting pathogen-specific or host-derived mutated molecules (major histocompatibility class-dependent/ major histocompatibility class-independent) can be engineered for recognition by TCR γδ and natural killer (NK) cells. T-cell subsets and, more recently, NK cells are shown to be host-protective. These cells can also be activated by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) or derived from allogeneic sources and serve as potential for improving clinical outcomes in RTIs and MDR-TB. SUMMARY Recent developments of immunotherapy in cancer reveal common pathways in immune reactivity, tissue destruction and repair. RTIs-related sepsis syndrome exhibits mixed immune reactions, making cytokine or ICI therapy guided by robust biomarker analyses, viable treatment options.
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Besser MJ, Itzhaki O, Ben-Betzalel G, Zippel DB, Zikich D, Kubi A, Brezinger K, Nissani A, Levi M, Zeltzer LA, Ben-Nun A, Asher N, Shimoni A, Nagler A, Markel G, Shapira-Frommer R, Schachter J. Comprehensive single institute experience with melanoma TIL: Long term clinical results, toxicity profile, and prognostic factors of response. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:736-744. [PMID: 32250515 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) mediates objective responses in 30% to 50% of patients with metastatic melanoma according to multiple, small phase 2 trials. Here we report the long-term clinical results, intent-to-treat analysis, predictors of response and toxicity profile in a large patient cohort. A total of 179 refractory melanoma patients were enrolled in the ACT trial. TIL were administered in combination with high-dose bolus interleukin-2 following preconditioning with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine. Patients were followed-up for a median of 7.2 years. A total of 107 (60%) of 179 enrolled patients were treated. The main reason for the drop out of the study was clinical deterioration. Of 103 evaluated patients, 29 patients (28%) achieved an objective response (OR), including complete remission (8%) or partial response (20%). Sixteen pateints exhibited stable disease. Predictors of response were performance status, time of TIL in culture and CD8 frequency in the infusion product. The absolute lymphocyte count 1 and 2 weeks after TIL infusion was the most predictive parameter of response. With a medium follow-up time of 7.2 years, OR patients reached a median overall survival (OS) of 58.45 months and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 15.43 months, as compared with nonresponders, with 6.73 months OS and 2.60 months PFS. By 6 years, 50% of OR patients were alive and 43% had no documented progression. TIL ACT can yield durable objective responses, even as salvage therapy in highly advanced metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal J Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Ben-Betzalel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Douglas B Zippel
- Department of Surgery C, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.,Department of Surgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dragoslav Zikich
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Adva Kubi
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Karin Brezinger
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Abraham Nissani
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Levi
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Li-At Zeltzer
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alon Ben-Nun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Nethanel Asher
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Avichai Shimoni
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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124
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Weber EW, Maus MV, Mackall CL. The Emerging Landscape of Immune Cell Therapies. Cell 2020; 181:46-62. [PMID: 32243795 PMCID: PMC8900215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies present an entirely new paradigm in drug development. Within this class, immune cell therapies are among the most advanced, having already demonstrated definitive evidence of clinical benefits in cancer and infectious disease. Numerous features distinguish these "living therapies" from traditional medicines, including their ability to expand and contract in proportion to need and to mediate therapeutic benefits for months or years following a single application. Continued advances in fundamental immunology, genetic engineering, gene editing, and synthetic biology exponentially expand opportunities to enhance the sophistication of immune cell therapies, increasing potency and safety and broadening their potential for treatment of disease. This perspective will summarize the current status of immune cell therapies for cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity, and discuss advances in cellular engineering to overcome barriers to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Weber
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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125
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De Mattos-Arruda L, Blanco-Heredia J, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Carrillo J, Blanco J. New emerging targets in cancer immunotherapy: the role of neoantigens. ESMO Open 2020; 4:e000684. [PMID: 32269031 PMCID: PMC7326255 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors is transforming the treatment of patients with cancer and fostering cancer research. Therapies that target immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown unprecedented rates of durable long-lasting responses in patients with various cancer types, but only in a fraction of patients. Thus, novel approaches are needed to make immunotherapy more precise and also less toxic. The advances of next-generation sequencing technologies have allowed fast detection of somatic mutations in genes present in the exome of an individual tumour. Targeting neoantigens, the mutated peptides expressed only by tumour cells, may enable antitumour T-cell responses and tumour destruction without causing harm to healthy tissues. Currently, neoantigens can be identified in tumour clinical samples by using genomic-based computational tools. The two main treatment modalities targeting neoantigens that have been investigated in clinical trials are personalised vaccines and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes-based adoptive T-cell therapy. In this mini review, we discuss the promises and challenges for using neoantigens as emergent targets to personalise and guide cancer immunotherapy in a broader set of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia De Mattos-Arruda
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
| | - Juan Blanco-Heredia
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar-Gurrieri
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
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126
