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McNeill RS, Vitucci M, Wu J, Miller CR. Contemporary murine models in preclinical astrocytoma drug development. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:12-28. [PMID: 25246428 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite 6 decades of research, only 3 drugs have been approved for astrocytomas, the most common malignant primary brain tumors. However, clinical drug development is accelerating with the transition from empirical, cytotoxic therapy to precision, targeted medicine. Preclinical animal model studies are critical for prioritizing drug candidates for clinical development and, ultimately, for their regulatory approval. For decades, only murine models with established tumor cell lines were available for such studies. However, these poorly represent the genomic and biological properties of human astrocytomas, and their preclinical use fails to accurately predict efficacy in clinical trials. Newer models developed over the last 2 decades, including patient-derived xenografts, genetically engineered mice, and genetically engineered cells purified from human brains, more faithfully phenocopy the genomics and biology of human astrocytomas. Harnessing the unique benefits of these models will be required to identify drug targets, define combination therapies that circumvent inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms, and develop molecular biomarkers predictive of drug response and resistance. With increasing recognition of the molecular heterogeneity of astrocytomas, employing multiple, contemporary models in preclinical drug studies promises to increase the efficiency of drug development for specific, molecularly defined subsets of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S McNeill
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
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Agnihotri S, Burrell K, Buczkowicz P, Remke M, Golbourn B, Chornenkyy Y, Gajadhar A, Fernandez NA, Clarke ID, Barszczyk MS, Pajovic S, Ternamian C, Head R, Sabha N, Sobol RW, Taylor MD, Rutka JT, Jones C, Dirks PB, Zadeh G, Hawkins C. ATM regulates 3-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase and promotes therapeutic resistance to alkylating agents. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1198-213. [PMID: 25100205 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alkylating agents are a first-line therapy for the treatment of several aggressive cancers, including pediatric glioblastoma, a lethal tumor in children. Unfortunately, many tumors are resistant to this therapy. We sought to identify ways of sensitizing tumor cells to alkylating agents while leaving normal cells unharmed, increasing therapeutic response while minimizing toxicity. Using an siRNA screen targeting over 240 DNA damage response genes, we identified novel sensitizers to alkylating agents. In particular, the base excision repair (BER) pathway, including 3-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), as well as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), were identified in our screen. Interestingly, we identified MPG as a direct novel substrate of ATM. ATM-mediated phosphorylation of MPG was required for enhanced MPG function. Importantly, combined inhibition or loss of MPG and ATM resulted in increased alkylating agent-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and prolonged survival in vivo. The discovery of the ATM-MPG axis will lead to improved treatment of alkylating agent-resistant tumors. SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of ATM and MPG-mediated BER cooperate to sensitize tumor cells to alkylating agents, impairing tumor growth in vitro and in vivo with no toxicity to normal cells, providing an ideal therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Agnihotri
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kelly Burrell
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pawel Buczkowicz
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Golbourn
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yevgen Chornenkyy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aaron Gajadhar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nestor A Fernandez
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian D Clarke
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark S Barszczyk
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sanja Pajovic
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christian Ternamian
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renee Head
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nesrin Sabha
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chris Jones
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Nguyen SA, Stechishin ODM, Luchman HA, Lun XQ, Senger DL, Robbins SM, Cairncross JG, Weiss S. Novel MSH6 mutations in treatment-naïve glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma contribute to temozolomide resistance independently of MGMT promoter methylation. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4894-903. [PMID: 25078279 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) involves a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, but this regimen fails to achieve long-term tumor control. Resistance to temozolomide is largely mediated by expression of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT; however, emerging evidence suggests that inactivation of MSH6 and other mismatch repair proteins plays an important role in temozolomide resistance. Here, we investigate endogenous MSH6 mutations in GBM, anaplastic oligodendroglial tumor tissue, and corresponding brain tumor-initiating cell lines (BTIC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MSH6 sequence and MGMT promoter methylation were determined in human tumor samples and BTICs. Sensitivity to temozolomide was evaluated in vitro using BTICs in the absence and presence of O(6)-benzylguanine to deplete MGMT. The influence of MGMT and MSH6 status on in vivo sensitivity to temozolomide was evaluated using intracranial BTIC xenografts. RESULTS We identified 11 previously unreported mutations in MSH6 in nine different glioma samples and six paired BTIC lines from adult patients. In addition, MSH6 mutations were documented in three oligodendrogliomas and two treatment-naïve gliomas, both previously unreported findings. These mutations were found to influence the sensitivity of BTICs to temozolomide both in vitro and in vivo, independent of MGMT promoter methylation status. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that endogenous MSH6 mutations may be present before alkylator therapy and occur in at least two histologic subtypes of adult glial neoplasms, with this report serving as the first to note these mutations in oligodendroglioma. These findings broaden our understanding of the clinical response to temozolomide in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Nguyen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Owen D M Stechishin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H Artee Luchman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xueqing Q Lun
