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Inhibitory Effect of Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) on the Development of Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in NC/Nga Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:153568. [PMID: 22454654 PMCID: PMC3291163 DOI: 10.1155/2012/153568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which has a complex etiology that encompasses immunologic responses. The study was carried out to examine the effect of Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) leaf (NL) on the AD-like skin lesion induced by repeated epicutaneous application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the dorsal skin of NC/Nga mice. Three different doses of NL (5, 25, and 50 mg/mice/day) were administered orally from the day of sensitization with DNCB for 4 weeks. The efficacy of NL was judged by histopathological examination, blood IgE level, measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), scratching behavior, and skin severity score. NL resulted in the suppression of clinical severity score, TEWL, scratching behavior, and blood IgE level. Histopathologic analyses revealed that thickening of the epidermis and mast cell degranulation was significantly reduced in NL group. These results suggest that NL may be a useful natural resource for the management of AD.
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102
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Tanaka A, Amagai Y, Oida K, Matsuda H. Recent Findings in Mouse Models for Human Atopic Dermatitis. Exp Anim 2012; 61:77-84. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yosuke Amagai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kumiko Oida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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103
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Kwon DJ, Bae YS, Ju SM, Goh AR, Youn GS, Choi SY, Park J. Casuarinin suppresses TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production via blockade of NF-κB and STAT1 activation in HaCaT cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1254-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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104
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Kim CH, Park CD, Lee AY. Administration of poly(I:C) improved dermatophagoides farinae-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by the regulation of Th1/Th2 balance. Vaccine 2011; 30:2405-10. [PMID: 22119586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by a chronic and replapsing skin disease with Th2-dominant allergic inflammation. Poly(I:C) has been shown to have immunopotentiator properties, but its effect on AD has not been examined. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of poly(I:C), using dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-induced AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice, were investigated. The clinical scores were reduced significantly by the treatment with poly(I:C) at 25 and 50 μg/mouse. Histological analysis of the skin also revealed that treatment of poly(I:C) at 25 and 50 μg/mouse significantly reduced the inflammatory cellular infiltrate, including mast cells and eosinophils. Moreover, poly(I:C) increased the level of IFN-γ, a Th1 cytokine, whereas decreasing that of selective Th2 cytokine both in vivo and in vitro. The levels of serum IgE and Th2 chemokines such as eotaxin, TARC, in spleen cells were also reduced by poly(I:C). These results suggest that poly(I:C) inhibit the development of Df-induced AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice through regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance. Therefore, our results indicate that poly(I:C) might be a useful immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Kim
- Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medical Science Research Center, Goyang 410-773, South Korea
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105
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Seino S, Tanaka Y, Honma T, Yanaka M, Sato K, Shinohara N, Ito J, Tsuduki T, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T, Ikeda I. Atopic dermatitis causes lipid accumulation in the liver of NC/Nga mouse. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 50:152-7. [PMID: 22448097 PMCID: PMC3303478 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various factors have been reported to influence lipid metabolism and cause metabolic syndrome. However, the influence of allergy on the liver that plays important role of lipid metabolism has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of allergy on lipid metabolism of liver. A model of atopic dermatitis was developed in the NC/Nga mouse using picryl chloride to induce allergy. Lipid metabolism parameters were measured and the mechanism of changes in these parameters was examined using DNA microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Triacylglycerol accumulation was promoted in the liver in the mouse atopic dermatitis model despite reductions in food intake, body weight gain, and serum glucose. As this mechanism, it was thought that atopic dermatitis caused the suppression of fatty acid β-oxidation. These results suggest that atopic dermatitis causes lipid accumulation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Seino
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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106
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Sun Z, Tian LJ, Lin Q, Ling XM, Xiao JH, Wang Y. Screening of chemokine receptor CCR4 antagonists by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Pharm Anal 2011; 1:264-269. [PMID: 29403708 PMCID: PMC5760793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is a kind of G-protein-coupled receptor, which plays a pivotal role in allergic inflammation. The interaction between 2-(2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-{[(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-methyl}-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propyl)-acetamide (S009) and the N-terminal extracellular tail (ML40) of CCR4 has been validated to be high affinity by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The S009 is a known CCR4 antagonist. Now, a series of new thiourea derivatives have been synthesized. Compared with positive control S009, they were screened using ML40 as target by CZE to find some new drugs for allergic inflammation diseases. The synthesized compounds XJH-5, XJH-4, XJH-17 and XJH-1 displayed the interaction with ML40, but XJH-9, XJH-10, XJH-11, XJH-12, XJH-13, XJH-14, XJH-3, XJH-8, XJH-6, XJH-7, XJH-15, XJH-16 and XJH-2 did not bind to ML40. Both qualification and quantification characterizations of the binding were determined. The affinity of the four compounds was valued by the binding constant, which was similar with the results of chemotactic experiments. The established CEZ method is capable of sensitive and fast screening for a series of lactam analogs in the drug discovery for allergic inflammation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Lin-Jie Tian
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, and Department of Medical Immunology of School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jun-Hai Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, and Department of Medical Immunology of School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
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107
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Kang MJ, Eum JY, Jeong MS, Park SH, Moon KY, Kang MH, Kim MS, Choi SE, Lee MW, Lee DI, Bang H, Lee CS, Joo SS, Li K, Lee MK, Seo SJ, Choi YW. Tat peptide-admixed elastic liposomal formulation of hirsutenone for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:2459-67. [PMID: 22072881 PMCID: PMC3205140 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s24350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to enhance a topical delivery of hirsutenone (HST), a naturally occuring immunomodulator, employing Tat peptide-admixed elastic liposomes (EL/T). METHODS HST-loaded EL, consisting of phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 (85:15 w/w%), were prepared using thin film hydration method. By adding Tat peptide to EL (0.16 w/w%), EL/T were formulated. The in vitro skin permeation of HST was examined using a Franz diffusion cell mounted with depilated mouse skin. Lesions for atopic dermatitis (AD) were induced by a topical application of diphenylcyclopropenone to NC/Nga mice. Therapeutic improvements of AD were evaluated by clinical skin severity scores. Immunological analyses on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in the skin and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, immunoglobulin E, and eosinophil levels in the blood were also performed. RESULTS EL systems were superior to conventional cream, revealing greater flux values in a permeation study. The addition of Tat peptide further increased the skin permeation of HST. In an efficacy study with AD-induced NC/Nga mice, an HST-containing EL/T formulation brought a significant improvement in both skin severity score and immune-related responses for the levels of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-4, IL-13, immunoglobulin E, and eosinophils. CONCLUSION A novel EL/T formulation was successfully developed for topical delivery of HST to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Joo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung- Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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108
