101
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Singer BD, King LS, D'Alessio FR. Regulatory T cells as immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:46. [PMID: 24575095 PMCID: PMC3920065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress exuberant immune system activation and promote immunologic tolerance. Because Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, the biomedical community has developed an intense interest in using Tregs for immunotherapy. Conditions that require clinical tolerance to improve outcomes – autoimmune disease, solid organ transplantation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – may benefit from Treg immunotherapy. Investigators have designed ex vivo strategies to isolate, preserve, expand, and infuse Tregs. Protocols to manipulate Treg populations in vivo have also been considered. Barriers to clinically feasible Treg immunotherapy include Treg stability, off-cell effects, and demonstration of cell preparation purity and potency. Clinical trials involving Treg adoptive transfer to treat graft versus host disease preliminarily demonstrated the safety and efficacy of Treg immunotherapy in humans. Future work will need to confirm the safety of Treg immunotherapy and establish the efficacy of specific Treg subsets for the treatment of immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Landon S King
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Franco R D'Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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102
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Yamagiwa T, Fukunishi S, Tachibana T, Okamura H, Yoshiya S, Kashiwamura SI. Abrogation of Treg function deteriorates rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-011-0476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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103
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Ex Vivo Expanded Autologous Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells Suppress Inhibitor Formation in Hemophilia. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:S2329-0501(16)30097-3. [PMID: 25364772 PMCID: PMC4213815 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy utilizing ex vivo expanded polyclonal CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) is in use in clinical trials for the treatment of type 1 diabetes and prevention of graft vs host disease in bone marrow transplantation. Here we seek to evaluate this approach in the treatment of inherited protein deficiencies, i.e. hemophilia, which is often complicated by antibody formation against the therapeutic protein. Treg from mice that express GFP-marked FoxP3 were highly purified by two-step magnetic/flow sorting and ex vivo expanded 50- to 80-fold over a 2-week culture period upon stimulation with antibody-coated microbeads. FoxP3 expression was maintained in >80% of expanded Treg, which also expressed high levels of CD62L and CTLA-4. Transplanted Treg suppressed inhibitory antibody formation against coagulation factors VIII and IX in protein and gene therapies in strain-matched hemophilia A and B mice, including in mice with pre-existing antibodies. Although transplanted Treg became undetectable within two weeks, suppression persisted for >2 months. Additional studies suggested that antigen-specific suppression emerged due to induction of endogenous Treg. The outcomes of these studies support the concept that cell therapy with ex vivo expanded autologous Treg can be used successfully to minimize immune responses in gene and protein replacement therapies.
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104
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Viernes DR, Choi LB, Kerr WG, Chisholm JD. Discovery and development of small molecule SHIP phosphatase modulators. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:795-824. [PMID: 24302498 DOI: 10.1002/med.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inositol phospholipids play an important role in the transfer of signaling information across the cell membrane in eukaryotes. These signals are often governed by the phosphorylation patterns on the inositols, which are mediated by a number of inositol kinases and phosphatases. The src homology 2 (SH2) containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP) plays a central role in these processes, influencing signals delivered through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. SHIP modulation by small molecules has been implicated as a treatment in a number of human disease states, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, alteration of SHIP phosphatase activity may provide a means to facilitate bone marrow transplantation and increase blood cell production. This review discusses the cellular signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions that provide the molecular basis for targeting the SHIP enzyme in these disease states. In addition, a comprehensive survey of small molecule modulators of SHIP1 and SHIP2 is provided, with a focus on the structure, potency, selectivity, and solubility properties of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Viernes