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Spindler MJ, Nelson AL, Wagner EK, Oppermans N, Bridgeman JS, Heather JM, Adler AS, Asensio MA, Edgar RC, Lim YW, Meyer EH, Hawkins RE, Cobbold M, Johnson DS. Massively parallel interrogation and mining of natively paired human TCRαβ repertoires. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:609-619. [PMID: 32393905 PMCID: PMC7224336 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells engineered to express antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) are potent therapies for viral infections and cancer. However, efficient identification of clinical candidate TCRs is complicated by the size and complexity of T cell repertoires and the challenges of working with primary T cells. Here, we present a high-throughput method to identify TCRs with high functional avidity from diverse human T cell repertoires. The approach uses massively parallel microfluidics to generate libraries of natively paired, full-length TCRαβ clones, from millions of primary T cells, which are then expressed in Jurkat cells. The TCRαβ-Jurkat libraries enable repeated screening and panning for antigen-reactive TCRs using peptide:MHC binding and cellular activation. We captured >2.9 million natively paired TCRαβ clonotypes from six healthy human donors and identified rare (<0.001% frequency) viral antigen–reactive TCRs. We also mined a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) sample from a melanoma patient and identified several tumor-specific TCRs, which, after expression in primary T cells, led to tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natasha Oppermans
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - James M Heather
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Everett H Meyer
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Hawkins
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Immetacyte Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Cobbold
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA, USA
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127
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Adoptive Cell Therapy-Harnessing Antigen-Specific T Cells to Target Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030683. [PMID: 32183246 PMCID: PMC7140076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much research has been focused on the field of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) that use native or genetically modified T cells as therapeutic tools. Immunotherapy with T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) demonstrated great success in the treatment of haematologic malignancies, whereas adoptive transfer of autologous tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) proved to be highly effective in metastatic melanoma. These encouraging results initiated many studies where ACT was tested as a treatment for various solid tumours. In this review, we provide an overview of the challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies of solid tumours. We describe alternative approaches for choosing the most efficient T cells for cancer treatment in terms of their tumour-specificity and phenotype. Finally, we present strategies for improvement of anti-tumour potential of T cells, including combination therapies.
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128
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Wang Z, Cao YJ. Adoptive Cell Therapy Targeting Neoantigens: A Frontier for Cancer Research. Front Immunol 2020; 11:176. [PMID: 32194541 PMCID: PMC7066210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a kind of immunotherapy in which T cells are genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T cell receptor (TCR), and ACT has made a great difference in treating multiple types of tumors. ACT is not perfect, and it can be followed by severe side effects, which hampers the application of ACT in clinical trials. One of the most promising methods to minimize side effects is to endow adoptive T cells with the ability to target neoantigens, which are specific to tumor cells. With the development of antigen screening technologies, more methods can be applied to discover neoantigens in cancer cells, such as whole-exome sequencing combined with mass spectrometry, neoantigen screening through an inventory-shared neoantigen peptide library, and neoantigen discovery via trogocytosis. In this review, we focus on the side effects of existing antigens and their solutions, illustrate the strategies of finding neoantigens in CAR-T and TCR-T therapies through methods reported by other researchers, and summarize the clinical behavior of these neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu J Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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129
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Grimaldi A, Cammarata I, Martire C, Focaccetti C, Piconese S, Buccilli M, Mancone C, Buzzacchino F, Berrios JRG, D'Alessandris N, Tomao S, Giangaspero F, Paroli M, Caccavale R, Spinelli GP, Girelli G, Peruzzi G, Nisticò P, Spada S, Panetta M, Letizia Cecere F, Visca P, Facciolo F, Longo F, Barnaba V. Combination of chemotherapy and PD-1 blockade induces T cell responses to tumor non-mutated neoantigens. Commun Biol 2020; 3:85. [PMID: 32099064 PMCID: PMC7042341 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we developed an unbiased, functional target-discovery platform to identify immunogenic proteins from primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells that had been induced to apoptosis by cisplatin (CDDP) treatment in vitro, as compared with their live counterparts. Among the multitude of proteins identified, some of them were represented as fragmented proteins in apoptotic tumor cells, and acted as non-mutated neoantigens (NM-neoAgs). Indeed, only the fragmented proteins elicited effective multi-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, upon a chemotherapy protocol including CDDP. Importantly, these responses further increased upon anti-PD-1 therapy, and correlated with patients' survival and decreased PD-1 expression. Cross-presentation assays showed that NM-neoAgs were unveiled in apoptotic tumor cells as the result of caspase-dependent proteolytic activity of cellular proteins. Our study demonstrates that apoptotic tumor cells generate a repertoire of immunogenic NM-neoAgs that could be potentially used for developing effective T cell-based immunotherapy across multiple cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cisplatin/administration & dosage
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Grimaldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Martire
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Focaccetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Buccilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Mancone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Buzzacchino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomo Patologiche, Oncologia Medica, Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Julio Rodrigo Giron Berrios