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Han EH, Hwang YP, Choi JH, Yang JH, Seo JK, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Psidium guajava extract inhibits thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) production in human keratinocytes by inducing heme oxygenase-1 and blocking NF-κB and STAT1 activation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:136-145. [PMID: 21843792 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Psidium guajava (P. guajava) is a food and medicinal plant with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activities that support its traditional uses. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of P. guajava ethyl acetate extract (PGEA) on atopic dermatitis and to investigate the possible mechanisms by which PGEA inhibits cytokine-induced Th2 chemokine expression in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells. We found that PGEA suppressed the IFN-γ/TNF-α-co-induced production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) protein and mRNA in HaCaT cells. Additionally, PGEA inhibited the TNF-α/IFN-γ-co-induced activation of NF-κB and STAT1 and increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein and mRNA. HO-1 inhibitor enhanced the suppressive effects of PGEA on TNF-α/IFN-γ-co-induced TARC production and gene expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PGEA inhibits chemokine expression in keratinocytes by inducing HO-1 expression and it suggests a possible therapeutic application in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Han
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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109
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Hashimoto Y, Takaoka A, Sugimoto M, Honma Y, Sakurai T, Futaki N, Arai I. Itch-associated scratching contributes to the development of dermatitis and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E in NC/Nga mice. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:820-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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110
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Choi SE, Park KH, Jeong MS, Kim HH, Lee DI, Joo SS, Lee CS, Bang H, Choi YW, Lee MK, Seo SJ, Lee MW. Effect of Alnus japonica extract on a model of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 136:406-413. [PMID: 21184819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The bark of Alnus species has long been used in traditional oriental medicine in the treatment of many pathological conditions, including fever, hemorrhage, diarrhea, alcoholism, various skin diseases (e.g. chronic herpes, eczema and prurigo), and inflammation. In order to assess the immunomodulatory efficacy of a novel herbal medicine in treating atopic dermatitis, we measured serum levels of several allergic and inflammatory biomarkers in NC/Nga mice before and after treatment with this experimental agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene and protein expression analyses of iNOS and COX-2 were quantified by real time PCR and Western blot analysis and serum levels of IL-4, -5 and -13 were also measured by ELISA, all of which were reduced after treatment with the experimental agent. Additionally, serum concentrations of IgE and blood eosinophil counts were reduced in treated mice. RESULTS The topical application of leaf and bark extract from Alnus japonica suppressed the development of AD-like skin lesions. The percent of blood eosinophils was decreased after treatment with leaf and bark extract from Alnus japonica. The serum IgE and Th2-related cytokine levels were decreased after treatment with leaf and bark extract from Alnus japonica compared with those treated with base cream (vehicle treated AD group). The IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were lower than those of vehicle treated AD group. CONCLUSIONS We contend that leaf and bark extract from Alnus japonica may prove useful in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and other allergic skin diseases, although more in-depth clinical studies are necessary before clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Eun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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111
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Kim CH, Cheong KA, Park CD, Lee AY. Glucosamine improved atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by inhibition of Th2 cell development. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:536-45. [PMID: 21284687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated Th subset responses, characterized by Th2-dominant allergic inflammation, are thought to be central to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Glucosamine has been shown to have immunosuppressive properties, but its effect on AD has not been examined. In this study, the immunoregulatory effects of glucosamine, using dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-induced AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice, were investigated. The clinical scores were reduced significantly by the treatment with glucosamine at 10 and 20 mg/day. Histological analysis of the skin also revealed that treatment of glucosamine at 10 and 20 mg/day significantly reduced the inflammatory cellular infiltrate, including mast cells and eosinophils. The levels of serum IgE and Th2 cytokines in spleen cells were reduced, whereas no significant change was detected in IFN-γ, a Th1 cytokine. To determine the mechanism associated with inhibition of the Th2 immune response, the effects of glucosamine on the selective differentiation pathway of the Th subset in vitro was examined in NC/Nga mice. The results showed that glucosamine suppressed the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells to Th2 cells in vitro. On the basis of in vivo and in vitro results of the NC/Nga mice, the immunobiological effects of glucosamine on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AD were examined. The production of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5, was significantly decreased after in vitro administration of glucosamine, which suggest that glucosamine might be a useful immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Kim
- Medical Science Research Center, Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Goyang, South Korea
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112
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Bambusae caulis in Liquamen Suppresses the Expression of Thymus and Activation-Regulated Chemokine and Macrophage-Derived Chemokine in Human Keratinocytes due to Antioxidant Effect. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:617494. [PMID: 21785648 PMCID: PMC3137989 DOI: 10.1155/2012/617494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bambusae caulis in Liquamen (BCL), traditional herbal medicine used in East Asia, is known to have antioxidative and immune-regulating properties. We hypothesized that the potential antioxidant effects of BCL might suppress the production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell). The immune-regulating effect of BCL was demonstrated by antioxidant capacity using DPPH analysis and DCFH-DA analysis. We found that BCL had strong ROS scavenge effect in HaCaT cell. BCL also showed suppression of IFN-γ-induced expression of TARC and MDC, activation of NF-κB, and, moreover, significant block of IFN-γ-induced degradation and phosphorylation of IκB. However, it had no effects on phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Collectively, these results suggest that BCL may have a therapeutic potential on skin disease such as atopic dermatitis by inhibiting Th2 chemokines which is due, at least in part, to its antioxidant capacities.
