101
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Terziyska N, Alves CC, Groiss V, Schneider K, Farkasova K, Ogris M, Wagner E, Ehrhardt H, Brentjens RJ, zur Stadt U, Horstmann M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Jeremias I. In vivo imaging enables high resolution preclinical trials on patients' leukemia cells growing in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52798. [PMID: 23300782 PMCID: PMC3534096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xenograft mouse models represent helpful tools for preclinical studies on human tumors. For modeling the complexity of the human disease, primary tumor cells are by far superior to established cell lines. As qualified exemplary model, patients’ acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells reliably engraft in mice inducing orthotopic disseminated leukemia closely resembling the disease in men. Unfortunately, disease monitoring of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice is hampered by lack of a suitable readout parameter. Design and Methods Patients’ acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells were lentivirally transduced to express the membrane-bound form of Gaussia luciferase. In vivo imaging was established in individual patients’ leukemias and extensively validated. Results Bioluminescence in vivo imaging enabled reliable and continuous follow-up of individual mice. Light emission strictly correlated to post mortem quantification of leukemic burden and revealed a logarithmic, time and cell number dependent growth pattern. Imaging conveniently quantified frequencies of leukemia initiating cells in limiting dilution transplantation assays. Upon detecting a single leukemia cell within more than 10,000 bone marrow cells, imaging enabled monitoring minimal residual disease, time to tumor re-growth and relapse. Imaging quantified therapy effects precisely and with low variances, discriminating treatment failure from partial and complete responses. Conclusions For the first time, we characterized in detail how in vivo imaging reforms preclinical studies on patient-derived tumors upon increasing monitoring resolution. In the future, in vivo imaging will enable performing precise preclinical studies on a broad range of highly demanding clinical challenges, such as treatment failure, resistance in leukemia initiating cells, minimal residual disease and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Terziyska
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Catarina Castro Alves
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Groiss
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Schneider
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Katarina Farkasova
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Ogris
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Ehrhardt
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Renier J. Brentjens
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Udo zur Stadt
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center, Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center, Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irmela Jeremias
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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102
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Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Neale G, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Phelps D, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor SCH 727965 (dinaciclib) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:1266-74. [PMID: 22315240 PMCID: PMC3349821 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SCH 727965 is a novel drug in clinical development that potently and selectively inhibits CDK1, CDK2, CDK5, and CDK9. The activity of SCH 727965 was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels. PROCEDURES SCH 727965 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hours exposure at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 1.0 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 40 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally twice weekly for 2 weeks and repeated at Day 21 with a total observation period of 6 weeks. RESULTS The median IC(50) value for the cell lines was 7.5 nM, with less than fourfold range between the minimum (3.4 nM) and maximum (11.2 nM) IC(50) values. SCH 727965 demonstrated an activity pattern consistent with cytotoxicity for most of the cell lines. Forty-three xenograft models were studied and SCH 727965 induced significant delays in event free survival distribution compared to control in 23 of 36 (64%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 3 of 7 ALL xenografts. SCH 727965 did not induce objective responses in the solid tumor panels and the best response observed was stable disease for one osteosarcoma xenograft. In the leukemia panel, there were two objective responses with a complete response observed in a single xenograft. CONCLUSIONS SCH 727965 shows an interesting pattern of activity suggesting its potential applicability against selected childhood cancers, particularly leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gorlick
- The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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103
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Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Newman JW, Pedersen TL, Keen CL, Ducore JM. Oral or parenteral administration of curcumin does not prevent the growth of high-risk t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells engrafted into a NOD/SCID mouse model. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:741-8. [PMID: 23232667 PMCID: PMC3583839 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of orally and parenter-ally administered curcumin was evaluated in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice) engrafted with the human t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia line, SEM. SEM cells were injected into the tail vein and engraftment was monitored by flow cytometry. Once engraftment was observed, the chemotherapeutic potential was examined by injecting mice intraperitoneally with curcumin (5 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or DMSO alone (control) every other day, or vincristine (0.5 mg/kg body weight) 3 times per week for 4 weeks (n=16 per group). The intraperitoneal administration of curcumin did not inhibit the growth of the leukemia cells. To determine the efficacy of oral curcumin, mice were fed a control diet or a diet containing 0.5% w/w curcumin 3 weeks prior to the injection of the leukemia cells and throughout the experimental period (n=16 per group). To determine whether dietary curcumin can enhance the efficacy of a conventional chemotherapeutic agent, vincristine was injected intraperitoneally into leukemic mice fed the different diets. Dietary curcumin did not delay the engraftment or growth of leukemia cells, or sensitize the cells to vincristine. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of mouse sera showed that curcumin rapidly metabolized to glucuronidated and sulfated forms within 1 h post-injection and these were the major curcumin metabolites found in the sera of the mice fed the curcumin diet. In contrast to the findings in previous in vitro models, the current data indicate that orally or parenterally administered curcumin is not a potent preventive agent against high-risk t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Zunino
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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104
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Malyukova A, Brown S, Papa R, O'Brien R, Giles J, Trahair TN, Dalla Pozza L, Sutton R, Liu T, Haber M, Norris MD, Lock RB, Sangfelt O, Marshall GM. FBXW7 regulates glucocorticoid response in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by targeting the glucocorticoid receptor for degradation. Leukemia 2012; 27:1053-62. [PMID: 23228967 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutation in FBXW7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is associated with good prognosis and early glucocorticoid treatment response in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that FBXW7 targets the glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) for ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation in a manner dependent on glycogen synthase kinase 3 β-mediated phsophorylation. FBXW7 inactivation caused elevated GRα levels, and enhanced the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids. There was significant enhancement of GR transcriptional responses in FBXW7-deficient cell lines and primary T-ALL samples, in particular, for those pro-apoptotic regulatory proteins, BIM and PUMA. Reduced FBXW7 expression or function promoted glucocorticoid sensitivity, but not sensitivity to other chemotherapeutic agents used in T-ALL. Moreover, this was a general feature of different cancer cell types. Taken together, our work defines GRα as a novel FBXW7 substrate and demonstrates that favorable patient prognosis in T-ALL is associated with FBXW7 mutations due to enhanced GRα levels and steroid sensitivity. These findings suggest that inactivation of FBXW7, a putative tumor suppressor protein, may create a synthetic lethal state in the presence of specific anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malyukova
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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105
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Stanulla M, Bourquin JP. [Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood: state of things and outlook for the future]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 41:203-13. [PMID: 22844667 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201200469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stanulla
- Kinderklinik am Universitätsklinikum, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel.