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomo Patologiche, Oncologia Medica, Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta D'Alessandris
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomo Patologiche, Oncologia Medica, Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Marino Paroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Sapienza Università di Roma - Polo Pontino, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Caccavale
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Sapienza Università di Roma - Polo Pontino, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Spinelli
- UOC Oncologia Universitaria, ASL Latina (distretto Aprilia), Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Giustiniano snc, 04011, Aprilia, Latina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Girelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Sheila Spada
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Panetta
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Visca
- Unit of Pathology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facciolo
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Longo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomo Patologiche, Oncologia Medica, Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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130
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Fan JQ, Wang MF, Chen HL, Shang D, Das JK, Song J. Current advances and outlooks in immunotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:32. [PMID: 32061257 PMCID: PMC7023714 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an incurable cancer resistant to traditional treatments, although a limited number of early-stage patients can undergo radical resection. Immunotherapies for the treatment of haematological malignancies as well as solid tumours have been substantially improved over the past decades, and impressive results have been obtained in recent preclinical and clinical trials. However, PDAC is likely the exception because of its unique tumour microenvironment (TME). In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the PDAC TME and focus on the network of various tumour-infiltrating immune cells, outlining the current advances in PDAC immunotherapy and addressing the effect of the PDAC TME on immunotherapy. This review further explores the combinations of different therapies used to enhance antitumour efficacy or reverse immunodeficiencies and describes optimizable immunotherapeutic strategies for PDAC. The concordant combination of various treatments, such as targeting cancer cells and the stroma, reversing suppressive immune reactions and enhancing antitumour reactivity, may be the most promising approach for the treatment of PDAC. Traditional treatments, especially chemotherapy, may also be optimized for individual patients to remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment for enhanced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-qiao Fan
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng-Fei Wang
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hai-Long Chen
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Third General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jugal K. Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX USA
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131
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Biernacki MA, Bleakley M. Neoantigens in Hematologic Malignancies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:121. [PMID: 32117272 PMCID: PMC7033457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell cancer neoantigens are created from peptides derived from cancer-specific aberrant proteins, such as mutated and fusion proteins, presented in complex with human leukocyte antigens on the cancer cell surface. Because expression of the aberrant target protein is exclusive to malignant cells, immunotherapy directed against neoantigens should avoid “on-target, off-tumor” toxicity. The efficacy of neoantigen vaccines in melanoma and glioblastoma and of adoptive transfer of neoantigen-specific T cells in epithelial tumors indicates that neoantigens are valid therapeutic targets. Improvements in sequencing technology and innovations in antigen discovery approaches have facilitated the identification of neoantigens. In comparison to many solid tumors, hematologic malignancies have few mutations and thus fewer potential neoantigens. Despite this, neoantigens have been identified in a wide variety of hematologic malignancies. These include mutated nucleophosmin1 and PML-RARA in acute myeloid leukemia, ETV6-RUNX1 fusions and other mutated proteins in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, BCR-ABL1 fusions in chronic myeloid leukemia, driver mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms, immunoglobulins in lymphomas, and proteins derived from patient-specific mutations in chronic lymphoid leukemias. We will review advances in the field of neoantigen discovery, describe the spectrum of identified neoantigens in hematologic malignancies, and discuss the potential of these neoantigens for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Biernacki
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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132
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Malekzadeh P, Yossef R, Cafri G, Paria BC, Lowery FJ, Jafferji M, Good ML, Sachs A, Copeland AR, Kim SP, Kivitz S, Parkhurst MR, Robbins PF, Ray S, Xi L, Raffeld M, Yu Z, Restifo NP, Somerville RPT, Rosenberg SA, Deniger DC. Antigen Experienced T Cells from Peripheral Blood Recognize p53 Neoantigens. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1267-1276. [PMID: 31996390 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate antigen experienced T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) for responses to p53 neoantigens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PBLs from patients with a mutated TP53 tumor were sorted for antigen-experienced T cells and in vitro stimulation (IVS) was performed with p53 neoantigens. The IVS cultures were stimulated with antigen-presenting cells expressing p53 neoantigens, enriched for 41BB/OX40 and grown with rapid expansion protocol. RESULTS T-cell responses were not observed in the PBLs of 4 patients who did not have tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) responses to mutated TP53. In contrast, 5 patients with TIL responses to mutated TP53 also had similar T-cell responses in their PBLs, indicating that the PBLs and TILs were congruent in p53 neoantigen reactivity. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were specific for p53R175H, p53Y220C, or p53R248W neoantigens, including a 78% reactive T-cell culture against p53R175H and HLA-A*02:01. Tracking TCRB clonotypes (clonality, top ranked, and TP53 mutation-specific) supported the enrichment of p53 neoantigen-reactive T cells from PBLs. The same T-cell receptor (TCR) from the TIL was found in the IVS cultures in three cases and multiple unique TCRs were found in another patient. TP53 mutation-specific T cells also recognized tumor cell lines bearing the appropriate human leukocyte antigen restriction element and TP53 mutation, indicating these T cells could recognize processed and presented p53 neoantigens. CONCLUSIONS PBL was a noninvasive source of T cells targeting TP53 mutations for cell therapy and can provide a window into intratumoral p53 neoantigen immune responses.See related commentary by Olivera et al., p. 1203.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rami Yossef
