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Horii Y, Matsuda S, Watari K, Nagasaka A, Kurose H, Nakaya M. An Assay to Determine Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Cardiac Macrophages and Cardiac Myofibroblasts. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2553. [PMID: 34541199 PMCID: PMC8413566 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In myocardial infarction (MI), a number of cardiomyocytes undergo apoptosis. These apoptotic cardiomyocytes are promptly engulfed by phagocytes. If the dead cells are not engulfed, their noxious contents are released outside, resulting in induction of inflammation. Therefore, the removal of these dead cells is necessary. However, the contribution of each phagocyte type to the removal of apoptotic cells in infarcted hearts remains unresolved. Here, we describe an in vitro protocol for a phagocytosis assay to compare the engulfment ability of cardiac macrophages and cardiac myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Horii
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Watari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiomi Nagasaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michio Nakaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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102
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Horii Y, Matsuda S, Watari K, Nagasaka A, Kurose H, Nakaya M. Phagocytosis Assay of Necroptotic Cells by Cardiac Myofibroblasts. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2552. [PMID: 34541198 PMCID: PMC8413506 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In myocardial infarction (MI), a plenty of cardiomyocytes undergo necrosis and necroptosis due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients. The dead cardiomyocytes are promptly engulfed by phagocytes. When the dead cells are not engulfed, the noxious contents of the cells are released outside, and thus, induce inflammation, and obstruct the function of organs. Therefore, phagocytosis is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of organs. Herein, we describe a protocol of an in vitro phagocytosis assay of necroptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Horii
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Watari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiomi Nagasaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michio Nakaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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103
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Nagasaka A, Mogi C, Ono H, Nishi T, Horii Y, Ohba Y, Sato K, Nakaya M, Okajima F, Kurose H. The proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptor T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8) shows cardioprotective effects against myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7812. [PMID: 28798316 PMCID: PMC5552703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is an ischaemic heart condition caused by the occlusion of coronary arteries. Following MI, lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis increases and infiltrating immune cells produce severe inflammation, which leads to acidosis in the ischaemic heart. However, the physiological implication of this pH reduction remains largely unknown. T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8) is a proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptor found on cardiac macrophages that recognise increases in extracellular protons. We demonstrated that TDAG8 negatively regulates the transcription of the chemokine Ccl20. The infarcted hearts of TDAG8 KO mice showed an increase in CCL20 expression and the number of infiltrating IL-17A-producing γδT cells that express CCR6, a receptor for CCL20. Accordingly, excessive IL-17A production, which is linked to the functional deterioration after MI, was observed in MI-operated TDAG8 KO mice. The survival rate and cardiac function significantly decreased in TDAG8 KO mice compared with those in wild-type mice after MI. Thus, our results suggest that TDAG8 is a key regulator of MI and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiomi Nagasaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ono
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuma Horii
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Michio Nakaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan.,Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, 030-0943, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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104
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Suthahar N, Meijers WC, Silljé HHW, de Boer RA. From Inflammation to Fibrosis-Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Myocardial Tissue Remodelling and Perspectives on Differential Treatment Opportunities. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017; 14:235-250. [PMID: 28707261 PMCID: PMC5527069 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-017-0343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we highlight the most important cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. We also discuss the interplay between inflammation and fibrosis in various precursors of heart failure (HF) and how such mechanisms can contribute to myocardial tissue remodelling and development of HF. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, many research articles attempt to elucidate different aspects of the interplay between inflammation and fibrosis. Cardiac inflammation and fibrosis are major pathophysiological mechanisms operating in the failing heart, regardless of HF aetiology. Currently, novel therapeutic options are available or are being developed to treat HF and these are discussed in this review. A progressive disease needs an aggressive management; however, existing therapies against HF are insufficient. There is a dynamic interplay between inflammation and fibrosis in various precursors of HF such as myocardial infarction (MI), myocarditis and hypertension, and also in HF itself. There is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets and develop advanced therapeutic strategies to combat the syndrome of HF. Understanding and describing the elements of the inflammatory and fibrotic pathways are essential, and specific drugs that target these pathways need to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Suthahar
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter C Meijers
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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105
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Mechanisms of Fibroblast Activation in the Remodeling Myocardium. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:145-152. [PMID: 29057165 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Activated fibroblasts are critically implicated in repair and remodeling of the injured heart. This manuscript discusses recent progress in the cell biology of fibroblasts in the infarcted and remodeling myocardium, highlighting advances in understanding the origin, function and mechanisms of activation of these cells. RECENT FINDINGS Following myocardial injury, fibroblasts undergo activation and myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Recently published studies have suggested that most activated myofibroblasts in the infarcted and pressure-overloaded hearts are derived from resident fibroblast populations. In the healing infarct, fibroblasts undergo dynamic phenotypic alterations in response to changes in the cytokine milieu and in the composition of the extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts do not simply serve as matrix-producing cells, but may also regulate inflammation, modulate cardiomyocyte survival and function, mediate angiogenesis, and contribute to phagocytosis of dead cells. SUMMARY In the injured myocardium, fibroblasts are derived predominantly from resident populations and serve a wide range of functions.
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