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113
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Kato T, Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Shibata S, Tamaki K, Sato S. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 17 accelerates wound healing by enhancing fibroblast migration. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:669-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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114
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Abstract
Immunophilin, FK506-binding protein 12 (FK506BP), is a receptor protein for the immunosuppressive drug FK506 by the FK506BP/FK506 complex. However, the precise function of FK506BP in inflammatory diseases remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the protective effects of FK506BP on atopic dermatitis (AD) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced HaCaT cells and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD-like dermatitis in Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Nagoya (NC/Nga) mice using a cell-permeable PEP-1-FK506BP. Transduced PEP-1-FK506BP significantly inhibited the expression of cytokines, as well as the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, topical application of PEP-1-FK506BP to NC/Nga mice markedly inhibited AD-like dermatitis as determined by a histological examination and assessment of serum IgE levels, as well as cytokines and chemokines. These results indicate that PEP-1-FK506BP inhibits NF-κB and MAPK activation in cells and AD-like skin lesions by reducing the expression levels of cytokines and chemokines, thus suggesting that PEP-1-FK506BP may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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115
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Sung YY, Yoon T, Jang JY, Park SJ, Kim HK. Topical application of Rehmannia glutinosa extract inhibits mite allergen-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:37-44. [PMID: 21129471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Rehmannia glutinosa is known in Asia as a traditional herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease associated with enhanced T-helper 2 (Th2) lymphocyte responses to allergens that results in elevated serum IgE levels and leukocyte infiltration. Although some studies have shown that Rehmannia glutinosa extract (RGE) has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities, these properties have not been demonstrated in AD. This study investigated the effectiveness of RGE as a therapeutic candidate in an AD model as well as its underlying mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of RGE on mite allergen (Dermatophagoides farinae)-treated NC/Nga mice were evaluated by skin symptom severity, ear thickness, production of serum IgE and histamine, and expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules in the ear lesions. In addition, the levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) produced in both TNF-α- and IFN-γ-stimulated human keratinocytes were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS RGE treatment of NC/Nga mice significantly reduced dermatitis scores, ear thicknesses, and serum histamine levels. Histological analyses demonstrated decreased thickening of the epidermis/dermis as well as dermal infiltration by inflammatory cells. In the ear lesions, mRNA expression levels of IL-4, TNF-α, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were inhibited by RGE treatment. RGE also suppressed the production of TARC, MDC, and RANTES in both the ear lesions and keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS RGE inhibits the development of AD in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Sung
- Center of Herbal Resources Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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116
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Sung YY, Yoon T, Jang JY, Park SJ, Jeong GH, Kim HK. Inhibitory effects of Cinnamomum cassia extract on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions induced by mite antigen in NC/Nga mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:621-628. [PMID: 21035532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Cinnamomum cassia (C. cassia) has been traditionally used to treat allergic disease as well as dyspepsia, gastritis, and blood circulation disturbances. However, the antiallergic properties of C. cassia have not been fully verified using scientific tools. This study investigated the effectiveness of C. cassia extract (CCE) as an antiallergic agent in atopic dermatitis model and underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of CCE on mite antigen-treated NC/Nga mice was evaluated by examining skin symptom severity, levels of serum IgE, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and histamine, skin histology, and mRNA expression of cytokines in the skin lesions. Moreover, the effect of CCE on TNF-α-and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced chemokine production in human keratinocytes was investigated using ELISA. RESULTS CCE treatment of NC/Nga mice reduced the dermatitis score and the levels of serum IgE, histamine, and TNF-α. Histological examination showed inhibition of the thickening of the epidermis/dermis and reduced dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells. In skin lesions, mRNA expression of IL-4, TNF-α, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) was inhibited by CCE treatment. The production of TARC, macrophage-derived chemokine, and RANTES from IFN-γ-and TNF-α-stimulated human keratinocytes was suppressed by CCE treatment in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS CCE inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the T-helper 2 cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Sung
- Center of Herbal Resources Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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117
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Choi SE, Jeong MS, Kang MJ, Lee DI, Joo SS, Lee CS, Bang H, Lee MK, Myung SC, Choi YW, Lee KS, Seo SJ, Lee MW. Effect of topical application and intraperitoneal injection of oregonin on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e37-43. [PMID: 19849716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diarylheptanoid, oregonin (ORE), which was isolated from the bark of Alnus japonica Steudel that grows natively in Korea, has been known to exert antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immune response inhibitory effects. The antioxidative effect of ORE was observed on the superoxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, as well as on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. The statistically significant inhibitory action of ORE against production of cytokines induced by bacterial products or by interleukin (IL)-1beta, free radicals and nitrogen species, and a corresponding increase in cellular calcium concentration because of ORE were confirmed in bone marrow and spleen dendritic cells that are known to play important functions in the development and advancement of atopic dermatitis (AD). It was thus expected that ORE would exert a beneficial effect in the treatment of AD. A study on the pharmaceutical benefits of ORE against AD has not yet been conducted in vivo. We therefore used an in vivo AD animal model, namely the NC/Nga mice, and by applying ORE onto the animals through skin application as well as intraperitoneal injection, we attempted to evaluate the benefits of ORE in this system. Evaluation of ORE was conducted by following the SCORE method to score the effect, as well as by measuring the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 levels from serum and lymphocytes, and IgE and eosinophil levels from serum. Additionally, the expression of mRNA and protein levels was estimated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. The following categories of clinical evaluation, Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 values, serum IgE levels, serum eosinophil levels, and mRNA and protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2, were evaluated from topical application and intraperitoneal injection groups of ORE. The effects of ORE on AD in NC/Nga mice were confirmed as being similar to the positive control group, while a significant difference with the negative control group was observed. The results presented in this report suggest that ORE might be beneficial in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Eun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sur BJ, Lee B, Yeom M, Han JJ, Choi HD, Lee H, Kim SJ, Yoon SH, Hahm DH. Inhibitory effect of phosphatidylserine on atopy-like dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Sorrentino C, Musiani P, Pompa P, Cipollone G, Di Carlo E. Androgen deprivation boosts prostatic infiltration of cytotoxic and regulatory T lymphocytes and has no effect on disease-free survival in prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:1571-81. [PMID: 21159885 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The value of neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) prior to radical prostatectomy as a means of restraining prostate cancer (PCa) and strengthening its immunotherapy is still uncertain. This article asks whether it subverts immunoregulatory pathways governing tumor microenvironments, and has an impact on patient outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We microdissected epithelium and stroma from cancerous and normal prostate specimens from 126 prostatectomized patients, of whom 76 had received NHT, to detect cytokine/chemokine gene expression levels by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Confocal microscopy was used to identify cytokine/chemokine cell sources, and immunostainings to characterize lymphocyte subsets whose prognostic effects were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS NHT boosted the expression of IL-7 in the stroma and that of IFNγ-inducible protein-10/CXCL10 in the glandular epithelium of normal prostate tissue, and restored the CD8(+) lymphocyte depletion occurring in PCa, whereas it significantly increased the CD4(+) lymphocyte infiltrate. Lymphocytes, mostly with CD8(+) phenotype, expressed the T-cell intracellular antigen-1, granzyme-B, and perforin, typical of cytotoxic-effector T cells. NHT also induced thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 production by monocytes/macrophages in the prostate and draining lymph nodes, and increased the number of their Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)(+)CD25(+)CD127(-) T regulatory (Treg) cells. The χ(2) test disclosed the lack of association (P = 0.27) between NHT and the high intratumoral CD8(+)/Treg ratio indicative of a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Androgen withdrawal regulates cytokine/chemokine gene expression in normal prostate and lymphoid tissues, and this probably favors both CD8(+) and Treg infiltrates, leaves their intratumoral balance unchanged, and thus has no impact on disease-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sorrentino