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gal Cafri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Biman C Paria
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank J Lowery
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Meghan L Good
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amy R Copeland
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sanghyun P Kim
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott Kivitz
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Satyajit Ray
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Liqiang Xi
- Hematopathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Hematopathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Drew C Deniger
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Chandran SS, Klebanoff CA. T cell receptor-based cancer immunotherapy: Emerging efficacy and pathways of resistance. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:127-147. [PMID: 31355495 PMCID: PMC7027847 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells can induce durable remissions in patients with refractory B-lymphoid cancers. By contrast, results applying CAR-modified T cells to solid malignancies have been comparatively modest. Alternative strategies to redirect T cell specificity and cytolytic function are therefore necessary if ACT is to serve a greater role in human cancer treatments. T cell receptors (TCRs) are antigen recognition structures physiologically expressed by all T cells that have complementary, and in some cases superior, properties to CARs. Unlike CARs, TCRs confer recognition to epitopes derived from proteins residing within any subcellular compartment, including the membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. This enables TCRs to detect a broad universe of targets, such as neoantigens, cancer germline antigens, and viral oncoproteins. Moreover, because TCRs have evolved to efficiently detect and amplify antigenic signals, these receptors respond to epitope densities many fold smaller than required for CAR-signaling. Herein, we summarize recent clinical data demonstrating that TCR-based immunotherapies can mediate regression of solid malignancies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. These trials simultaneously highlight emerging mechanisms of TCR resistance. We conclude by discussing how TCR-based immunotherapies can achieve broader dissemination through innovations in cell manufacturing and non-viral genome integration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Chandran
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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134
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Abstract
T cells are key players in cancer immunotherapy, but strategies to expand tumor-reactive cells and study their interactions with tumor cells at the level of an individual patient are limited. Here we describe the generation and functional assessment of tumor-reactive T cells based on cocultures of tumor organoids and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. The procedure consists of an initial coculture of 2 weeks, in which tumor-reactive T cells are first expanded in the presence of (IFNγ-stimulated) autologous tumor cells. Subsequently, T cells are evaluated for their capacity to carry out effector functions (IFNγ secretion and degranulation) after recognition of tumor cells, and their capacity to kill tumor organoids. This strategy is unique in its use of peripheral blood as a source of tumor-reactive T cells in an antigen-agnostic manner. In 2 weeks, tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell populations can be obtained from ~33-50% of samples from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and microsatellite-instable colorectal cancer (CRC). This enables the establishment of ex vivo test systems for T-cell-based immunotherapy at the level of the individual patient.
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135
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Dafni U, Michielin O, Lluesma SM, Tsourti Z, Polydoropoulou V, Karlis D, Besser MJ, Haanen J, Svane IM, Ohashi PS, Kammula US, Orcurto A, Zimmermann S, Trueb L, Klebanoff CA, Lotze MT, Kandalaft LE, Coukos G. Efficacy of adoptive therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and recombinant interleukin-2 in advanced cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1902-1913. [PMID: 31566658 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has been tested in advanced melanoma patients at various centers. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess its efficacy on previously treated advanced metastatic cutaneous melanoma. The PubMed electronic database was searched from inception to 17 December 2018 to identify studies administering TIL-ACT and recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) following non-myeloablative chemotherapy in previously treated metastatic melanoma patients. Objective response rate (ORR) was the primary end point. Secondary end points were complete response rate (CRR), overall survival (OS), duration of response (DOR) and toxicity. Pooled estimates were derived from fixed or random effect models, depending on the amount of heterogeneity detected. Analysis was carried out separately for high dose (HD) and low dose (LD) IL-2. Sensitivity analyses were carried out. Among 1211 records screened, 13 studies (published 1988 - 2016) were eligible for meta-analysis. Among 410 heavily pretreated patients (some with brain metastasis), 332 received HD-IL-2 and 78 LD-IL-2. The pooled overall ORR estimate was 41% [95% confidence interval (CI) 35% to 48%], and the overall CRR was 12% (95% CI 7% to 16%). For the HD-IL-2 group, the ORR was 43% (95% CI 36% to 50%), while for the LD-IL-2 it was 35% (95% CI 25% to 45%). Corresponding pooled estimates for CRR were 14% (95% CI 7% to 20%) and 7% (95% CI 1% to 12%). The majority of HD-IL-2 complete responders (27/28) remained in remission during the extent of follow-up after CR (median 40 months). Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Higher number of infused cells was associated with a favorable response. The ORR for HD-IL-2 compared favorably with the nivolumab/ipilimumab combination following anti-PD-1 failure. TIL-ACT therapy, especially when combined with HD-IL-2, achieves durable clinical benefit and warrants further investigation. We discuss the current position of TIL-ACT in the therapy of advanced melanoma, particularly in the era of immune checkpoint blockade therapy, and review future opportunities for improvement of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Dafni