- Clark Smith Brain Tumor Research Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donna L Senger
- Clark Smith Brain Tumor Research Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen M Robbins
- Clark Smith Brain Tumor Research Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Gregory Cairncross
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Clark Smith Brain Tumor Research Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Weiss
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Clark Smith Brain Tumor Research Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Tabatabai G, Stupp R, Wick W, Weller M. Malignant astrocytoma in elderly patients: where do we stand? Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 26:693-700. [PMID: 24152817 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Age is inversely correlated with clinical outcome and a strong prognostic factor for the course of most primary brain tumors including malignant astrocytoma, i.e. anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma. We here review available clinical outcome data and discuss future directions of clinical research. RECENT FINDINGS The standard of care in patients with malignant astrocytoma above the range of 65-70 years was considered radiotherapy, preferentially using a hypofractionated regimen (15 × 2.66 Gy). Two phase III clinical trials, the NOA-08 and Nordic trials, demonstrated that temozolomide (TMZ) therapy alone was not inferior to radiotherapy alone, and methylation of the O-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter was predictive with a methylated MGMT promoter indicating a benefit from TMZ chemotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials in this patient population include the National Cancer Institute of Canada/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer intergroup trial, investigating the combination of hypofractionated radiotherapy and TMZ chemotherapy, and the Swiss ARTE trial, investigating the combination of bevacizumab and hypofractionated radiotherapy. Recent translational studies indicate that prognostically favorable factors in malignant astrocytoma from younger patients are virtually absent in the elderly. SUMMARY Current standard of care for elderly patients with malignant astrocytoma involves a treatment strategy based on the MGMT gene promoter methylation status. The role of combined radiotherapy and TMZ chemotherapy and a potential role for the addition of anti-VEGF therapy to radiotherapy are currently addressed in ongoing trials. The lack of favorable prognostic factors in tumor tissue might in part explain the poorer clinical outcome of elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- aDepartment of Neurology bDepartment of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland cDepartment of Neurooncology, National Center for Tumor Disease and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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105
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Anderson JC, Duarte CW, Welaya K, Rohrbach TD, Bredel M, Yang ES, Choradia NV, Thottassery JV, Yancey Gillespie G, Bonner JA, Willey CD. Kinomic exploration of temozolomide and radiation resistance in Glioblastoma multiforme xenolines. Radiother Oncol 2014; 111:468-74. [PMID: 24813092 PMCID: PMC4119546 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most common and deadly primary brain malignancy, particularly due to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation (RT) resistance. To better understand resistance mechanisms, we examined global kinase activity (kinomic profiling) in both treatment sensitive and resistant human GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDX or "xenolines"). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen orthotopically-implanted xenolines were examined including 8 with known RT sensitivity/resistance, while 5 TMZ resistant xenolines were generated through serial TMZ treatment in vivo. Tumors were harvested, prepared as total protein lysates, and kinomically analyzed on a PamStation®12 high-throughput microarray platform with subsequent upstream kinase prediction and network modeling. RESULTS Kinomic profiles indicated elevated tyrosine kinase activity associated with the radiation resistance phenotype, including FAK and FGFR1. Furthermore, network modeling showed VEGFR1/2 and c-Raf hubs could be involved. Analysis of acquired TMZ resistance revealed more kinomic variability among TMZ resistant tumors. Two of the five tumors displayed significantly altered kinase activity in the TMZ resistant xenolines and network modeling indicated PKC, JAK1, PI3K, CDK2, and VEGFR as potential mediators of this resistance. CONCLUSION GBM xenolines provide a phenotypic model for GBM drug response and resistance that when paired with kinomic profiling identified targetable pathways to inherent (radiation) or acquired (TMZ) resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karim Welaya
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Eddy S Yang
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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106