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106
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Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Newman JW, Pedersen TL, Keen CL, Ducore JM. Dietary resveratrol does not delay engraftment, sensitize to vincristine or inhibit growth of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in NOD/SCID mice. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2207-12. [PMID: 23041950 PMCID: PMC3583654 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with translocation t(4;11) is a high-risk leukemia found in 60–85% of infants with ALL and is often refractory to conventional chemotherapeutics after relapse. To evaluate the efficacy of dietary resveratrol in vivo, 5-week-old NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice were fed a control diet or a diet containing 0.2% w/w resveratrol. After 3 weeks of dietary treatment, mice were engrafted with the human t(4;11) ALL line SEM by tail vein injection. Engraftment was monitored by evaluating the presence of human CD19+ cells in peripheral blood using flow cytometry. Relative to control diet, dietary resveratrol did not delay the engraftment of the leukemia cells. To determine if dietary resveratrol could increase efficacy of a chemotherapeutic agent, vincristine was injected intraperitoneally into leukemic mice fed the control or supplemented diet. Survival curves and monitoring the percentage of human leukemia cells in peripheral blood showed that resveratrol did not inhibit leukemia cell growth or influence the activity of vincristine. Mass spectrometric analysis of mouse serum revealed that the majority of resveratrol was present as glucuronidated and sulfated metabolites. These data do not support the concept that dietary resveratrol has potential as a preventative agent against the growth of high-risk t(4;11) ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Zunino
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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107
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Batra V, Maris JM, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Houghton PJ, Alexander D, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Billups CA, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of SGI-1776, a PIM1 kinase inhibitor, by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:749-52. [PMID: 22052829 PMCID: PMC3276706 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The PIM kinase inhibitor, SGI-1776, was tested against the PPTP in vitro (1.0 nM-10 µM) and in vivo panels (148 mg/kg daily × 5 days for 3 weeks). SGI-1776 exhibited cytotoxic activity in vitro with a median relative IC(50) of 3.1 µM. SGI-1776 induced significant differences in EFS distribution in vivo in 9 of 31 solid tumor xenografts and in 1 of 8 of the evaluable ALL xenografts. SGI-1776 induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate EFS T/C activity in 1 of 39 evaluable models. In contrast, SGI-1776 induced complete responses of subcutaneous MV4;11 (B myeloid leukemia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Batra
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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108
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LEE MYOUNGWOO, KIM HYEJIN, YOO KEONHEE, KIM DAESEONG, YANG JINMO, KIM HYERYUNG, NOH YOOHUN, BAEK HYUNJUNG, KWON HEECHUNG, SON MEONGHI, LEE SOOHYUN, CHEUH HEEWON, JUNG HYELIM, SUNG KIWOONG, KOO HONGHOE. Establishment of a bioluminescent imaging-based in vivo leukemia model by intra-bone marrow injection. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2047-56. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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109
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Gorlick R, Maris JM, Houghton PJ, Lock R, Carol H, Kurmasheva RT, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Billups CA, Smith MA. Testing of the Akt/PKB inhibitor MK-2206 by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:518-24. [PMID: 22102563 PMCID: PMC3290691 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MK-2206 is a small molecule allosteric inhibitor of Akt/PKB that is undergoing clinical trials for treatment of cancer. PROCEDURES MK-2206 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel using a 96-hour exposure (1.0 nM-10 µM), and in vivo using thrice weekly dosing for a planned 4 weeks at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 180 mg/kg. RESULTS In vitro, the median relative IC(50) value for MK-2206 was 2.2 µM. Four cell lines with IC(50) values < 200 nM included two ALL cell lines (COG-LL-317 and RS4;11), an AML cell line with an activating KIT mutation (Kasumi-1), and a Ewing sarcoma cell line (CHLA-10). In vivo, MK-2206 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 12 of 29 (41%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 2 of 8 (25%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Significant differences in EFS distribution were most frequently noted in the osteosarcoma panel (6 of 6). A single solid tumor xenograft (OS-31) had a greater than twofold increase in time to event compared to control animals, with all other solid tumor xenografts showing lesser degrees of tumor growth inhibition. Objective responses were not observed for either the solid tumor or ALL xenografts. CONCLUSIONS MK-2206 showed its most consistent activity in vitro against ALL cell lines and in vivo against osteosarcoma xenografts. However, no objective responses were observed in solid tumor or ALL xenografts. Further preclinical work evaluating MK-2206 in pediatric models in the combination therapy setting may contribute to its pediatric development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gorlick
- The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA.
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110
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Wang N, Huang L, Wang D, Wang J, Jiang L, Zhou K, Yang Y, Xu D, Zhou J. Successful engraftment of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in NOD/SCID mice via intrasplenic inoculation. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1158-64. [PMID: 22892848 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous disorder, and primary drug resistance and relapse are thought to be the main causes for treatment failure in ALL patients. For these refractory or relapsed patients, there is an increasing demand to identify novel therapeutic approaches, which will highly rely on the use of xenotransplantation models in translational research. Given the critical role that the spleen plays in the hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in adult mice, intrasplenic inoculation of ALL cells into immunodeficient mice may represent a feasible route for leukemic xenotransplantation. In the present study, engraftments via intrasplenic inoculation in anti-mCD122 mAb conditioned NOD/SCID mice were achieved in 5 out of 11 cases, and the engrafted cells reconstituted a complete leukemic phenotype. The engrafted cells sustained the self-renewal capacity of leukemia-initiating cells as tested by serial xenotransplantation and can be used for evaluation of antileukemic drugs. These data suggest that the combination of intrasplenic inoculation and the targeted depletion of CD122(+) cells could provide a novel approach for the xenotransplantation of ALL cells in NOD/SCID mice. Furthermore, this model can be used for stem cell research, long-term analysis of engraftment kinetics and in vivo drug tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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111
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Smith MA, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Maris JM, Keir ST, Morton CL, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Arts J, Bashir T, Janicot M, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ. Initial testing of JNJ-26854165 (Serdemetan) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:329-32. [PMID: 21922647 PMCID: PMC4504194 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
JNJ-26854165 was originally developed as an activator of p53 capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cell lines. In vitro, JNJ-26854165 demonstrated cytotoxic activity. The ALL cell line panel had a significantly lower median IC(50) (0.85 µM) than the remaining cell lines. In vivo JNJ-26854165 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 18 of 37 solid tumors and in 5 of 7 of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Objective responses were observed in 4 of 37 solid tumor xenografts, and 2 of 7 ALL xenografts achieved PR or CR. Responses were noted in xenografts with both mutant and wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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112
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Smith MA, Maris JM, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Morton CL, Wu J, Smith PG, Yu J, Houghton PJ. Initial testing of the investigational NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:246-53. [PMID: 22012946 PMCID: PMC3823062 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MLN4924 is an investigational first-in-class small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). NAE is an essential component of the NEDD8 conjugation pathway, controlling the activity of a subset of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) E3 ligases, multiprotein complexes that transfer ubiquitin molecules to substrate proteins. PROCEDURES MLN4924 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96-hour exposure time at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 µM. It was tested in vivo at a dose of 100 mg/kg [66 mg/kg for the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) xenografts] administered orally twice daily × 5 days. Treatment duration was 3 weeks. RESULTS The median relative IC(50) for MLN4924 against the PPTP cell lines was 143 nM, (range: 15-678 nM) with that for the Ewing panel being significantly lower (31 nM). MLN4924 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 20 of 34 (59%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts. MLN4924 induced intermediate activity (EFS T/C values >2) in 9 of the 33 evaluable xenografts (27%), including 4 of 4 glioblastoma xenografts, 2 of 3 Wilm's tumor xenografts, 2 of 5 rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts, and 1 of 4 neuroblastoma xenografts. For the ALL panel, 5 of 8 evaluable xenografts showed intermediate activity for the EFS T/C measure. MLN4924 did not induce objective responses in the PPTP solid tumor or ALL panels. CONCLUSIONS MLN4924 showed potent activity in vitro and in vivo showed tumor growth inhibitory activity against a subset of the PPTP solid tumor and ALL xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jie Yu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA
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113
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Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Houghton PJ, Alexander D, Morton CL, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Maris JM, Wozniak A, Smith MA. Initial testing (Stage 1) of AT13387, an HSP90 inhibitor, by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:185-8. [PMID: 21538821 PMCID: PMC3154460 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AT13387, a non-geldanamycin inhibitor of heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (1.0 nM to 10 µM) and against the PPTP in vivo panels (40 or 60 mg/kg) administered orally twice weekly. In vitro AT13387 showed a median EC(50) value of 41 nM and exhibited activity consistent with a cytotoxic effect. In vivo AT13387 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 17% evaluable solid tumor xenografts, but in none of the ALL xenografts. No objective tumor responses were observed. In vivo AT13387 demonstrated only modest single agent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy Wozniak
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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114
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Lock RB, Carol H, Morton CL, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Wozniak AW, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing of the CENP-E inhibitor GSK923295A by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:916-23. [PMID: 21584937 PMCID: PMC3163687 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The centromere kinesin motor protein CENP-E plays a crucial role in mitosis, and is an appealing molecular target in cancer. GSK923295A is an allosteric inhibitor of CENP-E that is undergoing clinical evaluation. PROCEDURES GSK923295A was evaluated against the 23 cell lines in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel using 96 hr exposures to concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10.0 µM. GSK923295A was also tested in vivo against the PPTP acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and solid tumor xenograft panels using a days 1-3 and 8-10 schedule that was repeated at day 21. The agent was administered via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route at a daily dose of 125 mg/kg. RESULTS The median IC(50) for all PPTP cell lines was 27 nM, with the median IC(50) for the ALL panel being the lowest (18 nM) and for the neuroblastoma panel the highest (39 nM). Excessive toxicity was observed for each of the 8 xenografts of the ALL panel in NOD/SCID mice. Thirty-five solid tumor xenograft models were considered evaluable. GSK923295A induced significant differences in event-free survival distribution compared to controls in 32 of 35 evaluable solid tumor xenografts tested. Objective responses were noted in 13 of 35 solid tumor xenografts, including 9 with maintained complete responses, and 3 with complete response (CR). CONCLUSIONS GSK923295A demonstrated significant antitumor activity against solid tumor models, inducing CRs in Ewing sarcoma, rhabdoid, and rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts. These results suggest that CENP-E may be a valuable therapeutic target in pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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Disparate in vivo efficacy of FTY720 in xenograft models of Philadelphia positive and negative B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36429. [PMID: 22570713 PMCID: PMC3343039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) respond well to standard chemotherapy-based treatments. However a significant proportion of patients, particularly adult patients, relapse with the majority dying of leukemia. FTY720 is an immunosuppressive drug that was recently approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and is currently under pre-clinical investigation as a therapy for a number of hematological malignancies. Using human ALL xenografts in NOD/SCIDγc−/− mice, we show for the first time that three Ph+ human ALL xenografts responded to FTY720 with an 80±12% (p = 0.048) reduction in overall disease when treatment was commenced early. In contrast, treatment of mice with FTY720 did not result in reduced leukemia compared to controls using four separate human Ph− ALL xenografts. Although FTY720 reactivated PP2A in vitro, this reactivation was not required for death of Ph− ALL cells. The plasma levels of FTY720 achieved in the mice were in the high nanomolar range. However, the response seen in the Ph+ ALL xenografts when treatment was initiated early implies that in vivo efficacy may be obtained with substantially lower drug concentrations than those required in vitro. Our data suggest that while FTY720 may have potential as a treatment for Ph+ ALL it will not be a useful agent for the treatment of Ph− B-ALL.