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, Chieti, Italy
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Tanaka A, Matsuda H. Evaluation of itch by using NC/NgaTnd mice: a model of human atopic dermatitis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:790436. [PMID: 21197467 PMCID: PMC3005841 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the extremely complicated syndrome that various abnormalities develop in a heap. There are various factors in patients for the onset and exacerbation of AD, including genetic cofactors of individuals, environmental factors, the failure of the skin barrier function, unfavorable regulation of the immune system, and the hypersensitivity of sensory nerves. In recent years, there have been many trials of the drug discovery that targets itch, because itch is one of the most serious clinical symptoms of AD. The selection of the suitable animal model that represents the condition of patients, as well as innovative analyzing protocols that can precisely evaluate itch, is indispensable for investigation of an effective drug for AD. In the paper, the unique spontaneous animal model for AD (NC/NgaTnd mice) and the novel quantification system of the laboratory animals that may bring a great progress in the future study of itch are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Sulforaphane suppresses TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 expression through heme oxygenase-1 and NF-κB in human keratinocytes. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1867-76. [PMID: 21116791 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate, SFN) from broccoli has been used a chemopreventive photochemical as detoxification of xenobiotics and anti-inflammatory, however, there is no studies for Th2 chemokine expression through heme oxygenase-1 and NF-κB in keratinocytes. Atopic dermatitis is a chronically relapsing pruritic inflammatory skin disease. SFN is demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. This study aimed to define whether and how SFN regulates Th2-related chemokine production in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The level of chemokine expression was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and signaling study was performed by Western blot analysis. Chemokine production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pretreatment with SFN suppressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- induced thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) production in HaCaT keratinocytes. SFN inhibited IFN-γ and TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation as well as STAT1 activation. Interestingly, pretreatment with SFN result in significantly suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α-induced TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production through the induction of HO-1. This suppression was completely abolished by HO-1 siRNA. Furthermore, Carbon monoxide, but not other end products of HO-1 activity, also suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α-induced TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production. These results demonstrate that SFN has an inhibitory role in IFN-γ and TNF-α-induced production of TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 in human HaCaT cells by inhibition of NF-κB activation and induction of HO-1.
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Dogan RNE, Long N, Forde E, Dennis K, Kohm AP, Miller SD, Karpus WJ. CCL22 regulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by controlling inflammatory macrophage accumulation and effector function. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:93-104. [PMID: 20940325 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0810442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
EAE is a demyelinating disease of the CNS and serves as a mouse model of MS. Expression of CCL22 in the draining LNs and spinal cord correlated with the onset of clinical EAE development and remained elevated. Administration of anti-CCL22 at the time of autoantigen immunization delayed the initiation of clinical disease and dampened the severity of peak initial disease and relapses. Reduced EAE severity correlated with the reduction of pathology and leukocytes in the CNS, particularly, activated CD11b+Ly6C(hi) macrophages. There were no differences in effector T cell-proliferative responses or effector T cell IFN-γ or IL-17 responses. However, treatment at the onset of disease did not reduce disease progression. Treatment of adoptive T cell transfer recipient mice with anti-CCL22 resulted in decreased clinical disease development accompanied by a decrease in CNS accumulation of CD11b+Ly6C(hi) macrophages. Neutralization of CCL22 resulted in a macrophage population whose effector cytokine expression consisted of decreased TNF and increased IL-10, a phenotype more consistent with M2 macrophages. This was corroborated by in vitro cultures of macrophages with CCL22. These results suggest that CCL22 functions to regulate development of EAE through macrophage chemoattraction and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye-Nazan E Dogan
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Ahn JY, Choi SE, Jeong MS, Park KH, Moon NJ, Joo SS, Lee CS, Choi YW, Li K, Lee MK, Lee MW, Seo SJ. Effect of taxifolin glycoside on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1071-7. [PMID: 20041431 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of eosinphils, IgE, IL-4, 5, and 13 and pro-inflammatory factors (COX-2, iNOS) are observed in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Taxifolin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (TAX) from the roots of Rhododendron mucronulatum (RM) was examined to determine whether its immunomodulatory effect was applicable for treating atopic dermatitis.A total of 7 groups of NC/Nga mice with AD were treated by topical application or intraperitoneal injection of TAX for 4 weeks. Follow-up evaluations were done to assess the changes in clinical observations, eosinophil counts, and levels of IgE, cytokines, COX-2 and iNOS.In the clinical observation during the experimental period, TAX treatment significantly reduced the severity of AD-like lesions induced in NC/Nga mice. Eosinophil and IgE levels decreased after treatment of the animals with TAX. TAX may thus be associated with improvement of eosinophil-related allergic diseases. The expression of cytokines (IL-4, 5 and 13) was significantly inhibited in the TAX-treated group, suggesting that TAX might play an immunoregulatory role associated with AD. In RT-PCR, iNOS and COX-2 expression levels were reduced in the TAX-treated group. In western blotting, the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 were also reduced in the TAX-treated group.These findings suggest that TAX is effective for the treatment of AD by preventing the production of inflammatory cytokines and by reducing skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Ahn
- College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
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Morita E, Takahashi H, Niihara H, Dekio I, Sumikawa Y, Murakami Y, Matsunaka H. Stratum corneum TARC level is a new indicator of lesional skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2010; 65:1166-72. [PMID: 20374230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of atopic dermatitis (AD) requires judging the symptoms of local skin lesions and prescribing a suitable treatment. However, no method has been established in which objective measures can be used to evaluate the severity of local symptoms. We established a method for measuring thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels in the stratum corneum (scTARC), and examined whether the scTARC can be used as an indicator of the severity of local skin lesions in patients with AD. METHODS Stratum corneum was obtained from patients with AD by tape-stripping, and scTARC was evaluated using a TARC-specific antibody followed by image analysis. The scTARC was examined to determine correlation with the severity of local skin lesions (the severity of erythema, edema/papule, oozing/crusts, excoriations, lichenification, and xerosis) as well as with the severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) index, serum TARC level, serum IgE level, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, interleukin (IL)-4-producing T cell ratio (Th2 cell ratio), and blood eosinophil count. RESULTS The scTARC was correlated with the severity of local skin lesions, especially with the erythema, edema/papule, and oozing/crusts score. The scTARC in the most severe lesions was also correlated with the SCORAD index, serum TARC level, serum IgE level, and blood eosinophil count. The scTARC was not, however, correlated with the serum LDH level and Th2 cell ratio. CONCLUSION An immunofluorescent technique combined with tape-stripping was used to measure scTARC. The scTARC can be used as an indicator of the severity of local acute inflammation in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