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Gupta SK, Mladek AC, Carlson BL, Boakye-Agyeman F, Bakken KK, Kizilbash SH, Schroeder MA, Reid J, Sarkaria JN. Discordant in vitro and in vivo chemopotentiating effects of the PARP inhibitor veliparib in temozolomide-sensitive versus -resistant glioblastoma multiforme xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3730-41. [PMID: 24838527 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Effective sensitizing strategies potentially can extend the benefit of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). We previously demonstrated that robust TMZ-sensitizing effects of the [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase] (PARP) inhibitor veliparib (ABT-888) are restricted to TMZ-sensitive GBM xenografts. The focus of this study is to provide an understanding for the differential sensitization in paired TMZ-sensitive and -resistant GBM models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The impact of veliparib on TMZ-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in models of acquired TMZ resistance (GBM12TMZ-mgmt(High), GBM12TMZ-mgmt(Low), and U251TMZ), inherent TMZ resistance (T98G), and TMZ-sensitive (U251 and GBM12). In vivo drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were analyzed using clinically relevant dosing regimens. RESULTS Veliparib enhanced TMZ cytotoxicity and DNA-damage signaling in all GBM models in vitro with more pronounced effects in TMZ-resistant lines at 3 to 10 μmol/L veliparib. In vivo, combined TMZ/veliparib, compared with TMZ alone, significantly delayed tumor growth and enhanced DNA-damage signaling and γH2AX levels in the sensitive GBM12 xenograft line but not in the resistant GBM12TMZ lines. The pharmacokinetic profile of veliparib was similar for GBM12 and GBM12TMZ tumors with Cmax (∼1.5 μmol/L) in tissue significantly lower than concentrations associated with optimal in vitro sensitizing effects for resistant tumors. In contrast, robust suppression of PARP-1 expression by shRNA significantly increased TMZ sensitivity of U251TMZ in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In vitro cytotoxicity assays do not adequately model the therapeutic index of PARP inhibitors, as concentrations of veliparib and TMZ required to sensitize TMZ-resistant cancer cells in vivo cannot be achieved using a tolerable dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Gupta
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Felix Boakye-Agyeman
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Joel Reid
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
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107
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Chen TC, Cho HY, Wang W, Barath M, Sharma N, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH. A Novel Temozolomide–Perillyl Alcohol Conjugate Exhibits Superior Activity against Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and Intracranial Triple-Negative Tumor Growth In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1181-93. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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108
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Tentori L, Ricci-Vitiani L, Muzi A, Ciccarone F, Pelacchi F, Calabrese R, Runci D, Pallini R, Caiafa P, Graziani G. Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 modulates resistance of human glioblastoma stem cells to temozolomide. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:151. [PMID: 24593254 PMCID: PMC3975727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been attributed to the presence within the tumor of cancer stem cells (GSCs). The standard therapy for GBM consists of surgery followed by radiotherapy and the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). However, TMZ efficacy is limited by O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and Mismatch Repair (MMR) functions. Strategies to counteract TMZ resistance include its combination with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), which hamper the repair of N-methylpurines. PARPi are also investigated as monotherapy for tumors with deficiency of homologous recombination (HR). We have investigated whether PARPi may restore GSC sensitivity to TMZ or may be effective as monotherapy. METHODS Ten human GSC lines were assayed for MMR proteins, MGMT and PARP-1 expression/activity, MGMT promoter methylation and sensitivity to TMZ or PARPi, alone and in combination. Since PTEN defects are frequently detected in GBM and may cause HR dysfunction, PTEN expression was also analyzed. The statistical analysis of the differences in drug sensitivity among the cell lines was performed using the ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test or the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis and Dunn's post-test for multiple comparisons. Synergism between TMZ and PARPi was analyzed by the median-effect method of Chou and Talalay. Correlation analyses were done using the Spearman's rank test. RESULTS All GSCs were MMR-proficient and resistance to TMZ was mainly associated with high MGMT activity or low proliferation rate. MGMT promoter hypermethylation of GSCs correlated both with low MGMT activity/expression (Spearman's test, P = 0.004 and P = 0.01) and with longer overall survival of GBM patients (P = 0.02). Sensitivity of each GSC line to PARPi as single agent did not correlate with PARP-1 or PTEN expression. Notably, PARPi and TMZ combination exerted synergistic antitumor effects in eight out of ten GSC lines and the TMZ dose reduction achieved significantly correlated with the sensitivity of each cell line to PARPi as single agent (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The combination of TMZ with PARPi may represent a valuable strategy to reverse GSC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Tentori