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Maris JM, Lock R, Carol H, Kurmasheva RT, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Wu J, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) by the pediatric preclinical testing program of RO4929097, a γ-secretase inhibitor targeting notch signaling. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:815-8. [PMID: 22052798 PMCID: PMC3276746 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RO4929097 is a potent and selective inhibitor of γ-secretase and as a result is able to inhibit Notch pathway signaling. The activity of RO4929097 was evaluated against the in vivo panels of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP). RO4929097 induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution compared to control in 6 of 26 (23%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 0 of 8 (0%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. The most consistent tumor growth delay effects were noted in the osteosarcoma panel. RO4929097 at the dose and schedule evaluated demonstrated little antitumor activity against childhood cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anders Kolb
- A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA.
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Houghton PJ, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Morton CL, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Maris JM, Billups CA, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of LCL161, a SMAC mimetic, by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:636-9. [PMID: 21681929 PMCID: PMC3253328 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
LCL161, a SMAC mimetic, was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (1.0 nM to 10.0 µM) and the PPTP in vivo panels (30 or 75 mg/kg [solid tumors] or 100 mg/kg [ALL]) administered orally twice in a week. LCL161 showed a median relative IC(50) value of >10 µM, being more potent against several leukemia and lymphoma lines. In vivo LCL161 induced significant differences in EFS distribution in approximately one-third of solid tumor xenografts (osteosarcoma and glioblastoma), but not in ALL xenografts. No objective tumor responses were observed. In vivo LCL161 demonstrated limited single agent activity against the pediatric preclinical models studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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Szymanska B, Wilczynska-Kalak U, Kang MH, Liem NLM, Carol H, Boehm I, Groepper D, Reynolds CP, Stewart CF, Lock RB. Pharmacokinetic modeling of an induction regimen for in vivo combined testing of novel drugs against pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33894. [PMID: 22479469 PMCID: PMC3315513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current regimens for induction therapy of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), or for re-induction post relapse, use a combination of vincristine (VCR), a glucocorticoid, and L-asparaginase (ASP) with or without an anthracycline. With cure rates now approximately 80%, robust pre-clinical models are necessary to prioritize active new drugs for clinical trials in relapsed/refractory patients, and the ability of these models to predict synergy/antagonism with established therapy is an essential attribute. In this study, we report optimization of an induction-type regimen by combining VCR, dexamethasone (DEX) and ASP (VXL) against ALL xenograft models established from patient biopsies in immune-deficient mice. We demonstrate that the VXL combination was synergistic in vitro against leukemia cell lines as well as in vivo against ALL xenografts. In vivo, VXL treatment caused delays in progression of individual xenografts ranging from 22 to >146 days. The median progression delay of xenografts derived from long-term surviving patients was 2-fold greater than that of xenografts derived from patients who died of their disease. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that systemic DEX exposure in mice increased 2-fold when administered in combination with VCR and ASP, consistent with clinical findings, which may contribute to the observed synergy between the 3 drugs. Finally, as proof-of-principle we tested the in vivo efficacy of combining VXL with either the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Bcl-w inhibitor, ABT-737, or arsenic trioxide to provide evidence of a robust in vivo platform to prioritize new drugs for clinical trials in children with relapsed/refractory ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Szymanska
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Urszula Wilczynska-Kalak
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas United States of America
| | - Natalia L. M. Liem
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ingrid Boehm
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Groepper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas United States of America
| | - Clinton F. Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Morton CL, Papa RA, Lock RB, Houghton PJ. Preclinical chemotherapeutic tumor models of common childhood cancers: solid tumors, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and disseminated neuroblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 14:Unit14.8. [PMID: 21948167 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1408s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit presents three models used in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for preclinical testing of new chemical entities (NCEs), along with appropriate methods for data analysis. The first is the classical subcutaneous xenograft model used for many solid tumors, the second is the disseminated human leukemia model established by Lock and colleagues, and the third is a disseminated model of neuroblastoma that recapitulates many of the characteristics of advanced clinical disease.
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Vilas-Zornoza A, Agirre X, Abizanda G, Moreno C, Segura V, De Martino Rodriguez A, José-Eneriz ES, Miranda E, Martín-Subero JI, Garate L, Blanco-Prieto MJ, García de Jalón JA, Rio P, Rifón J, Cigudosa JC, Martinez-Climent JA, Román-Gómez J, Calasanz MJ, Ribera JM, Prósper F. Preclinical activity of LBH589 alone or in combination with chemotherapy in a xenogeneic mouse model of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:1517-26. [PMID: 22307227 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been identified as therapeutic targets due to their regulatory function in chromatin structure and organization. Here, we analyzed the therapeutic effect of LBH589, a class I-II HDAC inhibitor, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In vitro, LBH589 induced dose-dependent antiproliferative and apoptotic effects, which were associated with increased H3 and H4 histone acetylation. Intravenous administration of LBH589 in immunodeficient BALB/c-RAG2(-/-)γc(-/-) mice in which human-derived T and B-ALL cell lines were injected induced a significant reduction in tumor growth. Using primary ALL cells, a xenograft model of human leukemia in BALB/c-RAG2(-/-)γc(-/-) mice was established, allowing continuous passages of transplanted cells to several mouse generations. Treatment of mice engrafted with T or B-ALL cells with LBH589 induced an in vivo increase in the acetylation of H3 and H4, which was accompanied with prolonged survival of LBH589-treated mice in comparison with those receiving vincristine and dexamethasone. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of LBH589 was significantly enhanced in combination with vincristine and dexamethasone. Our results show the therapeutic activity of LBH589 in combination with standard chemotherapy in pre-clinical models of ALL and suggest that this combination may be of clinical value in the treatment of patients with ALL.