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Shibata S, Maeda S, Kondo N, Chimura N, Inoue A, Fukata T. Identification of the signaling pathway of TNF-α-induced CCL17/TARC transcription in a canine keratinocyte cell line. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:90-8. [PMID: 20837364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A CC chemokine, CCL17/TARC, has been shown to be a factor in the immunopathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). In canine keratinocytes, the transcription of CCL17 mRNA is preferentially induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); however, its regulatory mechanism has not been elucidated. The aim of the present study is to clarify the regulatory mechanism of TNF-α-induced CCL17 mRNA transcription in canine keratinocytes leading to the development of a chemokine-targeted therapy for cAD. In a cell line of canine epidermal keratinocyte, CPEK, stimulation with TNF-α induced not only the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) but also the phosphorylation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was found to be constitutively phosphorylated, which was temporarily augmented by TNF-α. Results of the inhibition assay indicated that the CCL17 mRNA transcription level was significantly decreased by p38 inhibitors but was not altered by either JNK or NF-κB inhibitors. Surprisingly, the ERK inhibitor increased the transcription level of CCL17 mRNA. Stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF), an ERK activator, suppressed the transcription of CCL17 mRNA. The present results suggest that TNF-α-induced CCL17 mRNA transcription in CPEK is positively regulated by p38 but negatively controlled by ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Shibata
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Abou El-Ela M, El-Rifae AEA, Fawzi M, Abdel Hay R, Gohary Y, Shaker O. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in different stages of mycosis fungoides: tissue and serum levels. Australas J Dermatol 2010; 52:167-71. [PMID: 21834810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2010.00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) is a member of the CC chemokines known to attract T-helper 2 type memory T cells and to participate in different T-helper 2 diseases. The aim of this study is to determine both serum and tissue levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in patients with different stages of mycosis fungoides. METHODS Thirty-two patients with different stages of mycosis fungoides and 10 controls were included in the study. Skin biopsies and blood samples were taken to evaluate both tissue and serum levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS The mean tissue level of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in 10 tumour-stage patients was significantly higher (P = 0.002) than in the controls. The mean serum level of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in all stages of mycosis fungoides patients was not significantly elevated (P = 0.131, 0.725 and 0.622) compared with controls. Both tissue and serum levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine correlated significantly with both the disease extent and duration in the three different stages of mycosis fungoides. CONCLUSION Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine may be a marker for disease activity of mycosis fungoides, and may have a role in monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abou El-Ela
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Qi XF, Teng YC, Yoon YS, Kim DH, Cai DQ, Lee KJ. Reactive oxygen species are involved in the IFN-γ-stimulated production of Th2 chemokines in HaCaT keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:58-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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128
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Yun MY, Yang JH, Kim DK, Cheong KJ, Song HH, Kim DH, Cheong KJ, Kim YI, Shin SC. Therapeutic effects of Baicalein on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions of NC/Nga mice induced by dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1142-8. [PMID: 20621172 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Baicalein (BE), which is hydrolyzed product of Baicalin (BA), on atopic dermatitis (AD). AD was induced in NC/Nga mice by DPE treatment. BE hydrogels treatment reduced the levels of skin severity scores. BE hydrogels treatment also decreased inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and its level in the serum. BE hydrogels treatment elevated IFN-gamma level in the spleenocyte culture supernatant. Cell numbers in the skin positive to CD3+/CD69+, CCR3+, CD11b+/Gr-1+, B220+/IgE+ all of which were up-regulated in AD-induced mice were decreased and returned to normal levels. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of AD-induced NC/Nga mice were much improved by BE hydrogels treatment. These results thus suggest that BE can regulate molecular mediators and immune cells that are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mice, and may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Yun
- Department of Health Welfare, Byuksung College, Gimje 576-711, Republic of Korea
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129
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Choi BM, Oh GS, Lee JW, Mok JY, Kim DK, Jeong SI, Jang SI. Prenylated chalcone from Sophora flavescens suppresses Th2 chemokine expression induced by cytokines via heme oxygenase-1 in human keratinocytes. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:753-60. [PMID: 20512474 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Anti-macrophage-derived chemokine antibody relieves murine lupus nephritis. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:1459-64. [PMID: 20473504 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We observed the distribution of monocyte's changes in damage to renal tissue and the expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in MRL/lpr mice. The 8-week-old MRL/lpr mice were randomly assigned to receive either MDC antibodies (n = 6) or placebo (n = 6) at a once-every-other-day dose of 300 μl from week 4. We then quantified the differences in 24-h urine protein and serum creatinine concentrations, performed a histological evaluation of renal tissue and assessed the expression of MDC protein and mRNA between the two groups 4 weeks after treatment was initiated. Antibody-treated mice demonstrated significantly lower urine protein and serum creatinine concentrations and had fewer renal lesions compared with control mice. The expression of MDC protein and mRNA in renal tissues was significantly lower in the antibody-treated mice than in control mice, suggesting that the elevated expression of MDC, which led to monocyte infiltration in the kidney, may play an important role in the development of lupus nephritis. Furthermore, the anti-MDC antibodies may act to alleviate the renal lesions of murine lupus nephritis by inhibiting the infiltration of monocytes in the renal tissue of the lupus mice.
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131
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Rat CC chemokine receptor 4 is the functional homologue of human CC chemokine receptor 4 and can interact with human CCL17 and CCL22. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-0157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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132
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Requirement of CCL17 for CCR7- and CXCR4-dependent migration of cutaneous dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8736-41. [PMID: 20421491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906126107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are known to regulate the steady-state and inflammatory migration of cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs). The beta-chemokine CCL17, a ligand of CCR4, is inducibly expressed in a subset of DCs and is strongly up-regulated in atopic diseases. Using an atopic dermatitis model, we show that CCL17-deficient mice develop acanthosis as WT mice, whereas dermal inflammation, T helper 2-type cytokine production, and the allergen-specific humoral immune response are significantly decreased. Notably, CCL17-deficient mice retained Langerhans cells (LCs) in the lesional skin after chronic allergen exposure, whereas most LCs emigrated from the epidermis of allergen-treated WT controls into draining lymph nodes (LNs). Moreover, CCL17-deficient LCs showed impaired emigration from the skin after exposure to a contact sensitizer. In contrast, the absence of CCR4 had no effect on cutaneous DC migration and development of atopic dermatitis symptoms. As an explanation for the major migratory defect of CCL17-deficient DCs in vivo, we demonstrate impaired mobility of CCL17-deficient DCs to CCL19/21 in 3D in vitro migration assays and a blockade of intracellular calcium release in response to CCR7 ligands. In addition, responsiveness of CCL17-deficient DCs to CXCL12 was impaired as well. We demonstrate that the inducible chemokine CCL17 sensitizes DCs for CCR7- and CXCR4-dependent migration to LN-associated homeostatic chemokines under inflammatory conditions and thus plays an important role in cutaneous DC migration.