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Liu XY, Zhang L, Wu J, Zhou L, Ren YJ, Yang WQ, Ming ZJ, Chen B, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang JM. Inhibition of elongation factor-2 kinase augments the antitumor activity of Temozolomide against glioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81345. [PMID: 24303044 PMCID: PMC3841121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common form of brain cancer with an average survival of less than 12 months, is a highly aggressive and fatal disease characterized by survival of glioma cells following initial treatment, invasion through the brain parenchyma and destruction of normal brain tissues, and ultimately resistance to current treatments. Temozolomide (TMZ) is commonly used chemotherapy for treatment of primary and recurrent high-grade gliomas. Nevertheless, the therapeutic outcome of TMZ is often unsatisfactory. In this study, we sought to determine whether eEF-2 kinase affected the sensitivity of glioma cells to treatment with TMZ. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using RNA interference approach, a small molecule inhibitor of eEF-2 kinase, and in vitro and in vivo glioma models, we observed that inhibition of eEF-2 kinase could enhance sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ, and that this sensitizing effect was associated with blockade of autophagy and augmentation of apoptosis caused by TMZ. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrated that targeting eEF-2 kinase can enhance the anti-glioma activity of TMZ, and inhibitors of this kinase may be exploited as chemo-sensitizers for TMZ in treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - JianPing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Qiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Jun Ming
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (JMY); (YZ)
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Affiliated Changshu Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacology and The Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMY); (YZ)
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Thon N, Kreth S, Kreth FW. Personalized treatment strategies in glioblastoma: MGMT promoter methylation status. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1363-72. [PMID: 24109190 PMCID: PMC3792931 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s50208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of molecular genetic biomarkers considerably increased our current understanding of glioma genesis, prognostic evaluation, and treatment planning. In glioblastoma, the most malignant intrinsic brain tumor entity in adults, the promoter methylation status of the gene encoding for the repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) indicates increased efficacy of current standard of care, which is concomitant and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide. In the elderly, MGMT promoter methylation status has recently been introduced to be a predictive biomarker that can be used for stratification of treatment regimes. This review gives a short summery of epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment aspects of patients who are currently diagnosed with glioblastoma. The most important molecular genetic markers and epigenetic alterations in glioblastoma are summarized. Special focus is given to the physiological function of DNA methylation-in particular, of the MGMT gene promoter, its clinical relevance, technical aspects of status assessment, its correlation with MGMT mRNA and protein expressions, and its place within the management cascade of glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Thon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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111
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Hegi ME, Stupp R. Neuro-oncology: in search of molecular markers of glioma in elderly patients. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9:424-5. [PMID: 23817351 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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112
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Wiestler B, Claus R, Hartlieb SA, Schliesser MG, Weiss EK, Hielscher T, Platten M, Dittmann LM, Meisner C, Felsberg J, Happold C, Simon M, Nikkhah G, Papsdorf K, Steinbach JP, Sabel M, Grimm C, Weichenhan D, Tews B, Reifenberger G, Capper D, Müller W, Plass C, Weller M, Wick W. Malignant astrocytomas of elderly patients lack favorable molecular markers: an analysis of the NOA-08 study collective. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1017-26. [PMID: 23595628 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of patients age >65 years with malignant gliomas is increasing. Prognosis of these patients is worse compared with younger patients. To determine biological differences among malignant gliomas of different age groups and help to explain the survival heterogeneity seen in the NOA-08 trial, the prevalence and impact of recently established biomarkers for outcome in younger patients were characterized in elderly patients. METHODS Prevalences of mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and histone H3.3 (H3F3A), the glioma cytosine-phosphate-guanine island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP), and methylation of alkylpurine DNA N-glycosylase (APNG) and peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) promoters were determined in a representative biomarker subset (n = 126 patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma) from the NOA-08 trial. RESULTS IDH1 mutations (R132H) were detected in only 3/126 patients, precluding determination of an association between IDH mutation and outcome. These 3 patients also displayed the G-CIMP phenotype. None of the IDH1 wild-type tumors were G-CIMP positive. Mutations in H3F3A were absent in all 103 patients sequenced for H3F3A. MassARRAY analysis of the APNG promoter revealed generally low methylation levels and failed to confirm any predictive properties for benefit from alkylating chemotherapy. Neither did PRDX1 promoter methylation show differential methylation or association with outcome in this cohort. In a 170-patient cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas database matched for relevant prognostic factors, age ≥65 years was strongly associated with shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS Despite an age-independent stable frequency of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter hypermethylation, tumors in this age group largely lack prognostically favorable markers established in younger glioblastoma patients, which likely contributes to the overall worse prognosis of elderly patients. However, the survival differences hint at fundamental further differences among malignant gliomas of different age groups.