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121
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Houghton PJ, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Billups CA, Zhang MX, Madden SL, Teicher BA, Smith MA. Testing of the topoisomerase 1 inhibitor Genz-644282 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:200-9. [PMID: 21548007 PMCID: PMC3154998 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genz-644282 is a novel non-camptothecin topoisomerase I poison that is in clinical development. PROCEDURES Genz-644282 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (0.1 nM to 1 µM), and in vivo using three times per week × 2 schedule repeated at day 21 at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 4 mg/kg. Subsequently Genz-644282 was tested at 4, 3, 2, and 1 mg/kg in 3 models to assess the dose-response relationship. mRNA gene signatures predictive for Genz-644282 response in vitro were applied to select 15 tumor models that were evaluated prospectively. RESULTS In vitro, Genz-644282 demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity with a median IC(50) of 1.2 nM (range 0.2-21.9 nM). In vivo, Genz-644282 at its MTD (4 mg/kg) induced maintained complete responses (MCR) in 6/6 evaluable solid tumor models. At 2 mg/kg Genz-644282 induced CR or MCR in 3/3 tumor models relatively insensitive to topotecan, but there were no objective responses at 1 mg/kg. Further testing at 2 mg/kg showed that Genz-644282 induced objective regressions in 7 of 17 (41%) models. There was a significant correlation between predictive response scores based on Affymetrix U133Plus2 baseline tumor expression profiles and the observed in vivo responses to Genz-644282. CONCLUSIONS Genz-644282 was highly active within a narrow dose range (2-4 mg/kg), typical of other topoisomerase I poisons. As with other topoisomerase I poisons, how accurately these data will translate to clinical activity will depend upon the drug exposures that can be achieved in children treated with this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Catherine A. Billups
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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122
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Houghton PJ, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Phelps D, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:191-9. [PMID: 21337679 PMCID: PMC4304209 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZD8055 is a small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase mTOR that regulates cap-dependent translation through the mTORC1 complex and Akt activation through the mTORC2 complex. Procedures AZD8055 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 µM and against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 20 mg/kg administered orally daily x 7 for 4 weeks. RESULTS In vitro the median relative IC(50) for AZD8055 against the PPTP cell lines was 24.7 nM. Relative I/O values >0% (consistent with a cytostatic effect) were observed in 8 cell lines and 15 cell lines showed Relative I/O values ranging from -4.7 to -92.2% (consistent with varying degrees of cytotoxic activity). In vivo AZD8055 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 23 of 36 (64%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts, and 1 of 6 evaluable ALL xenografts. Intermediate activity for the time to event activity measure (EFS T/C >2) was observed in 5 of 32 (16%) solid tumor xenografts evaluable. The best response was stable disease. PD2 (progressive disease with growth delay) was observed in 20 of 36 (55.6%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts. AZD8055 significantly inhibited 4E-BP1, S6, and Akt phosphorylation following day 1 and day 4 dosing, but suppression of mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling did not predict tumor sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AZD8055 demonstrated broad activity in vitro, but at the dose and schedule studied demonstrated limited activity in vivo against the PPTP solid tumor and ALL panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Houghton
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Correspondence to: Peter J. Houghton, PhD, Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43204.
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Newman JW, Pedersen TL, Keen CL, Ducore JM. Resveratrol given intraperitoneally does not inhibit the growth of high-risk t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in a NOD/SCID mouse model. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1277-84. [PMID: 22200740 PMCID: PMC3270126 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of resveratrol as a preventive agent against the growth of t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was evaluated in NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice engrafted with the human t(4;11) ALL SEM cell line. SEM cells were injected into the tail vein and engraftment was monitored by flow cytometry. Once engraftment was observed, mice were injected intraperitoneally with resveratrol (10 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or DMSO alone (control) every other day, or vincristine (0.5 mg/kg body weight) 3 times per week for 4 weeks (n=16 per group). Comparisons of the percent of human leukemia cells in blood and survival curves showed resveratrol did not inhibit progression of the disease. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of mouse sera showed resveratrol was rapidly metabolized to glucuronidated and sulfated forms 1 h post-injection, with low to no resveratrol or metabolites observed in sera by 24-48 h. These data indicate that in contrast to findings in in vitro models, parenterally administered resveratrol does not have potential as a preventive agent against high risk t(4;11) ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Zunino
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Prashar A, Siddiqui F, Singh AK. Synthetic and green vegetable isothiocyanates target red blood leukemia cancers. Fitoterapia 2011; 83:255-65. [PMID: 22120500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), the breakdown products of glucosinolates found primarily in species of Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), are potential anti-cancer compounds. This review compiles data on how through different modes of action ITCs and their synthetic counterparts target leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Prashar
- Lifezone Biotech Private Limited, B-102, Phase III, KSSIDC, Electronic City, Bangalore, India.
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Bhadri VA, Cowley MJ, Kaplan W, Trahair TN, Lock RB. Evaluation of the NOD/SCID xenograft model for glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:565. [PMID: 22093874 PMCID: PMC3228854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids such as prednisolone and dexamethasone are critical drugs used in multi-agent chemotherapy protocols used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and response to glucocorticoids is highly predictive of outcome. The NOD/SCID xenograft mouse model of ALL is a clinically relevant model in which the mice develop a systemic leukemia which retains the fundamental biological characteristics of the original disease. Here we report a study evaluating the NOD/SCID xenograft mouse model to investigate glucocorticoid-induced gene expression. Cells from a glucocorticoid-sensitive xenograft derived from a child with B-cell precursor ALL were inoculated into NOD/SCID mice. When highly engrafted the mice were randomized into groups of 4 to receive dexamethasone 15 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection or vehicle control. Leukemia cells were harvested from mice spleens at 0, 8, 24 or 48 hours thereafter, and gene expression analyzed on Illumina WG-6_V3 chips, comparing all groups to time 0 hours. Results The 8 hour dexamethasone-treated timepoint had the highest number of significantly differentially expressed genes, with fewer observed at the 24 and 48 hour timepoints, and with minimal changes seen across the time-matched controls. When compared to publicly available datasets of glucocorticoid-induced gene expression from an in vitro cell line study and from an in vivo study of patients with ALL, at the level of pathways, expression changes in the 8 hour xenograft samples showed a similar response to patients treated with glucocorticoids. Replicate analysis revealed that at the 8 hour timepoint, a dataset with high signal and differential expression, using data from 3 replicates instead of 4 resulted in excellent recovery scores of > 0.9. However at other timepoints with less signal very poor recovery scores were obtained with 3 replicates. Conclusions The NOD/SCID xenograft mouse model provides a reproducible experimental system in which to investigate clinically-relevant mechanisms of drug-induced gene regulation in ALL; the 8 hour timepoint provides the highest number of significantly differentially expressed genes; time-matched controls are redundant and excellent recovery scores can be obtained with 3 replicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek A Bhadri
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
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Markovic A, MacKenzie KL, Lock RB. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells via the FLT-3 signaling pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:183-93. [PMID: 22084166 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human leukemia cells secrete VEGF, which can act in a paracrine manner within the bone marrow microenvironment to promote leukemia cell survival and proliferation. The FLT-3 receptor tyrosine kinase plays an essential role in regulating normal hematopoiesis, but its constitutive activation via mutation in acute leukemias is generally associated with poor outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between the FLT-3 and VEGF signaling pathways in acute leukemia using cell lines and ex vivo cultures of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells following expansion of direct patient explants in immunodeficient mice. Different xenograft lines exhibited variable cell surface FLT-3 expression, as well as basal and FLT-3 ligand-induced VEGF secretion, whereas the MV4;11 cell line, which expresses constitutively active FLT-3, secreted high levels of VEGF. The FLT-3 inhibitor, SU11657, significantly reduced VEGF secretion in three of six xenograft lines and MV4;11 cells, in conjunction with inhibition of FLT-3 tyrosine phosphorylation. Moreover, exposure of xenograft cells to the FLT-3-blocking antibody, D43, also reduced VEGF secretion to basal levels and decreased FLT-3 tyrosine phosphorylation. In terms of downstream signaling, SU11657 and D43 both caused dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, with no changes in AKT or STAT5 phosphorylation. Finally, partial knockdown of FLT-3 expression by short interfering RNA also resulted in inhibition of VEGF secretion. These results indicate that FLT-3 signaling plays a central role in the regulation of VEGF secretion and that inhibition of the FLT-3/VEGF pathway may disrupt paracrine signaling between leukemia cells and the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Markovic
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Keir ST, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Maris JM, Carol H, Morton CL, Billups CA, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Initial testing of lenalidomide by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:606-11. [PMID: 21360651 PMCID: PMC4505747 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lenalidomide, a novel immunomodulatory agent, is reported to modulate stem cell differentiation, and have direct antiproliferative activity as well as inhibit inflammation and hyperalgesia. On the basis of this varied pharmacological profile, lenalidomide is under investigation as a treatment for a range of oncologic indications. PROCEDURES Lenalidomide was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96-hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 10 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 30 mg/kg administered orally (PO) once daily for a planned for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro activity was not observed at concentrations up to 10 µM. Lenalidomide was well tolerated, and induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 7 of 37 (18.9%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 0 of 8 (0%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. The best response in the solid tumor panel was PD2 [progressive disease with growth delay (EFS T/C > 1.5)], observed in 4 of 37 (10.8%) solid tumor xenografts. A single ALL xenograft showed a PD2 response. CONCLUSIONS Direct antiproliferative effects of lenalidomide were not observed in vitro. In vivo lenalidomide demonstrated low activity against tumors in immune-deficient mice. Our results suggest that lenalidomide's utility in the pediatric clinical setting may depend upon its ability to induce antitumor activity through effects on host immune and stromal cells rather than through direct effects on tumor cells.