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Sakai T, Ire AV, Matoba T, Yamamoto S. Dietary trans fatty acids suppress the development of spontaneous atopic-like dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2010; 55:412-6. [PMID: 19926927 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have shown that the type and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids alter the production of proinflammatory mediators, there have been few studies in which the effects of trans isomers on allergic responses were evaluated. NC/Nga (NC) mice raised in conventional conditions develop spontaneous atopic dermatitis-like lesions with IgE hyperproduction. We used this model to evaluate the effect of dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) on the development of spontaneous dermatitis. NC mice were fed a 4 g TFAs/kg diet (4 g TFA), a 8 g TFAs/kg diet (8 g TFA) or a control diet with no TFA content for 10 wk. The dermatitis condition improved with the increasing intake of TFAs, and there was a significant difference from week 5 of the experimental period between the dermatitis conditions in 8 g TFA-fed mice and control mice. Production of total IgE was also suppressed in mice fed TFAs compared with that in control mice, correlating with the skin lesions. IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, production was significantly greater in TFA-fed mice that in control mice. Our results suggest that intake of TFAs suppresses the development of atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC mice. Even though we observed a decreased production of IgE levels, mechanisms involved in the development of dermatitis-like lesions seem to be IL-4-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Sakai
- Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute for Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Sugiyama A, Hata S, Suzuki K, Yoshida E, Nakano R, Mitra S, Arashida R, Asayama Y, Yabuta Y, Takeuchi T. Oral administration of paramylon, a beta-1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z inhibits development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:755-63. [PMID: 20160419 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramylon is a beta-1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z. This study was designed to evaluate the suppressive effects of the oral administration of paramylon on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions induced by repeated application of 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) in sensitized NC/Nga mice. The effects of paramylon were assessed by measuring macroscopical and histopathological findings of skin, ear swelling, serum levels of total IgE, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-18 and IL-12 contents in the skin lesions. Oral administration of paramylon inhibited the development of AD-like skin lesions as exemplified by a significant decrease in dermatitis scores for the back, ear swelling and hypertrophy of the skin, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the skin, and serum IgE levels. Oral administration of paramylon reduced serum levels of both IL-4 and IFN-gamma and IL-18 and IL-12 contents in the skin lesions. Oral administration of paramylon did not cause weight loss, as was observed with prednisolone. These results suggest that paramylon inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing both the T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2 cell responses. Our results indicate that paramylon treatment could provide an effective alternative therapy for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sugiyama
- Course of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan.
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Administration of antibiotics during infancy promoted the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:358-63. [PMID: 20139606 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether oral antibiotic administration during infancy is associated with the spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by modulating intestinal microbiota. Female NC/Nga mice at 3 weeks of age were orally administered kanamycin or polymyxin B. Clinical symptoms, scratching behavior, and serum antibody levels were evaluated. Changes in intestinal microbiota were determined by culture-independent analysis and cultural analysis. The kanamycin-treated mice showed higher clinical scores and scratching frequency than the control mice. IgE levels were significantly higher in the kanamycin-treated mice than in the control mice. Transient changes in intestinal microbiota were observed under kanamycin treatment. Polymyxin B treatment failed to affect scratching behavior. These results suggest that oral administration of kanamycin during infancy promoted the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and was associated with a transient change in intestinal microbiota.
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Hattori K, Nishikawa M, Watcharanurak K, Ikoma A, Kabashima K, Toyota H, Takahashi Y, Takahashi R, Watanabe Y, Takakura Y. Sustained exogenous expression of therapeutic levels of IFN-gamma ameliorates atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice via Th1 polarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2729-35. [PMID: 20107184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The short in vivo half-life of IFN-gamma can prevent the cytokine from inducing immunological changes that are favorable for the treatment of Th2-dominant diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. To examine whether a sustained supply of IFN-gamma is effective in regulating the balance of Th lymphocyte subpopulations, plasmid vector encoding mouse IFN-gamma, pCpG-Mugamma, or pCMV-Mugamma was injected into the tail vein of NC/Nga mice, a model for human atopic dermatitis. A single hydrodynamic injection of a CpG motif reduced pCpG-Mugamma at a dose of 0.14 microg/mouse resulted in a sustained concentration of IFN-gamma in the serum, and the concentration was maintained at >300 pg/ml over 80 d. The pCpG-Mugamma-mediated IFN-gamma gene transfer was associated with an increase in the serum concentration of IL-12, reduced production of IgE, and inhibition of mRNA expression of IL-4, -5, -10, -13, and -17 and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in the spleen. These immunological changes were not clearly observed in mice receiving two injections of 20 microg pCMV-Mugamma, a CpG-replete plasmid DNA, because of the transient nature of the expression from the vector. The mice receiving pCpG-Mugamma showed a significant reduction in the severity of skin lesions and in the intensity of their scratching behavior. Furthermore, high transepidermal water loss, epidermal thickening, and infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils, all of which were obvious in the untreated mice, were significantly inhibited. These results indicate that an extraordinary sustained IFN-gamma expression induces favorable immunological changes, leading to a Th1-dominant state in the atopic dermatitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Hattori
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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137
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Kang MJ, Eum JY, Jeong MS, Choi SE, Park SH, Cho HI, Cho CS, Seo SJ, Lee MW, Choi YW. Facilitated skin permeation of oregonin by elastic liposomal formulations and suppression of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:100-6. [PMID: 20045944 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To develop an external preparation of oregonin (ORG) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), conventional creams (CC) and elastic liposomes (EL) containing ORG have been formulated and examined for their in vitro skin permeation properties and in vivo therapeutic efficacy assessments. EL, consisting of soybean phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 (85 : 15 w/w %), were of flexible nanocarriers: they were about 130 nm in size and had a 4-fold greater deformability index than conventional liposomes. In a skin permeation study using a Franz diffusion cell mounted with depilated mouse skin, liposomal systems were superior to cream, revealing greater flux values. Both CC and EL were diversified with the addition of Trans-activating transcriptional activator (Tat) peptide, a sort of cell penetrating peptide, and subjected to in vivo efficacy evaluations in NC/Nga mice with AD-like lesions. On clinical observation for skin severity, rapid and profound improvement was observed in the treatment group with Tat-added liposomes (EL/T), showing a significant difference (p<0.05) versus Tat-added cream. The results indicated that EL/T treatment is effective for normalizing the immune-related responses and alleviating AD, evaluated as changes in the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-4, immunoglobulin E (IgE), and eosinophils in skin or blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Joo Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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138
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Shibata S, Maeda S, Maeda S, Chimura N, Kondo N, Fukata T. Augmentation of CCL17 and CCL28 gene expression by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IFN-gamma in cultured canine keratinocytes. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:422-6. [PMID: 20022349 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes produce inflammatory mediators that are involved in the pathogenesis of skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In particular, the CC chemokines, thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC)/CCL28 are considered to play an important role in the lesional infiltration of lymphocytes in canine AD. However, there have been no reports on the regulatory mechanisms of CCL17 and CCL28 transcription in canine keratinocytes. In this study, we investigated whether CCL17 and CCL28 transcription in cultured keratinocytes is induced by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IFN-gamma. It was found that CCL17 mRNA transcription is augmented by TNF-alpha only, whereas the CCL28 mRNA level could be increased by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IFN-gamma. The present study suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines are important inducing factors for the production of CCL17 and CCL28 in the lesional skin of dogs with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Shibata