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - O Michielin
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Martin Lluesma
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Z Tsourti
- Scientific Research Consulting Hellas, Statistics Center, Athens
| | - V Polydoropoulou
- Scientific Research Consulting Hellas, Statistics Center, Athens
| | - D Karlis
- Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
| | - M J Besser
- Ella Institute for the Treatment and Research of Melanoma and Skin Cancer, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Haanen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I-M Svane
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - P S Ohashi
- Department of Immunology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - U S Kammula
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh
| | - A Orcurto
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Zimmermann
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Trueb
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C A Klebanoff
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
| | - M T Lotze
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - L E Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Coukos
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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136
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LaBelle CA, Zhang RJ, Armistead PM, Allbritton NL. Assay and Isolation of Single Proliferating CD4+ Lymphocytes Using an Automated Microraft Array Platform. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 67:2166-2175. [PMID: 31794384 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2956081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While T lymphocytes have been employed as a cancer immunotherapy, the development of effective and specific T-cell-based therapeutics remains challenging. A key obstacle is the difficulty in identifying T cells reactive to cancer-associated antigens. The objective of this research was to develop a versatile platform for single cell analysis and isolation that can be applied in immunology research and clinical therapy development. METHODS An automated microscopy and cell sorting system was developed to track the proliferative behavior of single-cell human primary CD4+ lymphocytes in response to stimulation using allogeneic lymphoblastoid feeder cells. RESULTS The system identified single human T lymphocytes with a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 99% and possessed a cell collection efficiency of 86%. Time-lapse imaging simultaneously tracked 4,534 alloreactive T cells on a single array; 19% of the arrayed cells formed colonies of ≥2 cells. From the array, 130 clonal colonies were isolated and 7 grew to colony sizes of >10,000 cells, consistent with the known proliferative capacity of T cells in vitro and their tendency to become exhausted with prolonged stimulation. The isolated colonies underwent ELISA assay to detect interferon-γ secretion and Sanger sequencing to determine T cell receptor β sequences with a 100% success rate. CONCLUSION The platform is capable of both identification and isolation of proliferative T cells in an automated manner. SIGNIFICANCE This novel technology enables the identification of TCR sequences based on T cell proliferation which is expected to speed the development of future cancer immunotherapies.
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Robust prediction of HLA class II epitopes by deep motif deconvolution of immunopeptidomes. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:1283-1286. [PMID: 31611696 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of epitopes presented by class II human leukocyte antigen molecules (HLA-II) have limited accuracy, restricting vaccine and therapy design. Here we combined unbiased mass spectrometry with a motif deconvolution algorithm to profile and analyze a total of 99,265 unique peptides eluted from HLA-II molecules. We then trained an epitope prediction algorithm with these data and improved prediction of pathogen and tumor-associated class II neoepitopes.
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138
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Yamamoto TN, Kishton RJ, Restifo NP. Developing neoantigen-targeted T cell-based treatments for solid tumors. Nat Med 2019; 25:1488-1499. [PMID: 31591590 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulating an immune response against cancer through adoptive transfer of tumor-targeting lymphocytes has shown great promise in hematological malignancies, but clinical efficacy against many common solid epithelial cancers remains low. Targeting 'neoantigens'-the somatic mutations expressed only by tumor cells-might enable tumor destruction without causing undue damage to vital healthy tissues. Major challenges to targeting neoantigens with T cells include heterogeneity and variability in antigen processing and presentation of targets by tumors, and an incomplete understanding of which T cell qualities are essential for clinically effective therapies. Finally, the prospect of targeting somatic tumor mutations to promote T cell destruction of cancer must contend with the biology that not all tumor-expressed 'neoepitopes' actually generate neoantigens that can be functionally recognized and provoke an effective immune response. In this Review, we discuss the promise, progress and challenges for improving neoantigen-targeted T cell-based immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori N Yamamoto
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Lyell Immunopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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139
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Chen L, Qiao D, Wang J, Tian G, Wang M. Cancer immunotherapy with lymphocytes genetically engineered with T cell receptors for solid cancers. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:51-62. [PMID: 31597088 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) have proven to be highly effective for treating CD19+ B cell-derived hematologic malignancies. However, due to the lack of ideal tumor surface antigens, CAR-T cell therapy has limited success in treating solid tumors. T cells genetically engineered with T cell receptors (TCR-T cells) recognize intracellular and cell-surface antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation and thus have the potential to access much more target antigens than CAR-T cells, providing great promise in treating solid tumors. There is an increasing interest in the application of TCR-T cell therapy for solid tumors, and fifty-six clinical trials are undergoing worldwide to confirm its validity. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in clinical studies of TCR-T cell therapy, describe strategies in the preparation and characterization of TCR-T cells, focusing on antigen selection, TCR isolation and methods to further enhance the potency of adoptively transferred cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongjuan Qiao
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China.