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Davies C, Hogarth LA, Dietrich PA, Bachmann PS, Mackenzie KL, Hall AG, Lock RB. p53-independent epigenetic repression of the p21(WAF1) gene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37639-50. [PMID: 21903579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.272336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is a primary mediator of cellular apoptosis and growth arrest after exposure to DNA-damaging agents. Previous work has shown that the majority of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases express a wild type p53 gene, although the functionality of the p53 pathway has rarely been validated. In the present study, the integrity of the p53 pathway was investigated in a panel of ALL cell lines and xenografts established from direct patient explants in immune-deficient mice. A focused real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR array of known p53-regulated genes identified p21(WAF1) (CDKN1A) as the highest ranked gene to be differentially expressed between B-cell precursor (BCP)-ALL and T-ALL xenografts following exposure to the DNA-damaging drug etoposide. Lack of p21(WAF1) induction was observed in six of seven T-ALL xenograft lines, as well as primary T-ALL cells following irradiation exposure, despite an otherwise functional p53 response. Repression of p21(WAF1) in T-ALL cells was associated with decreased acetylated H3K9 localized at its promoter compared with BCP-ALL cells, together with increased CpG methylation within the first exon and intron. Although the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat failed to induce p21(WAF1) in T-ALL samples, the combination of vorinostat and the demethylating agent decitabine reactivated expression of the silenced p21(WAF1) gene in the Molt-4 T-ALL cell line. Considering the known anti-apoptotic function of p21(WAF1), our findings have significant implications for the responses of T- versus BCP-ALL cells to chemotherapeutic drugs that induce p21(WAF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carwyn Davies
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Houghton PJ, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Phelps D, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Wozniak AW, Gu Y, Wilson WR, Smith MA. Initial testing of the hypoxia-activated prodrug PR-104 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:443-53. [PMID: 21744473 PMCID: PMC4304205 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PR-104 is rapidly hydrolyzed to PR-104A in vivo, which is activated by reduction to the corresponding 5-hydroxylamine (PR-104H) and amine (PR-104M) to produce DNA interstrand cross-links. PR-104 activation can occur via hypoxia-dependent reductases and also independently of hypoxia by aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3. PROCEDURES PR-104A was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (10 nM to 100 µM), and PR-104 in vivo using a weekly × 6 schedule at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 550 mg/kg. Subsequently PR-104 was tested at 270 and 110 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetics for PR-104 and its metabolites were determined, as were levels of AKR1C3 RNA and protein in xenografts. RESULTS In vitro, the leukemia models were most sensitive to PR-104A. In vivo, PR-104 induced objective responses at its MTD in 21/34 solid tumor models and maintained complete responses against 7/7 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) models. At 270 mg/kg and lower dose levels, PR-104 did not induce solid tumor regressions, suggesting a steep dose-response relationship. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests higher systemic exposures to PR-104A and its metabolites in mice compared to those achievable in patients. Levels of AKR1C3 protein did not correlate with tumor responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS As monotherapy, PR-104 demonstrated a high level of activity against both solid tumor and ALL models at its MTD, but the activity was almost completely lost at half the MTD dose for solid tumors. Pharmacokinetic data at the PR-104 MTD from human trials suggest that PR-104 metabolites may not reach the plasma exposures in children that were associated with high-level preclinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Houghton
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Correspondence to: Peter J. Houghton, PhD, Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205.
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy W. Wozniak
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Yongchuan Gu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William R. Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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130
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Noninvasive bioluminescent imaging of primary patient acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a strategy for preclinical modeling. Blood 2011; 118:e112-7. [PMID: 21856863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-346528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient engraftment in immune-deficient mice achieved with both acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines and primary samples has facilitated identification of the antileukemia activity of a wide variety of agents. Despite widespread usage, however, little is known about the early ALL localization and engraftment kinetics in this model, limiting experimental read-outs primarily to survival and endpoint analysis at high disease burden. In this study, we report that bioluminescent imaging can be reproducibly achieved with primary human ALL samples. This approach provides a noninvasive, longitudinal measure of leukemia burden and localization that enhances the sensitivity of treatment response detection and provides greater insight into the mechanism of action of antileukemia agents. In addition, this study reveals significant cell line- and species-related differences in leukemia migration, especially early in expansion, which may confound observations between various leukemia models. Overall, this study demonstrates that the use of bioluminescent primary ALL allows the detection and quantitation of treatment effects at earlier, previously unquantifiable disease burdens and thus provides the means to standardize and expedite the evaluation of anti-ALL activity in preclinical xenograft studies.
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131
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Benito J, Shi Y, Szymanska B, Carol H, Boehm I, Lu H, Konoplev S, Fang W, Zweidler-McKay PA, Campana D, Borthakur G, Bueso-Ramos C, Shpall E, Thomas DA, Jordan CT, Kantarjian H, Wilson WR, Lock R, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. Pronounced hypoxia in models of murine and human leukemia: high efficacy of hypoxia-activated prodrug PR-104. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23108. [PMID: 21853076 PMCID: PMC3154919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that interactions between leukemia cells and the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment promote leukemia cell survival and confer resistance to anti-leukemic drugs. There is evidence that BM microenvironment contains hypoxic areas that confer survival advantage to hematopoietic cells. In the present study we investigated whether hypoxia in leukemic BM contributes to the protective role of the BM microenvironment. We observed a marked expansion of hypoxic BM areas in immunodeficient mice engrafted with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Consistent with this finding, we found that hypoxia promotes chemoresistance in various ALL derived cell lines. These findings suggest to employ hypoxia-activated prodrugs to eliminate leukemia cells within hypoxic niches. Using several xenograft models, we demonstrated that administration of the hypoxia-activated dinitrobenzamide mustard, PR-104 prolonged survival and decreased leukemia burden of immune-deficient mice injected with primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Together, these findings strongly suggest that targeting hypoxia in leukemic BM is feasible and may significantly improve leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Benito
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuexi Shi
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Szymanska
- C25 Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- C25 Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ingrid Boehm
- C25 Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hongbo Lu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sergej Konoplev
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wendy Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick A. Zweidler-McKay
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dario Campana
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Thomas
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Craig T. Jordan
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William R. Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Lock
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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132
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Smith MA, Maris JM, Lock R, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Carol H, Morton CL, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Houghton PJ. Initial testing (stage 1) of the polyamine analog PG11047 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:268-74. [PMID: 21360650 PMCID: PMC3115432 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PG11047 is a novel conformationally restricted analog of the natural polyamine, spermine that lowers cellular endogenous polyamine levels and competitively inhibits natural polyamine functions leading to cancer cell growth inhibition. The activity of PG11047 was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels. PROCEDURES PG11047 was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 100 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered by the intraperitoneal route weekly for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro PG11047 demonstrated a concentration-response pattern consistent with cytostatic activity. The median EC(50) for PG11047 was 71 nM. Cell lines of the Ewing sarcoma panel had a lower median EC(50) value compared to the remaining cell lines in the panel, while cell lines of the neuroblastoma panel had a higher median EC(50) value. In vivo PG11047 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 5 of 32 (15.6%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 0 of 7 (0%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. The single case of tumor regression occurred in an ependymoma xenograft. CONCLUSIONS Further pediatric development of PG11047 will require better defining a target population and identifying combinations for which there is a tumor-selective cytotoxic effect. The regression observed for an ependymoma xenograft and the exquisite sensitivity of some Ewing sarcoma cell lines to the antiproliferative effects of PG11047 provide leads for further preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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133
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Xenografts of highly resistant leukemia recapitulate the clonal composition of the leukemogenic compartment. Blood 2011; 118:1854-64. [PMID: 21670474 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-320309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal evolution of the leukemogenic compartment may contribute to alter the therapeutic response in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Using xenotransplantation of primary leukemia cells, we evaluated the phenotypic and genetic composition of de novo resistant very high risk precursor B-cell ALL, a subgroup defined by the persistence of minimal residual disease despite intensive chemotherapy. Analysis of copy number alterations (CNAs) showed that the xenografted leukemia, even when reconstituted from 100 cells, remained highly related to the diagnostic sample, with minor changes in CNAs, mostly deletions, emerging in most cases in the first passage into mice. At the single-cell level, the pattern of monoallelic and biallelic deletions of the CDKN2A locus revealed distinct leukemia subpopulations, which were reproducibly tracked in xenografts. In most very high risk ALL cases, the predominant diagnostic clones were reconstituted in xenografts, as shown by multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci. In other cases, the pattern in CNAs and immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor rearrangement was less concordant in xenografts, suggesting the outgrowth of subclones. These results unequivocally demonstrate the existence of clonally closely related but distinct subsets of leukemia initiating cells in ALL, which has important implications for drug development and preclinical disease modeling.