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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139
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SUGITA K, KOBAYASHI M, MORI T, KABASHIMA K, NAKAMURA M, TOKURA Y. Antihistaminic drug olopatadine downmodulates CCL17/TARC production by keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. J Dermatol 2009; 36:654-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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140
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Fujisawa T, Nagao M, Hiraguchi Y, Katsumata H, Nishimori H, Iguchi K, Kato Y, Higashiura M, Ogawauchi I, Tamaki K. Serum measurement of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 in children with atopic dermatitis: elevated normal levels in infancy and age-specific analysis in atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20:633-41. [PMID: 19236603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated blood levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 have been observed in atopic dermatitis (AD) and may serve as a new biomarker for AD. However, the normal levels, especially in children, have not been well determined. We sought to establish an efficient enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a wide range of detection that would be suitable for measurement of serum TARC/CCL17 and to determine the normal ranges of this chemokine in different age groups and its diagnostic usefulness for AD. A sensitive specific ELISA for TARC/CCL17, which we previously reported, was modified to accommodate the wide range of TARC/CCL17 values often found in sera. Twenty-seven children with AD under 6 yr of age and 25 age-matched normal non-atopic controls, and 18 patients with AD and 27 controls who were 6 yr and older were enrolled. The severity of AD was evaluated using the SCORAD index. The serum levels of TARC/CCL17 were measured with the ELISA, and the serum levels of IP-10/CXCL10 were also measured. With the novel ELISA system, the assayable range of TARC/CCL17 was 14-8000 pg/ml, and the coefficient of variation at various concentrations ranged from 2.3% to 5.0%. The serum levels of TARC/CCL17 in normal individuals were significantly higher in young children, especially in the age group of 0-1 yr. The cut-off values of TARC/CCL17 for the diagnosis of AD were 1431 pg/ml for 0-1 yr group, 803 pg/ml for 2-5 yr group and 510 pg/ml for the 6 yr and older group, with high sensitivity and specificity of 0.83 and 0.93, 0.83 and 0.92, 0.85 and 0.96, respectively. The magnitude of the decrease in the SCORAD index after treatment with topical steroids correlated significantly with the decrease in serum TARC/CCL17. There was no difference in the serum levels of IP-10/CXCL10 between AD and the controls. The TARC/CCL17:IP-10/CXCL10 ratio tended to be higher in the control children aged 0-1 yr than in those aged 2-5 yr. The serum level of TARC/CCL17 reflects the severity and therapeutic response in AD. The high normal levels in infants should be taken into account when assaying TARC/CCL17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Fujisawa
- Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan.
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141
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Kawakami T, Ando T, Kimura M, Wilson BS, Kawakami Y. Mast cells in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:666-78. [PMID: 19828304 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play as the major effector cells in immediate hypersensitivity through activation via the high-affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon RI, although many other functions have recently been discovered for this cell type. Given the broad array of proinflammatory mediators secreted from Fc epsilon RI-activated mast cells, as well as sensitization to allergens, IgE elevation, and increased mast cells in a majority of atopic dermatitis patients, mast cells are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Numerous animal models have been used to study this epidemic disease. Here we review the recent progress to synthesize our current understanding of this disease and potential mechanisms for a mast cell's role in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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142
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Suppression of thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) production by 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose via blockade of NF-κB and STAT1 activation in the HaCaT cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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143
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Qi XF, Kim DH, Yoon YS, Li JH, Jin D, Deung YK, Lee KJ. Effects of Bambusae caulis in Liquamen on the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in hairless mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 123:195-200. [PMID: 19429362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bambusae caulis in Liquamen (BCL) is a nutritious liquid extracted from heat-treated fresh bamboo stems. It is an important traditional herbal medicine used to treat coughs and asthma in East Asia. In recent years, it has been studied for its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, and immune-regulating properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine whether BCL suppresses the development of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in hairless mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of BCL were analyzed by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin content, and erythema in the skin, leukocyte numbers and IgE levels in the serum, and mRNA expression of relevant cytokines in the spleen. RESULTS The transdermal administration of BCL to hairless mice inhibited the development of DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions by suppressing TEWL, melanin production and erythema of skin, the number of leukocytes and the level of IgE in serum, and the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-alpha in the spleen. However, BCL administration increased the expression of IFN-gamma in the spleen. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that BCL suppresses the development of DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions in hairless mice, suggesting that BCL may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Feng Qi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon 220-701, Republic of Korea
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144
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Kim D, Kim YJ, Seo JN, Kim J, Lee Y, Park CS, Kim DW, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene modifies cellular proteins and induces macrophage inflammatory protein-2 gene expression via reactive oxygen species production in RAW 264.7 cells. Immunol Invest 2009; 38:132-52. [PMID: 19330623 DOI: 10.1080/08820130802667499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The skin sensitizer 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) provokes delayed hypersensitivity responses as a result of topical application to the skin. Here, we demonstrate that DNFB modifies proteins in RAW 264.7 cells and skin tissues in NC/Nga mice; we also show the functional involvement of DNFB-induced modification of cellular proteins in the DNFB-induced macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 gene expression in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, we demonstrate that DNFB strongly induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our RT-PCR analysis and reporter gene assays reveal that the DNFB-induced intracellular ROS production is necessary for MIP-2 gene expression by DNFB. We observed that the vitamin C and chemical oxidant scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine have an inhibitory effect on the generation of ROS, the activation of MAP kinase pathways, and the MIP-2 gene expression in DNFB-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These results provide insight into the mechanisms involved in DNFB-induced contact hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbum Kim
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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145
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[CCR4, HTLV-1 infection, and ATL oncogenesis]. Uirusu 2009; 58:125-40. [PMID: 19374191 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.58.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignancy of mature CD4+ T cells that is etiologically associated with the infection of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an exogenous human retrovirus. Previously, we have shown that leukemic cells of most ATL patients express CCR4, a chemokine receptor known to be selectively expressed by T cell subsets such as Th2 cells, skin-homing memory/effector T cells, and regulatory T cells. Therefore, the expression of CCR4 suggests that ATL cells are mostly derived from one of these T cell subsets. We have also shown that Tax, the HTLV-1-encoded potent transcriptional activator, strongly induces the expression of CCL22, a CCR4 ligand, which promotes the cell-dependent transmission of HTLV-1 from HTLV-1-infected T cells to CCR4+ target T cells by inducing close cell-to-cell interactions. We have also shown that ATL cells aberrantly express the AP-1 family member Fra-2 which, by forming the heterodimer with JunD, potently induces the expression of not only CCR4 but also the genes such as c-Myb, MDM2 and Bcl-6, the well-known proto-oncogenes. Thus, Fra-2 is a novel oncogene of ATL, and CCR4 may be regarded as a useful tumor marker of ATL.