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140
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Robertson J, Salm M, Dangl M. Adoptive cell therapy with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes: the emerging importance of clonal neoantigen targets for next-generation products in non-small cell lung cancer. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2019; 3:1-7. [PMID: 35757302 PMCID: PMC9216247 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has significantly improved clinical outcomes for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other solid tumours, but many patients do not respond and acquired resistance is common. Aspects of the tumour microenvironment linked to clinical outcomes include the proportion of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), tumour programmed death ligand 1 ( PD-L1) score and tumour mutation burden. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT), a technique that works by infusing ex vivo expanded T lymphocytes to increase the effector cell pool in tumours, is anticipated to become a viable therapeutic option for patients with solid tumours, akin to chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy in haematological malignancies. TIL therapy has shown durable clinical responses in heavily pre-treated patients with melanoma and other solid tumours. We review the experience of ACT with TILs and the recent evidence that clonal neoantigens might be the most relevant immunotherapeutic targets in heterogeneous solid tumours such as NSCLC. Clonal (or truncal) neoantigens arise from the earliest mutagenic events in tumour evolution, and are retained over time in all tumour cells within a patient, making them the ideal target for T cell therapy. NSCLC has one of the highest clonal mutation burdens of all cancers through exposure to carcinogens in tobacco smoke, providing a strong rationale to develop clonal neoantigen reactive T cells (cNeT) for this indication. The first treatment modality to test this concept clinically is ATL001, a cNeT product that is derived from autologous TILs and enriched for T cells specifically recognizing clonal neoantigenic epitopes by selective expansion. Clinical studies of ATL001 will commence in 2019. Immune checkpoint inhibitors improve outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but resistance is common. Adoptive cell therapy with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes has shown durable responses in melanoma and epithelial cancers. Clonal neoantigens may be the most relevant immunotherapeutic targets. NSCLC has one of the highest clonal mutational burdens of all cancers. Clonal neoantigen reactive T cells are now in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Robertson
- Corresponding author. Jane Robertson, MD. Chief Medical Officer, Achilles Therapeutics Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK. Tel.: +44 (0)1438 906 855.
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141
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Abolarinwa BA, Ibrahim RB, Huang YH. Conceptual Development of Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4624. [PMID: 31540435 PMCID: PMC6769557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is one of the common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy are the current treatments, but some patients do not derive clinical benefits. Recently, studies from cancer molecular subtyping have revealed that tumor molecular biomarkers may predict the immunotherapeutic response of GI cancer patients. However, the therapeutic response of patients selected by the predictive biomarkers is suboptimal. The tumor immune-microenvironment apparently plays a key role in modulating these molecular-determinant predictive biomarkers. Therefore, an understanding of the development and recent advances in immunotherapeutic pharmacological intervention targeting tumor immune-microenvironments and their potential predictive biomarkers will be helpful to strengthen patient immunotherapeutic efficacy. The current review focuses on an understanding of how the host-microenvironment interactions and the predictive biomarkers can determine the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The contribution of environmental pathogens and host immunity to GI cancer is summarized. A discussion regarding the clinical evidence of predictive biomarkers for clinical trial therapy design, current immunotherapeutic strategies, and the outcomes to GI cancer patients are highlighted. An understanding of the underlying mechanism can predict the immunotherapeutic efficacy and facilitate the future development of personalized therapeutic strategies targeting GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilikis Aderonke Abolarinwa
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ridwan Babatunde Ibrahim
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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142
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Chatani PD, Yang JC. Mutated RAS: Targeting the "Untargetable" with T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:537-544. [PMID: 31511296 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The RAS family of proteins is at the apex of several pathways implicated in a multitude of epithelial cancers but has remained stubbornly resistant to the wave of targeted small molecules and antibodies that have revolutionized clinical oncology. KRAS, the most commonly mutated of the isoforms, represents an attractive target for treatment, given its ubiquity, central role as a driver mutation, and association with poor prognosis. This review is a comprehensive summary of the existing approaches to targeting KRAS spanning small-molecule inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and with a focus on trials in adoptive cell therapy. Here we explain how the limitations of existing drugs and nonspecific immune-based therapies are circumvented with techniques in modern immunotherapy. The successes outlined represent the most promising path to finally targeting the prototypical "undruggable" RAS oncogene family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James C Yang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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143
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McBride DA, Kerr MD, Wai SL, Shah NJ. Applications of molecular engineering in T-cell-based immunotherapies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1557. [PMID: 30972976 PMCID: PMC7869905 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing an individual's immune cells to mediate antitumor and antiviral responses is a life-saving option for some patients with otherwise intractable forms of cancer and infectious disease. In particular, T-cell-based engineered immune cells are a powerful new class of therapeutics with remarkable efficacy. Clinical experience has helped to define some of the major challenges for reliable, safe, and effective deployment of T-cells against a broad range of diseases. While poised to revolutionize immunotherapy, scalable manufacturing, safety, specificity, and the development of resistance are potential roadblocks in their widespread usage. The development of molecular engineering tools to allow for the direct or indirect engineering of T-cells to enable one to troubleshoot delivery issues, amplify immunomodulatory effects, integrate the synergistic effects of different molecules, and home to the target cells in vivo. In this review, we will analyze thus-far developed cell- and material-based tools for enhancing T-cell therapies, including methods to improve safety and specificity, enhancing efficacy, and overcoming limitations in scalable manufacturing. We summarize the potential of T-cells as immune modulating therapies and the potential future directions for enabling their adoption for a broad range of diseases. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A McBride