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134
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Initial testing (stage 1) of the IGF-1 receptor inhibitor BMS-754807 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:595-603. [PMID: 21298745 PMCID: PMC4263954 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMS-754807 is a small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor currently in phase 1 clinical trials. PROCEDURES BMS-754807 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 µM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 25 mg/kg administered orally BID for 6 days, repeated for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro BMS-754807 showed a median EC(50) value of 0.62 µM against the PPTP cell lines. The median EC(50) for the four Ewing sarcoma cell lines was less than that for the remaining PPTP cell lines (0.19 µM vs. 0.78 µM, P = 0.0470). In vivo BMS-754807 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 18 of 32 evaluable solid tumor xenografts (56%) tested, but in none of the ALL xenografts studied. Criteria for intermediate activity for the time to event activity measure (EFS T/C > 2) were met in 7 of 27 solid tumor xenografts evaluable for this measure. The best response was PD2 (progressive disease with growth delay), which was observed in 18 of 32 solid tumor xenografts. PD2 responses were most commonly observed in the rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor panels. CONCLUSIONS BMS-754807 activity in vitro is consistent with a specific IGF-1R effect that has half-maximal response in the 0.1 µM range and that is observed in a minority of the PPTP cell lines. In vivo intermediate activity was most commonly observed in the neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Anders Kolb
- Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Wilmington, DE,Correspondence to: E. Anders Kolb, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE.
| | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Efficacy and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of the Aurora kinase A inhibitor MLN8237 against preclinical models of pediatric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68:1291-304. [PMID: 21448591 PMCID: PMC3215888 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gain a greater understanding of the potential of the Aurora kinase A inhibitor MLN8237 in the treatment of pediatric malignancies. METHODS The activity of MLN8237 was evaluated against 28 neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma cell lines, and its in vivo efficacy was studied over a range of doses against 12 pediatric tumor xenograft models. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and genomic studies were undertaken. RESULTS In vitro neuroblastoma cell lines were generally more sensitive to MLN8237 than Ewing sarcoma lines. MLN8237 demonstrated significant activity in vivo against solid tumor models at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD); however, only 2 of 6 neuroblastoma models had objective responses at 0.25MTD. In contrast, MLN8237 induced objective responses at its MTD and at 0.5MTD in three ALL models and in two out of three at 0.25MTD. Pharmacokinetic studies at 0.5MTD demonstrated a T (max) of 0.5 h, C (max) of 24.8 μM, AUC((0-24)) of 60.3 μM h, and 12 h trough level of 1.2 μM. Mitotic indices increased 6-12 h after MLN8237 administration. AURKA copy number variation was frequent in xenografts, and expression was highly correlated with copy number. CONCLUSIONS Objective responses were more frequent in tumors with decreased AURKA copy number (5/8) compared to those with increased gene copy number (2/14). This report confirms the significant activity against both solid tumor and ALL xenografts at the MTD, with a steep dose response. These data support clinical development of MLN8237 in childhood cancer. Because of the steep dose-response relationship, such studies should target achieving trough levels of 1 μM or higher for sustained periods of treatment.
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136
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Carol H, Morton CL, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA, Houghton PJ, Lock RB. Initial testing (stage 1) of the Akt inhibitor GSK690693 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1329-37. [PMID: 20740623 PMCID: PMC2965797 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK690693 is a small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the pro-survival kinase Akt. Since Akt regulates multiple downstream targets including transcription factors, glycogen synthase 3, the pro-apoptotic protein Bad, as well as MDM2 and mTORC1, it was tested against the in vitro and in vivo panels of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP). PROCEDURES GSK690693 was tested in vitro at concentrations from 1 nM to 10 µM, and against the in vivo panel of xenografts at a dose of 30 mg/kg daily × 5 for 6 consecutive weeks. Three measures of in vivo antitumor activity were used: (1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; (2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and (3) a time to event measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft. RESULTS GSK690693 inhibited cell growth in vitro with IC(50) values between 6.5 nM and >10 µM. In vivo, GSK690693 significantly increased EFS in 11 of 34 (32%) solid tumor xenografts, most notably in all 6 osteosarcoma models, but not in any of the 8 ALL xenografts tested. No objective responses were observed and only one solid tumor met EFS T/C criteria for intermediate activity. CONCLUSIONS GSK690693 demonstrated broad activity in vitro, however our results against both the solid tumor and ALL PPTP in vivo panels demonstrate that, as single agent at the dose and schedule used, GSK690693 has only modest antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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137
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Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Kang M, Reynolds CP, Billups CA, Favours E, Payne-Turner D, Tucker C, Smith MA. Evaluation of cytarabine against Ewing sarcoma xenografts by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1224-6. [PMID: 20979180 PMCID: PMC4675330 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with the nucleoside analog cytarabine has been shown to mimic changes in gene expression associated with downregulation of the EWS-FLI1 oncogene in Ewing sarcoma cell lines, selectively inhibit their growth in vitro, and cause tumor regression in athymic nude mice. For this report cytarabine was studied in vitro against a panel of 23 pediatric cancer cell lines and in vivo against 6 Ewing sarcoma xenografts. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines were the most sensitive to cytarabine in vitro (median IC(50) 9 nM), while Ewing sarcoma cell lines showed intermediate sensitivity (median IC(50) 232 nM). Cytarabine at a dose of 150 mg/kg administered daily 5× failed to significantly inhibit growth of five xenograft models, but reduced growth rate of the A673 xenograft by 50%. Cytarabine shows no differential in vitro activity against Ewing sarcoma cell lines and is ineffective in vivo against Ewing sarcoma xenografts at the dose and schedule studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Houghton
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee,Correspondence to: Peter J. Houghton, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale St., Memphis, TN 38105.,
| | | | - Min Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | | | - Edward Favours
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Chandra Tucker
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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138
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Keir ST, Maris JM, Lock R, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Carol H, Morton CL, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Watkins A, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the multi-targeted kinase inhibitor sorafenib by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1126-33. [PMID: 20672370 PMCID: PMC3823056 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib is an inhibitor of multiple kinases (e.g., VEGF receptors, PDGFR, FLT3, RET, BRAF, KIT) and is approved by FDA for treatment of two adult cancers. The activity of sorafenib was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels. PROCEDURES Sorafenib was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96-hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10.0 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 60 mg/kg administered by oral gavage daily for 5 days per week, repeated for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro sorafenib demonstrated cytotoxic activity, with a median IC(50) value of 4.3 µM. Twenty of 23 cell lines had IC(50) values between 1.0 and 10.0 µM. A single cell line (Kasumi-1) with an activating KIT mutation had an IC(50) value < 1.0 µM (IC(50) = 0.02 µM). In vivo sorafenib induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution compared to control in 27 of 36 (75%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 1 of 8 (12.5%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Sorafenib induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate activity (EFS T/C) in 15 of 34 (44%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts. No xenografts achieved an objective response. CONCLUSIONS The primary in vitro activity of sorafenib was noted at concentrations above 1 µM, with the exception of a more sensitive cell line with an activating KIT mutation. The primary in vivo effect for sorafenib was tumor growth inhibition, which was observed across multiple histotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Amy Watkins