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113
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Calvo JA, Moroski-Erkul CA, Lake A, Eichinger LW, Shah D, Jhun I, Limsirichai P, Bronson RT, Christiani DC, Meira LB, Samson LD. Aag DNA glycosylase promotes alkylation-induced tissue damage mediated by Parp1. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003413. [PMID: 23593019 PMCID: PMC3617098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylating agents comprise a major class of front-line cancer chemotherapeutic compounds, and while these agents effectively kill tumor cells, they also damage healthy tissues. Although base excision repair (BER) is essential in repairing DNA alkylation damage, under certain conditions, initiation of BER can be detrimental. Here we illustrate that the alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) mediates alkylation-induced tissue damage and whole-animal lethality following exposure to alkylating agents. Aag-dependent tissue damage, as observed in cerebellar granule cells, splenocytes, thymocytes, bone marrow cells, pancreatic β-cells, and retinal photoreceptor cells, was detected in wild-type mice, exacerbated in Aag transgenic mice, and completely suppressed in Aag−/− mice. Additional genetic experiments dissected the effects of modulating both BER and Parp1 on alkylation sensitivity in mice and determined that Aag acts upstream of Parp1 in alkylation-induced tissue damage; in fact, cytotoxicity in WT and Aag transgenic mice was abrogated in the absence of Parp1. These results provide in vivo evidence that Aag-initiated BER may play a critical role in determining the side-effects of alkylating agent chemotherapies and that Parp1 plays a crucial role in Aag-mediated tissue damage. Alkylating agents are genotoxic chemicals that induce both toxic and mutagenic DNA damage through addition of an alkyl group to DNA. Alkylating agents are routinely and successfully used as chemotherapeutic therapies for cancer patients, with one major disadvantage being the significant toxicity induced in non-tumor tissues. Accordingly, identifying factors that modify susceptibility to alkylation-induced toxicity will provide valuable information in designing cancer therapeutic regimens. This study used mouse genetic experiments to investigate whether proteins important in the base excision repair pathway modulate susceptibility to alkylating agents. In addition to whole-animal toxicity at high doses, treatment of mice with alkylating agents resulted in severe damage to numerous tissues including the cerebellum, retina, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and the pancreas. We illustrate that the DNA glycosylase Aag can actually confer, rather than prevent, alkylation sensitivity at both the whole-animal and tissue level; i.e., Aag transgenic animals are more susceptible than wild type, whereas Aag-deficient animals are less susceptible than wild type to alkylation-induced toxicity. Further genetic experiments show that the Aag-mediated alkylation sensitivity is dependent on Parp1. Given that we observe a wide range of human AAG expression among healthy individuals, this and other base excision repair proteins may be important factors modulating alkylation susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Calvo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Moroski-Erkul
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annabelle Lake
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey W. Eichinger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dharini Shah
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iny Jhun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Prajit Limsirichai
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisiane B. Meira
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Leona D. Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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114
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Masui K, Gini B, Wykosky J, Zanca C, Mischel PS, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK. A tale of two approaches: complementary mechanisms of cytotoxic and targeted therapy resistance may inform next-generation cancer treatments. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:725-38. [PMID: 23455378 PMCID: PMC3616676 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and molecularly targeted approaches represent two very different modes of cancer treatment and each is associated with unique benefits and limitations. Both types of therapy share the overarching limitation of the emergence of drug resistance, which prevents these drugs from eliciting lasting clinical benefit. This review will provide an overview of the various mechanisms of resistance to each of these classes of drugs and examples of drug combinations that have been tested clinically. This analysis supports the contention that understanding modes of resistance to both chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies may be very useful in selecting those drugs of each class that will have complementing mechanisms of sensitivity and thereby represent reasonable combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul S. Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- Moores Cancer Center and