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146
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Qi XF, Kim DH, Yoon YS, Li JH, Song SB, Jin D, Huang XZ, Teng YC, Lee KJ. The adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system suppresses TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production through p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB in HaCaT keratinocytes. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1925-34. [PMID: 19371952 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have significantly reduced plasma cAMP levels, and the cAMP level is correlated with the immunopathogenesis of AD. The production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) in keratinocytes is significantly enhanced in patients with AD. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system on IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha-stimulated production of TARC and MDC in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Both forskolin (a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase) and dibutyryl-cAMP (DBcAMP, a permeable analog of cAMP) suppressed production of TARC and MDC in parallel with the activation of NF-kappaB in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha-stimulated HaCaT cells. Moreover, inhibition of NF-kappaB suppressed TARC and MDC production induced by IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha. However, dideoxyforskolin, a forskolin derivative that does not activate cAMP, failed to suppress the secretion of these chemokines. An inhibitor of p38 MAPK suppressed the production of TARC and MDC in parallel to the activation of NF-kappaB in HaCaT cells. Of note, the IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha-stimulated activation of p38 MAPK was suppressed following incubation with forskolin or DBcAMP alone. These results indicate that the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system has an inhibitory role in IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha-stimulated production of TARC and MDC in HaCaT keratinocytes by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation through p38 MAPK pathway, implying that the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system could be a candidate therapeutic target of Th2-skewed skin inflammation such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Feng Qi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon 220-701, Republic of Korea
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147
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Kondo T, Takiguchi M. Human memory CCR4+CD8+ T cell subset has the ability to produce multiple cytokines. Int Immunol 2009; 21:523-32. [PMID: 19261691 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 is associated with trafficking of specialized cutaneous memory type 2 T(h) cells in the skin. However, a CD8(+) T cell population expressing CCR4 still remains uncharacterized. In the present study, we investigated the expression and function of CCR4 on human CD8(+) T cells and characterized CCR4(+)CD8(+) human T cells. Multi-color flow cytometric analysis revealed that CCR4(+)CD8(+) T cells were predominantly found in the CD27(+)CD28(+)CD45RA(-) memory subset and expressed the CCR7(+/-)CCR5(-) phenotype. CCR4(+)CD8(+) T cells expressed neither perforin (Per) nor granzymes (Gra) A/B, suggesting that they were more immature memory T cells than the CCR6(+)CD8(+) early effector memory T cells that express GraA and Per. CCR4(+)CD8(+) T cells effectively produced IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, indicating that they are memory T cells having the ability to secrete type 1 and type 2 cytokines. These cells also showed chemotaxic activity in response to CC chemokine receptor ligand (CCL)17/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine and CCL22/macrophage-derived chemokine. These results suggest that CCR4(+)CD8(+) T cells are in an immature memory T cell subset in the differentiation pathway of human CD8(+) T cells and that they migrate to inflammatory sites in the skin where they are involved in cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kondo
- Division of Viral Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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148
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Low susceptibility of NC/Nga mice to tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated lethality and hepatocellular damage with d-galactosamine sensitization. Clin Immunol 2009; 130:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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149
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Oshio T, Sasaki Y, Funakoshi-Tago M, Aizu-Yokota E, Sonoda Y, Matsuoka H, Kasahara T. Dermatophagoides farinae extract induces severe atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, which is effectively suppressed by the administration of tacrolimus ointment. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:403-11. [PMID: 19162238 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, which is accompanied by marked increases in the levels of inflammatory cells, including mast cells and eosinophils as well as T cells and macrophages. To investigate the expression pattern of chemokines in AD, a house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae extracts (DfE)-induced NC/Nga AD model was developed in mice, and this model was used to determine the expression levels of chemokines in atopic lesions using DNA microarrays and RT-PCR. When NC/Nga mice were repeatedly treated with DfE for 4 to 7 weeks on the back skin, the mRNA expression levels of CCL20/LARC, CCL24/eotaxin-2, CCL17/TARC, and CCL11/eotaxin-1 were markedly induced and lesser of CCL2/MCP-1, within the inflammatory lesion of the back skin. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the expression of these chemokines in the epidermis and dermis of DfE-treated NC/Nga mice. Interestingly, repeated application of tacrolimus ointment potently inhibited DfE-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice concomitant with the inhibition of these changes in chemokine gene and protein expression levels particularly of CCL20/LARC, CCL17/TARC, and CCL11/eotaxin-1. These data indicate that severe atopic dermatitis induced by DfE accompanies elevated chemokine levels, and it was proposed that tacrolimus ointment is beneficial for the treatment of severe AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Oshio
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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150
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by allergic skin inflammation. A hallmark of AD is dry itchy skin due, at least in part, to defects in skin genes that are important for maintaining barrier function. The pathogenesis of AD remains incompletely understood. Since the description of the Nc/Nga mouse as a spontaneously occurring model of AD, a number of other mouse models of AD have been developed. They can be categorized into three groups: (1) models induced by epicutaneous application of sensitizers; (2) transgenic mice that either overexpress or lack selective molecules; (3) mice that spontaneously develop AD-like skin lesions. These models have resulted in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD. This review discusses these models and emphasizes the role of mechanical skin injury and skin barrier dysfunction in eliciting allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Jin
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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