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew D Kerr
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shinya L Wai
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Nisarg J Shah
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of California, San Diego, California
- San Diego Center for Precision Immunotherapy, University of California, San Diego, California
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144
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Tan Q, Zhang C, Yang W, Liu Y, Heyilimu P, Feng D, Xing L, Ke Y, Lu Z. Isolation of T cell receptor specifically reactive with autologous tumour cells from tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and construction of T cell receptor engineered T cells for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:232. [PMID: 31462302 PMCID: PMC6714102 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-Ts) therapy is a promising cancer treatment strategy. Nowadays, most studies focused on identification of high-avidity T cell receptors (TCRs) directed against neoantigens derived from somatic mutations. However, few neoantigens per patient could induce immune response in epithelial cancer and additionally many tumor-specific antigens could be derived from noncoding region. Autologous tumor cells (ATCs) could be unbiased stimulators in activating and enriching tumor-reactive T cells. However, it’s unknown if T cells engineered to express TCRs isolated from tumor-reactive T cells enriched by ATCs have strong antitumor response. Methods In this study, multiple TIL fragments obtained from a patient with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were screened for specific recognition of ATCs. Tumor-reactive TILs were enriched by in vitro repeated stimulation of ATCs and isolated based on CD137 upregulation. Subsequently, tumor-reactive TCR was obtained by single-cell RT-PCR analysis and was introduced into peripheral blood lymphocytes to generate TCR-Ts. Results We found that phenotype and effect function of TIL fragments derived from different tumor sites were spatially heterogeneous. Of four TIL fragments, only TIL-F1 could specifically identify ATCs. Subsequently, we isolated CD8+ CD137+ T cells from pre- and post-stimulated TIL-F1 co-cultured with ATCs, and identified their most dominant TCR. This TCR was introduced into PBLs to generate TCR-Ts, which specifically identified and killed ATCs in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion This strategy provides the means to generate tumor-reactive TCR-Ts for ESCC, which is especially important for patients without prior knowledge of specific epitopes and might be applied for other cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0709-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Chaoting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ministry of Education), Cancer Institute of the General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Palashati Heyilimu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Dongdong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Liying Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Zheming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Garcia-Garijo A, Fajardo CA, Gros A. Determinants for Neoantigen Identification. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1392. [PMID: 31293573 PMCID: PMC6601353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All tumors accumulate genetic alterations, some of which can give rise to mutated, non-self peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and elicit T-cell responses. These immunogenic mutated peptides, or neoantigens, are foreign in nature and display exquisite tumor specificity. The correlative evidence suggesting they play an important role in the effectiveness of various cancer immunotherapies has triggered the development of vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapies targeting them. However, the systematic identification of personalized neoantigens in cancer patients, a critical requisite for the success of these therapies, remains challenging. A growing amount of evidence supports that only a small fraction of all tumor somatic non-synonymous mutations (NSM) identified represent bona fide neoantigens; mutated peptides that are processed, presented on the cell surface HLA molecules of cancer cells and are capable of triggering immune responses in patients. Here, we provide an overview of the existing strategies to identify candidate neoantigens and to evaluate their immunogenicity, two factors that impact on neoantigen identification. We will focus on their strengths and limitations to allow readers to rationally select and apply the most suitable method for their specific laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Garcia-Garijo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alberto Fajardo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alena Gros
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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146
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Liu S, Matsuzaki J, Wei L, Tsuji T, Battaglia S, Hu Q, Cortes E, Wong L, Yan L, Long M, Miliotto A, Bateman NW, Lele SB, Chodon T, Koya RC, Yao S, Zhu Q, Conrads TP, Wang J, Maxwell GL, Lugade AA, Odunsi K. Efficient identification of neoantigen-specific T-cell responses in advanced human ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:156. [PMID: 31221207 PMCID: PMC6587259 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient identification of neoantigen-specific T-cell responses in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains a challenge. Existing investigations of spontaneous T-cell response to tumor neoepitope in EOC have taken the approach of comprehensive screening all neoantigen candidates, with a validation rate of 0.5–2%. Methods Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing analysis of treatment-naive EOC patients were performed to identify neoantigen candidates, and the immunogenicity of prioritized neoantigens was evaluated by analyzing spontaneous neoantigen-specfic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in the tumor and/or peripheral blood. The biological relevance of neoantigen-specific T-cell lines and clones were analyzed by evaluating the capacity of autologous ovarian tumor recognition. Genetic transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) from these neoantigen-specific T-cell clones into peripheral blood T-cells was conducted to generate neoepitope-specific T-cells. The molecular signature associated with positive neoantigen T-cell responses was investigated, and the impacts of expression level and lymphocyte source on neoantigen identification were explored. Results Using a small subset of prioritized neoantigen candidates, we were able to detect spontaneous CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses against neoepitopes from autologous lymphocytes in half of treatment-naïve EOC patients, with a significantly improved validation rate of 19%. Tumors from patients exhibiting neoantigen-specific T-cell responses exhibited a signature of upregulated antigen processing and presentation machinery, which was also associated with favorable patient survival in the TCGA ovarian cohort. T-cells specific against two mutated cancer-associated genes, NUP214 and JAK1, recognized autologous tumors. Gene-engineering with TCR from these neoantigen-specific T-cell clones conferred neoantigen-reactivity to peripheral T-cells. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the feasibility of efficiently identifying both CD4+ and CD8+ neoantigen-specific T-cells in EOC. Autologous lymphocytes genetically engineered with tumor antigen-specific TCR can be used to generate cells for use in the personalized adoptive T-cell transfer immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0629-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Takemasa Tsuji