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
| | - Lydia B Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
| | - William G Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210.,Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
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105
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Geginat J, Paroni M, Facciotti F, Gruarin P, Kastirr I, Caprioli F, Pagani M, Abrignani. S. The CD4-centered universe of human T cell subsets. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:252-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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106
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Johnson MC, Garland AL, Nicolson SC, Li C, Samulski RJ, Wang B, Tisch R. β-cell-specific IL-2 therapy increases islet Foxp3+Treg and suppresses type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:3775-84. [PMID: 23884888 PMCID: PMC3806588 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a critical cytokine for the homeostasis and function of forkhead box p3-expressing regulatory T cells (Foxp3(+)Tregs). Dysregulation of the IL-2-IL-2 receptor axis is associated with aberrant Foxp3(+)Tregs and T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Treatment with recombinant IL-2 has been reported to enhance Foxp3(+)Tregs and suppress different models of autoimmunity. However, efficacy of IL-2 therapy is dependent on achieving sufficient levels of IL-2 to boost tissue-resident Foxp3(+)Tregs while avoiding the potential toxic effects of systemic IL-2. With this in mind, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector gene delivery was used to localize IL-2 expression to the islets of NOD mice. Injection of a double-stranded AAV vector encoding IL-2 driven by a mouse insulin promoter (dsAAVmIP-IL2) increased Foxp3(+)Tregs in the islets but not the draining pancreatic lymph nodes. Islet Foxp3(+)Tregs in dsAAVmIP-IL2-treated NOD mice exhibited enhanced fitness marked by increased expression of Bcl-2, proliferation, and suppressor function. In contrast, ectopic IL-2 had no significant effect on conventional islet-infiltrating effector T cells. Notably, β-cell-specific IL-2 expression suppressed late preclinical type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that β-cell-specific IL-2 expands an islet-resident Foxp3(+)Tregs pool that effectively suppresses ongoing type 1 diabetes long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alaina L. Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah C. Nicolson
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chengwen Li
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - R. Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Roland Tisch,
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107
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Yolcu ES, Kaminitz A, Mizrahi K, Ash S, Yaniv I, Stein J, Shirwan H, Askenasy N. Immunomodulation with donor regulatory T cells armed with Fas-ligand alleviates graft-versus-host disease. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:903-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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108
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Regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells for modulation of GVHD following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2013; 122:3116-21. [PMID: 24068494 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-453126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloreactivity of donor lymphocytes leads to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) contributing to significant morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Within the past decade, significant progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the immunologic dysregulation characteristic of GVHD. The recent discoveries of different cell subpopulations with immune regulatory function has led to a number of studies aimed at understanding their role in allogeneic HCT and possible application for the prevention and treatment of GVHD and a host of other immune-mediated diseases. Preclinical animal modeling has helped define the potential roles of distinct populations of regulatory cells that have progressed to clinical translation with promising early results.
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109
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Multiparameter single-cell profiling of human CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cell populations in homeostatic conditions and during graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2013; 122:1802-12. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-482539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Single-cell heterogeneity, rather than lineage reprogramming, explains the remarkable complexity and functional diversity of human Tregs. Altered homeostasis of Treg subpopulations in patients developing acute graft-versus-host disease.