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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139
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Neale G, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Phelps D, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:668-77. [PMID: 20806365 PMCID: PMC3004092 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) is a potent small molecule inhibitor of MEK1/2 that is in phase 2 clinical development. PROCEDURES AZD6244 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel (1 nM-10 microM). In vivo AZD6244 was tested at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered orally twice daily 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Subsequently, AZD6244 was evaluated against two juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) xenografts using once and twice daily dosing schedules. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was used as a surrogate for in vivo inhibition of MEK1/2 was determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS At the highest concentration used in vitro (10 microM) AZD6244 only inhibited growth by 50% in 5 of the 23 cell lines. Against the in vivo tumor panels, AZD6244 induced significant differences in EFS distribution in 10 of 37 (27%) solid tumor models and 0 of 6 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) models. There were no objective responses. Pharmacodynamic studies indicated at this dose and schedule AZD6244 completely inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AZD6244 was evaluated against two JPA xenografts, BT-35 (wild-type BRAF) and BT-40 (mutant [V600E] BRAF). BT-40 xenografts were highly sensitive to AZD6244, whereas BT-35 xenografts progressed on AZD6244 treatment. CONCLUSIONS At the dose and schedule of administration used, AZD6244 as a single agent had limited in vitro and in vivo activity against the PPTP tumor panels despite inhibition of MEK1/2 activity. However, AZD6244 was highly active against BT-40 JPA xenografts that harbor constitutively activated BRAF, causing complete regressions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Doris Phelps
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Min H. Kang
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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140
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Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Ducore JM. Novel in vivo model of inducible multi-drug resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chromosomal translocation t(4;11). Cancer Lett 2010; 296:49-54. [PMID: 20381955 PMCID: PMC2906616 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with translocation t(4;11) is found in 60-85% of infants with ALL and is often refractory to conventional chemotherapeutics after relapse. Using the t(4;11) ALL line SEM, we evaluated chemotherapy resistance in NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice. SEM cells were injected into the tail vein and engraftment was monitored by flow cytometry. Once engraftment was observed, mice were injected intraperitoneally with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or vincristine (0.5mg/kg body weight) three times per week for 4weeks (n=8 per group). The level of P-glycoprotein in SEM cells was increased 3-fold by vincristine treatment compared to PBS-treated mice. Survival curves showed that leukemia cell growth was initially delayed by vincristine treatment, but the mice eventually succumbed to disease. These data describe a novel inducible model for investigating multi-drug resistance mechanisms in high-risk t(4;11) ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Crosses, Genetic
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Zunino
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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141
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Ahn S, Duke CB, Barrett CM, Hwang DJ, Li CM, Miller DD, Dalton JT. I-387, a Novel Antimitotic Indole, Displays a Potent In vitro and In vivo Antitumor Activity with Less Neurotoxicity. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2859-68. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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142
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Leukemia-initiating cells in human T-lymphoblastic leukemia exhibit glucocorticoid resistance. Blood 2010; 116:5268-79. [PMID: 20810926 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-292300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is associated with a significant risk of disease relapse, but the biological basis for relapse is poorly understood. Here, we identify leukemiainitiating cells (L-ICs) on the basis of functional assays and prospective isolation and report a role for L-ICs in T-ALL disease and relapse. Long-term proliferation in response to NOTCH1 activating signals in OP9-DL1 coculture system or capacity to initiate leukemia in xenografts by the CD7(+)CD1a(-) subset of primary T-ALL samples was superior to other subsets, refining the identity of T-ALL L-ICs. T-ALL engraftment was improved in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/scid)IL2Rγ(null) (NSG) mice compared with NOD/scid with anti-CD122 treatment (NS122), but both showed changes in leukemia immunophenotype. Clonal analysis of xenografts using the TCRG locus revealed the presence of subclones of T-ALL L-ICs, some of which possess a selective growth advantage and correlated with the capacity of CD7(+)CD1a(+) xenograft cells to engraft secondary NSG mice. Treatment of high-risk T-ALL xenografts eliminated CD1a(+) T-ALL cells, but CD1a(-) cells were resistant and their number was increased. Our results establish that primary CD1a(-) T-ALL cells are functionally distinct from CD1a(+) cells and that the CD7(+)CD1a(-) subset is enriched for L-IC activity that may be involved in mediating disease relapse after therapy.
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143
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Morisot S, Wayne AS, Bohana-Kashtan O, Kaplan IM, Gocke CD, Hildreth R, Stetler-Stevenson M, Walker RL, Davis S, Meltzer PS, Wheelan SJ, Brown P, Jones RJ, Shultz LD, Civin CI. High frequencies of leukemia stem cells in poor-outcome childhood precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Leukemia 2010; 24:1859-66. [PMID: 20739953 PMCID: PMC3035974 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a xenograft model to determine the efficacy of new therapies against primary human precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) stem cells (LSCs), we used the highly immunodeficient non-obese diabetic (NOD).Cg-Prkdc(scid)IL2rg(tmlWjl)/SzJ (NOD-severe combined immune deficient (scid) IL2rg(-/-)) mouse strain. Intravenous transplantation of 2 of 2 ALL cell lines and 9 of 14 primary ALL cases generated leukemia-like proliferations in recipient mice by 1-7 months after transplant. Leukemias were retransplantable, and the immunophenotypes, gene rearrangements and expression profiles were identical or similar to those of the original primary samples. NOD-scid mice transplanted with the same primary samples developed similar leukemias with only a slightly longer latency than did NOD-scid-IL2Rg(-/-) mice. In this highly sensitive NOD-scid-IL2Rg(-/-)-based assay, 1-100 unsorted primary human ALL cells from five of five tested patients, four of whom eventually experienced leukemia relapse, generated leukemias in recipient mice. This very high frequency of LSCs suggests that a hierarchical LSC model is not valuable for poor-outcome ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morisot
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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144
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Epigenetic silencing of BIM in glucocorticoid poor-responsive pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and its reversal by histone deacetylase inhibition. Blood 2010; 116:3013-22. [PMID: 20647567 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-284968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the therapy of lymphoid malignancies, including pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), although the mechanisms underlying cellular resistance remain unclear. We report glucocorticoid resistance attributable to epigenetic silencing of the BIM gene in pediatric ALL biopsies and xenografts established in immune-deficient mice from direct patient explants as well as a therapeutic approach to reverse resistance in vivo. Glucocorticoid resistance in ALL xenografts was consistently associated with failure to up-regulate BIM expression after dexamethasone exposure despite confirmation of a functional glucocorticoid receptor. Although a comprehensive assessment of BIM CpG island methylation revealed no consistent changes, glucocorticoid resistance in xenografts and patient biopsies significantly correlated with decreased histone H3 acetylation. Moreover, the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat relieved BIM repression and exerted synergistic antileukemic efficacy with dexamethasone in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide a novel therapeutic strategy to reverse glucocorticoid resistance and improve outcome for high-risk pediatric ALL.