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Sebastiano Battaglia
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Eduardo Cortes
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Laiping Wong
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Mark Long
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Anthony Miliotto
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Nicholas W Bateman
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Shashikant B Lele
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Thinle Chodon
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Richard C Koya
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, 22003, USA.,Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA, 22003, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - George L Maxwell
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, 22003, USA
| | - Amit A Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA. .,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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147
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Veatch JR, Jesernig BL, Kargl J, Fitzgibbon M, Lee SM, Baik C, Martins R, Houghton AM, Riddell SR. Endogenous CD4 + T Cells Recognize Neoantigens in Lung Cancer Patients, Including Recurrent Oncogenic KRAS and ERBB2 ( Her2) Driver Mutations. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:910-922. [PMID: 31043415 PMCID: PMC6584616 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells specific for neoantigens encoded by mutated genes in cancers are increasingly recognized as mediators of tumor destruction after immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy or adoptive cell transfer. Much of the focus has been on identifying epitopes presented to CD8+ T cells by class I MHC. However, CD4+ class II MHC-restricted T cells have been shown to have an important role in antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, the vast majority of neoantigens recognized by CD8+ or CD4+ T cells in cancer patients result from random mutations and are patient-specific. Here, we screened the blood of 5 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients for T-cell responses to candidate mutation-encoded neoepitopes. T-cell responses were detected to 8.8% of screened antigens, with 1 to 7 antigens identified per patient. A majority of responses were to random, patient-specific mutations. However, CD4+ T cells that recognized the recurrent KRAS G12V and the ERBB2 (Her2) internal tandem duplication (ITD) oncogenic driver mutations, but not the corresponding wild-type sequences, were identified in two patients. Two different T-cell receptors (TCR) specific for KRAS G12V and one T-cell receptor specific for Her2-ITD were isolated and conferred antigen specificity when transfected into T cells. Deep sequencing identified the Her2-ITD-specific TCR in the tumor but not nonadjacent lung. Our results showed that CD4+ T-cell responses to neoantigens, including recurrent driver mutations, can be derived from the blood of NSCLC patients. These data support the use of adoptive transfer or vaccination to augment CD4+ neoantigen-specific T cells and elucidate their role in human antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Veatch
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Brenda L Jesernig
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Kargl
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthew Fitzgibbon
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sylvia M Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christina Baik
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Renato Martins
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - A McGarry Houghton
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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148
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The Cellular Immunotherapy Revolution: Arming the Immune System for Precision Therapy. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:292-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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149
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Iiizumi S, Ohtake J, Murakami N, Kouro T, Kawahara M, Isoda F, Hamana H, Kishi H, Nakamura N, Sasada T. Identification of Novel HLA Class II-Restricted Neoantigens Derived from Driver Mutations. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020266. [PMID: 30813491 PMCID: PMC6406322 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoantigens derived from tumor-specific genetic mutations might be suitable targets for cancer immunotherapy because of their high immunogenicity. In the current study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of 10 driver mutations that are frequently expressed in various cancers using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors (n = 25). Of the 10 synthetic peptides (27-mer) derived from these mutations, the six peptides from KRAS-G12D, KRAS-G12R, KRAS-G13D, NRAS-Q61R, PIK3CA-H1047R, and C-Kit-D816V induced T cell responses, suggesting that frequent driver mutations are not always less immunogenic. In particular, immune responses to PIK3CA-H1047R, C-Kit-D816V, KRAS-G13D, and NRAS-Q61R were observed in more than 10% of the donors. All six peptides induced human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted CD4+ T cell responses; notably, PIK3CA-H1047R contained at least two different CD4+ T cell epitopes restricted to different HLA class II alleles. In addition, PIK3CA-H1047R and C-Kit-D816V induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as well, indicating that they might contain both HLA class I- and class II-restricted epitopes. Since the identified neoantigens might be shared by patients with various types of cancers and are not easily lost due to immune escape, they have the potential to be promising off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy targets in patients with the corresponding mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Iiizumi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan.
- Research & Early Development Division, BrightPath Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Junya Ohtake
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan.
| | - Naoko Murakami
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan.
- Research & Early Development Division, BrightPath Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Taku Kouro
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Kawahara
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Isoda
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan.
- Research & Early Development Division, BrightPath Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Norihiro Nakamura
- Research & Early Development Division, BrightPath Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan.
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150
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Malekzadeh P, Pasetto A, Robbins PF, Parkhurst MR, Paria BC, Jia L, Gartner JJ, Hill V, Yu Z, Restifo NP, Sachs A, Tran E, Lo W, Somerville RP, Rosenberg SA, Deniger DC. Neoantigen screening identifies broad TP53 mutant immunogenicity in patients with epithelial cancers. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1109-1114. [PMID: 30714987 DOI: 10.1172/jci123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Pasetto
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Biman C Paria
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Li Jia
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jared J Gartner
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Hill
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Tran
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Winifred Lo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Drew C Deniger
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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