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Frank B. Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- Moores Cancer Center and
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Webster K. Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- Moores Cancer Center and
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
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115
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Chiang MF, Chou PY, Wang WJ, Sze CI, Chang NS. Tumor Suppressor WWOX and p53 Alterations and Drug Resistance in Glioblastomas. Front Oncol 2013; 3:43. [PMID: 23459853 PMCID: PMC3586680 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 are frequently mutated in glioblastomas (GBMs) and appears to contribute, in part, to resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) and therapeutic drugs. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase WWOX (FOR or WOX1) is a proapoptotic protein and is considered as a tumor suppressor. Loss of WWOX gene expression is frequently seen in malignant cancer cells due to promoter hypermethylation, genetic alterations, and translational blockade. Intriguingly, ectopic expression of wild type WWOX preferentially induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells harboring mutant p53. WWOX is known to physically bind and stabilize wild type p53. Here, we provide an overview for the updated knowledge in p53 and WWOX, and postulate potential scenarios that wild type and mutant p53, or isoforms, modulate the apoptotic function of WWOX. We propose that triggering WWOX activation by therapeutic drugs under p53 functional deficiency is needed to overcome TMZ resistance and induce GBM cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital Taipei, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan
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116
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Hochhauser D, Glynne-Jones R, Potter V, Grávalos C, Doyle TJ, Pathiraja K, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Sausville EA. A phase II study of temozolomide in patients with advanced aerodigestive tract and colorectal cancers and methylation of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:809-18. [PMID: 23443801 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Responses of patients with gliomas to temozolomide are determined by O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways. This phase II study (NCT00423150) investigated whether MGMT promoter methylation predicts response in patients with advanced aerodigestive tract and colorectal cancers (CRC). Tumor and serum samples were screened for MGMT promoter methylation. In methylation-positive patients, 150 mg/m(2) temozolomide was administered daily on a seven-day-on, seven-day-off schedule for each 28-day cycle. The primary efficacy endpoint was response rate (RR). MMR status was determined by a microsatellite instability assay. Among 740 patients screened, 86 were positive for MGMT promoter methylation and enrolled. Nineteen percent of the screened population (137/740) had confirmed tissue and/or serum MGMT promoter methylation, including 25% (57 of 229) for CRC, 36% (55 of 154) for esophageal cancer, 11% (12 of 113) for head and neck cancer, and 5% (13 of 242) for non-small cell lung carcinoma. Among patients with valid methylation results in both tissue and serum samples, concordance was 81% (339 of 419). The majority of enrolled patients (69 of 86; 80%) had microsatellite stable cancer. Overall RR was 6% (5 of 86 partial responses); all responders had microsatellite stable cancer. Temozolomide resulted in low RRs in patients enriched for MGMT methylation. MGMT methylation status varied considerably in the patient population. Although serum methylation assay is an option for promoter methylation detection, tissue assay remains the standard for methylation detection. The low RR of this cohort of patients indicates that MGMT methylation as a biomarker is not applicable to heterogeneous tumor types, and tumor-specific factors may override validated biomarkers.