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145
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Maris JM, Morton CL, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Wu J, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Initial testing of the aurora kinase A inhibitor MLN8237 by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:26-34. [PMID: 20108338 PMCID: PMC2874079 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MLN8237 is a small molecule inhibitor of Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) that is currently in early phase clinical testing. AURKA plays a pivotal role in centrosome maturation and spindle formation during mitosis. PROCEDURES MLN8237 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 microM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 20 mg/kg administered orally twice daily x 5 days. Treatment duration was 6 weeks for solid tumor xenografts and 3 weeks for ALL xenografts. RESULTS MLN8237 had a median IC(50) of 61 nM against the PPTP in vitro panel. The ALL cell lines were more sensitive and the rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines less sensitive than the remaining PPTP cell lines. In vivo, MLN8237 induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distributions compared to controls in 32/40 (80%) solid tumor models and all (6/6) ALL models. Maintained complete responses (CRs) were observed in 3 of 7 neuroblastoma xenografts, and all 6 evaluable ALL xenografts achieved CR (n = 4) or maintained CR (n = 2) status. Maintained CRs were observed among single xenografts in other panels, including the Wilms tumor, rhabdoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and medulloblastoma. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo activity observed against the neuroblastoma panel far exceeds that observed for standard agents evaluated against the panel by the PPTP. High levels of in vivo activity were also observed against the ALL xenograft panel. These data support expedited clinical development of MLN8237 in childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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146
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Weeks RJ, Kees UR, Song S, Morison IM. Silencing of TESTIN by dense biallelic promoter methylation is the most common molecular event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:163. [PMID: 20573277 PMCID: PMC3224738 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant promoter DNA methylation has been reported in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and has the potential to contribute to its onset and outcome. However, few reports demonstrate consistent, prevalent and dense promoter methylation, associated with tumour-specific gene silencing. By screening candidate genes, we have detected frequent and dense methylation of the TESTIN (TES) promoter. RESULTS Bisulfite sequencing showed that 100% of the ALL samples (n = 20) were methylated at the TES promoter, whereas the matched remission (n = 5), normal bone marrow (n = 6) and normal PBL (n = 5) samples were unmethylated. Expression of TES in hyperdiploid, TEL-AML+, BCR-ABL+, and E2A-PBX+ subtypes of B lineage ALL was markedly reduced compared to that in normal bone marrow progenitor cells and in B cells. In addition TES methylation and silencing was demonstrated in nine out of ten independent B ALL propagated as xenografts in NOD/SCID mice. CONCLUSION In total, 93% of B ALL samples (93 of 100) demonstrated methylation with silencing or reduced expression of the TES gene. Thus, TES is the most frequently methylated and silenced gene yet reported in ALL. TES, a LIM domain-containing tumour suppressor gene and component of the focal adhesion complex, is involved in adhesion, motility, cell-to-cell interactions and cell signalling. Our data implicate TES methylation in ALL and provide additional evidence for the involvement of LIM domain proteins in leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Weeks
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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147
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Workman P, Aboagye EO, Balkwill F, Balmain A, Bruder G, Chaplin DJ, Double JA, Everitt J, Farningham DAH, Glennie MJ, Kelland LR, Robinson V, Stratford IJ, Tozer GM, Watson S, Wedge SR, Eccles SA. Guidelines for the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1555-77. [PMID: 20502460 PMCID: PMC2883160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1057] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments remain essential to understand the fundamental mechanisms underpinning malignancy and to discover improved methods to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. Excellent standards of animal care are fully consistent with the conduct of high quality cancer research. Here we provide updated guidelines on the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. All experiments should incorporate the 3Rs: replacement, reduction and refinement. Focusing on animal welfare, we present recommendations on all aspects of cancer research, including: study design, statistics and pilot studies; choice of tumour models (e.g., genetically engineered, orthotopic and metastatic); therapy (including drugs and radiation); imaging (covering techniques, anaesthesia and restraint); humane endpoints (including tumour burden and site); and publication of best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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148
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Carol H, Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Keir ST, Watkins A, Smith MA, Lock RB. Initial testing of topotecan by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:707-15. [PMID: 20017204 PMCID: PMC2923808 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topotecan is a small molecule DNA topoisomerase I poison, that has been successful in clinical trials against pediatric solid tumors and leukemias. Topotecan was evaluated against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) tumor panels as part of a validation process for these preclinical models. PROCEDURES In vivo three measures of antitumor activity were used: (1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; (2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and (3) a time to event (fourfold increase in tumor volume for solid tumor models, or > or =25% human CD45+ cells in the peripheral blood for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL models) measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft. RESULTS Topotecan inhibited cell growth in vitro with IC(50) values between 0.71 and 489 nM. Topotecan significantly increased EFS in 32 of 37 (87%) solid tumor xenografts and in all 8 of the ALL xenografts. Seventy-five percent of solid tumors met EFS T/C activity criteria for intermediate (n = 17) or high activity (n = 7). Objective responses were noted in eight solid tumor xenografts (Wilms, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma). Among the six neuroblastomas, three achieved a PR. For the ALL panel, two maintained CRs, three CRs, and two PRs were observed. CONCLUSIONS Topotecan demonstrated broad activity in vitro and in vivo against both the solid tumor and ALL panels, with significant tumor growth delay generated in all the panels. These results further demonstrate the validity of the PPTP panel for preclinical testing of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Amy Watkins
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Richard B. Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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149
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Samuels AL, Peeva VK, Papa RA, Firth MJ, Francis RW, Beesley AH, Lock RB, Kees UR. Validation of a mouse xenograft model system for gene expression analysis of human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:256. [PMID: 20406497 PMCID: PMC2876122 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-clinical models that effectively recapitulate human disease are critical for expanding our knowledge of cancer biology and drug resistance mechanisms. For haematological malignancies, the non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mouse is one of the most successful models to study paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). However, for this model to be effective for studying engraftment and therapy responses at the whole genome level, careful molecular characterisation is essential. RESULTS Here, we sought to validate species-specific gene expression profiling in the high engraftment continuous ALL NOD/SCID xenograft. Using the human Affymetrix whole transcript platform we analysed transcriptional profiles from engrafted tissues without prior cell separation of mouse cells and found it to return highly reproducible profiles in xenografts from individual mice. The model was further tested with experimental mixtures of human and mouse cells, demonstrating that the presence of mouse cells does not significantly skew expression profiles when xenografts contain 90% or more human cells. In addition, we present a novel in silico and experimental masking approach to identify probes and transcript clusters susceptible to cross-species hybridisation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate species-specific transcriptional profiles can be obtained from xenografts when high levels of engraftment are achieved or with the application of transcript cluster masks. Importantly, this masking approach can be applied and adapted to other xenograft models where human tissue infiltration is lower. This model provides a powerful platform for identifying genes and pathways associated with ALL disease progression and response to therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Samuels
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Western Australia
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150
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Woodrum C, Nobil A, Dabora SL. Comparison of three rapamycin dosing schedules in A/J Tsc2+/- mice and improved survival with angiogenesis inhibitor or asparaginase treatment in mice with subcutaneous tuberous sclerosis related tumors. J Transl Med 2010; 8:14. [PMID: 20146790 PMCID: PMC2834646 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor disorder characterized by the growth of hamartomas in various organs including the kidney, brain, skin, lungs, and heart. Rapamycin has been shown to reduce the size of kidney angiomyolipomas associated with TSC; however, tumor regression is incomplete and kidney angiomyolipomas regrow after cessation of treatment. Mouse models of TSC2 related tumors are useful for evaluating new approaches to drug therapy for TSC. Methods In cohorts of Tsc2+/- mice, we compared kidney cystadenoma severity in A/J and C57BL/6 mouse strains at both 9 and 12 months of age. We also investigated age related kidney tumor progression and compared three different rapamycin treatment schedules in cohorts of A/J Tsc2+/- mice. In addition, we used nude mice bearing Tsc2-/- subcutaneous tumors to evaluate the therapeutic utility of sunitinib, bevacizumab, vincristine, and asparaginase. Results TSC related kidney disease severity is 5-10 fold higher in A/J Tsc2+/- mice compared with C57BL/6 Tsc2+/- mice. Similar to kidney angiomyolipomas associated with TSC, the severity of kidney cystadenomas increases with age in A/J Tsc2+/- mice. When rapamycin dosing schedules were compared in A/J Tsc2+/- cohorts, we observed a 66% reduction in kidney tumor burden in mice treated daily for 4 weeks, an 82% reduction in mice treated daily for 4 weeks followed by weekly for 8 weeks, and an 81% reduction in mice treated weekly for 12 weeks. In the Tsc2-/- subcutaneous tumor mouse model, vincristine is not effective, but angiogenesis inhibitors (sunitinib and bevacizumab) and asparaginase are effective as single agents. However, these drugs are not as effective as rapamycin in that they increased median survival only by 24-27%, while rapamycin increased median survival by 173%. Conclusions Our results indicate that the A/J Tsc2+/- mouse model is an improved, higher through-put mouse model for future TSC preclinical studies. The rapamycin dosing comparison study indicates that the duration of rapamycin treatment is more important than dose intensity. We also found that angiogenesis inhibitors and asparaginase reduce tumor growth in a TSC2 tumor mouse model and although these drugs are not as effective as rapamycin, these drug classes may have some therapeutic potential in the treatment of TSC related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Woodrum
- Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Karp Building, Boston, MA, USA
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