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117
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Adibi H, Majnooni MB, Mostafaie A, Mansouri K, Mohammadi M. Synthesis, and In-vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of a Series of Triazene Derivatives on Human Cancer Cell Lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2013; 12:695-703. [PMID: 24523749 PMCID: PMC3920694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compounds containing triazene ring structure are cytotoxic agents and clinically used as antitumor alkylating agents. In this study, a series of triazene derivatives holding alkyl and aryl moieties were synthesized and proved to be potent cytotoxic agents in-vitro particularly against eight cancer cell lines (PC3, HT29, Hela, HL60, Jurkat, K562, MCF7, HepG2) and a non-cancerous cell line (HUVEC). The cytotoxic activity was assessed using two methods, LDH assay, and trypan blue exclusion. Some of the triazene derivatives showed cytotoxic activity more than temozolomide (TMZ) as the reference drug. The synthesized triazenes showed marked cytotoxicity effects on all eight cancer cell lines. Among the compounds synthesized, 1,3-bis(2-ethoxyphenyl)triazene C had unique efficacy and selectivity so that it had IC50 between 0.560-3.33 μM on cancer cell lines and 12.61 μM on normal cell line (HUVEC). 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)triazene E shows weaker effect on cancer cell lines than the other compounds having IC50 between 3-15.54 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Adibi
- Novel Drug Delivery Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Bagher Majnooni
- Student’s Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. ,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Ali Mostafaie
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Moslem Mohammadi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
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118
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Shi ZD, Qian XM, Liu CY, Han L, Zhang KL, Chen LY, Zhang JX, Pu PY, Yuan XB, Kang CS. Aspirin-/TMZ-coloaded microspheres exert synergistic antiglioma efficacy via inhibition of β-catenin transactivation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 19:98-108. [PMID: 23230963 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Currently temozolomide (TMZ) as a potent agent is widely used to treat the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), whereas recurrence due to intrinsic or acquired therapeutic resistance often occurs. Combination chemotherapy with TMZ may be a promising therapeutic strategy to improve treatment efficacy. METHODS Aspirin, TMZ, and aspirin-/TMZ-coloaded poly (L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres were prepared by spray drying, and cytotoxicities of glioblastoma cells were measured. RESULTS Aspirin microsphere treatment induced slight apoptosis and modestly inhibited proliferation of LN229 and U87 cells in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of β-catenin transactivation. However, aspirin-/TMZ-coloaded microspheres presented synergistic antitumor efficacy compared with single TMZ-loaded microspheres. Aspirin/TMZ microspheres induced more apoptosis and repressed proliferation of LN229 and U87 cells. Corresponding to inhibition of β-catenin signaling, β-catenin/TCF4 transcriptional activity and STAT3 luciferase activity were strongly suppressed, and downstream targets expression was decreased. Furthermore, aspirin/TMZ microsphere intratumoral injection downregulated the expression of β-catenin, TCF4, pAKT, pSTAT3, and PCNA and delayed tumor growth in nude mice harboring subcutaneous LN229 xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Aspirin sensitized TMZ chemotherapy efficacy through inhibition of β-catenin transactivation; furthermore, the coloaded microspheres achieved a sustained release action to reduce the TMZ dosage, offering the potential for improved treatment of glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Shi
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
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Glioblastoma, a Brief Review of History, Molecular Genetics, Animal Models and Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 61:25-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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120
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Yoshimoto K, Mizoguchi M, Hata N, Murata H, Hatae R, Amano T, Nakamizo A, Sasaki T. Complex DNA repair pathways as possible therapeutic targets to overcome temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2012; 2:186. [PMID: 23227453 PMCID: PMC3514620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many conventional chemotherapeutic drugs exert their cytotoxic function by inducing DNA damage in the tumor cell. Therefore, a cell-inherent DNA repair pathway, which reverses the DNA-damaging effect of the cytotoxic drugs, can mediate therapeutic resistance to chemotherapy. The monofunctional DNA-alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug and the gold standard treatment for glioblastoma (GBM). Although the activity of DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) has been described as the main modulator to determine the sensitivity of GBM to TMZ, a subset of GBM does not respond despite MGMT inactivation, suggesting that another DNA repair mechanism may also modulate the tolerance to TMZ. Considerable interest has focused on MGMT, mismatch repair (MMR), and the base excision repair (BER) pathway in the mechanism of mediating TMZ resistance, but emerging roles for the DNA strand-break repair pathway have been demonstrated. In the first part of this review article, we briefly review the significant role of MGMT, MMR, and the BER pathway in the tolerance to TMZ; in the last part, we review the recent publications that demonstrate possible roles of DNA strand-break repair pathways, such as single-strand break repair and double-strand break repair, as well as the Fanconi anemia pathway in the repair process after alkylating agent-based therapy. It is possible that all of these repair pathways have a potential to modulate the sensitivity to TMZ and aid in overcoming the therapeutic resistance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
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121
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Bobola MS, Kolstoe DD, Blank A, Chamberlain MC, Silber JR. Repair of 3-methyladenine and abasic sites by base excision repair mediates glioblastoma resistance to temozolomide. Front Oncol 2012; 2:176. [PMID: 23230562 PMCID: PMC3515961 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylating agents have long played a central role in the adjuvant therapy of glioblastoma (GBM). More recently, inclusion of temozolomide (TMZ), an orally administered methylating agent with low systemic toxicity, during and after radiotherapy has markedly improved survival. Extensive in vitro and in vivo evidence has shown that TMZ-induced O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)-meG) mediates GBM cell killing. Moreover, low or absent expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), the sole human repair protein that removes O(6)-meG from DNA, is frequently associated with longer survival in GBMs treated with TMZ, promoting interest in developing inhibitors of MGMT to counter resistance. However, the clinical efficacy of TMZ is unlikely to be due solely to O(6)-meG, as the agent produces approximately a dozen additional DNA adducts, including cytotoxic N3-methyladenine (3-meA) and abasic sites. Repair of 3-meA and abasic sites, both of which are produced in greater abundance than O(6)-meG, is mediated by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, and occurs independently of removal of O(6)-meG. These observations indicate that BER activities are also potential targets for strategies to potentiate TMZ cytotoxicity. Here we review the evidence that 3-meA and abasic sites mediate killing of GBM cells. We also present in vitro and in vivo evidence that alkyladenine-DNA glycosylase, the sole repair activity that excises 3-meA from DNA, and Ape1, the major human abasic site endonuclease, mediate TMZ resistance in GBMs and represent potential anti-resistance targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Bobola
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas D. Kolstoe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, WA, USA
| | - A. Blank
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Marc C. Chamberlain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, WA, USA
| | - John R. Silber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, WA, USA
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Johannessen TCA, Bjerkvig R. Molecular mechanisms of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma multiforme. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:635-42. [PMID: 22594898 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; WHO astrocytoma grade IV) is considered incurable owing to its inherently profound resistance towards current standards of therapy. Considerable effort is being devoted to identifying the molecular basis of temozolomide resistance in GBMs and exploring novel therapeutic regimens that may improve overall survival. Several independent DNA repair mechanisms that normally safeguard genome integrity can facilitate drug resistance and cancer cell survival by removing chemotherapy-induced DNA adducts. Furthermore, subpopulations of cancer stem-like cells have been implicated in the treatment resistance of several malignancies including GBMs. Thus, a growing number of molecular mechanisms contributing to temozolomide resistance are being uncovered in preclinical studies and, consequently, we are being presented with a broad range of potentially novel targets for therapy. A substantial future challenge is to successfully exploit the increasing molecular knowledge contributing to temozolomide resistance in robust clinical trials and to ultimately improve overall survival for GBM patients.
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123
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Nakada M, Furuta T, Hayashi Y, Minamoto T, Hamada JI. The strategy for enhancing temozolomide against malignant glioma. Front Oncol 2012; 2:98. [PMID: 22912934 PMCID: PMC3418701 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A combined therapy of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy is standard treatment, and it improves the survival of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). The DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes the most cytotoxic lesions generated by TMZ, O6-methylguanine, establishing MGMT as one of the most important DNA repair mechanisms of TMZ-induced DNA damage. Thus, the expression of MGMT, its activity, and its promoter methylation status are associated with the response of GBM to TMZ, confirming that MGMT promotes clinical resistance to TMZ. Previous studies have shown that a variety of drugs such as interferon-β (IFN-β), levetiracetam (LEV), resveratrol, and valproic acid (VAP) increased the sensitivity of TMZ through MGMT-dependent or MGMT-independent mechanisms. In this review, we describe drugs and promising molecules that influence the responsiveness of GBM to TMZ and discuss their putative mechanism of action. In MGMT-positive GBMs, drugs that modulate MGMT activity could enhance the therapeutic activity of TMZ. Thus, administration of these drugs as an adjunct to TMZ chemotherapy may have clinical applications in patients with malignant gliomas to improve the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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124
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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125
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012; 26:756-84. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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126
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Happold C, Roth P, Wick W, Schmidt N, Florea AM, Silginer M, Reifenberger G, Weller M. Distinct molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance to temozolomide in glioblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2012; 122:444-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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