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110
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Engela AU, Hoogduijn MJ, Boer K, Litjens NHR, Betjes MGH, Weimar W, Baan CC. Human adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells induce functional de-novo regulatory T cells with methylated FOXP3 gene DNA. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:343-54. [PMID: 23607314 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are interesting candidates for cellular therapy for autoimmune disorders, graft-versus-host disease and allograft rejection. MSC inhibit the proliferation of effector T cells and induce T cells with a regulatory phenotype. So far it is unknown whether human MSC-induced CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(-) forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)(+) T cells are functional and whether they originate from effector T cells or represent expanded natural regulatory T cells (nT(reg)). Perirenal adipose-tissue derived MSC (ASC) obtained from kidney donors induced a 2·1-fold increase in the percentage of CD25(+) CD127(-) FoxP3(+) cells within the CD4(+) T cell population from allostimulated CD25(-/dim) cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 receptor blocking prevented this induction. The ASC-induced T cells (iT(reg)) inhibited effector cell proliferation as effectively as nT(reg). The vast majority of cells within the iT(reg) fraction had a methylated FOXP3 gene T(reg)-specific demethylated region (TSDR) indicating that they were not of nT(reg) origin. In conclusion, ASC induce T(reg) from effector T cells. These iT(reg) have immunosuppressive capacities comparable to those of nT(reg). Their induction is IL-2 pathway-dependent. The dual effect of MSC of inhibiting immune cell proliferation while generating de-novo immunosuppressive cells emphasizes their potential as cellular immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Engela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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111
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Human secondary lymphoid organs typically contain polyclonally-activated proliferating regulatory T cells. Blood 2013; 122:2213-23. [PMID: 23950176 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-489443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulating regulatory T-cell (Treg) therapy is a promising strategy in autoimmunity and transplantation. However, to achieve full clinical efficacy, better understanding of in vivo human Treg biology is warranted. Here, we demonstrate that in contrast to blood and bone marrow Tregs, which showed a resting phenotype, the majority of CD4(pos)CD25(pos)CD127(neg)FoxP3(pos) Tregs in secondary lymphoid organs were proliferating activated CD69(pos)CD45RA(neg) cells with a hyperdemethylated FOXP3 gene and a broad T-cell receptor-Vβ repertoire, implying polyclonal activation. Activated CD69(pos) Tregs were distributed over both T-cell and B-cell areas, distant from Aire(pos) and CD11c(pos) cells. In contrast to the anergic peripheral blood Tregs, lymphoid organ Tregs had significant ex vivo proliferative capacity and produced cytokines like interleukin-2, while revealing similar suppressive potential. Also, next to Treg-expressing chemokine receptors important for a prolonged stay in lymphoid organs, a significant part of the cells expressed peripheral tissue-associated, functional homing markers. In conclusion, our data suggest that human secondary lymphoid organs aid in the maintenance and regulation of Treg function and homeostasis. This knowledge may be exploited for further optimization of Treg immunotherapy, for example, by ex vivo selection of Tregs with capacity to migrate to lymphoid organs providing an in vivo platform for further Treg expansion.
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112
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Hall BM, Tran GT, Verma ND, Plain KM, Robinson CM, Nomura M, Hodgkinson SJ. Do Natural T Regulatory Cells become Activated to Antigen Specific T Regulatory Cells in Transplantation and in Autoimmunity? Front Immunol 2013; 4:208. [PMID: 23935597 PMCID: PMC3731939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen specific T regulatory cells (Treg) are often CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, with a phenotype similar to natural Treg (nTreg). It is assumed that nTreg cannot develop into an antigen specific Treg as repeated culture with IL-2 and a specific antigen does not increase the capacity or potency of nTreg to promote immune tolerance or suppress in vitro. This has led to an assumption that antigen specific Treg mainly develop from CD4+CD25−FoxP3− T cells, by activation with antigen and TGF-β in the absence of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β. Our studies on antigen specific CD4+CD25+ T cells from animals with tolerance to an allograft, identified that the antigen specific and Treg are dividing, and need continuous stimulation with specific antigen T cell derived cytokines. We identified that a variety of cytokines, especially IL-5 and IFN-γ but not IL-2 or IL-4 promoted survival of antigen specific CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg. To examine if nTreg could be activated to antigen specific Treg, we activated nTreg in culture with either IL-2 or IL-4. Within 3 days, antigen specific Treg are activated and there is induction of new cytokine receptors on these cells. Specifically nTreg activated by IL-2 and antigen express the interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) and IL-12p70 (IL-12Rβ2) receptor but not the IL-5 receptor (IL-5Rα). These cells were responsive to IFN-γ or IL-12p70. nTreg activated by IL-4 and alloantigen express IL-5Rα not IFNGR or IL-12p70Rβ2 and become responsive to IL-5. These early activated antigen specific Treg, were respectively named Ts1 and Ts2 cells, as they depend on Th1 or Th2 responses. Further culture of Ts1 cells with IL-12p70 induced Th1-like Treg, expressing IFN-γ, and T-bet as well as FoxP3. Our studies suggest that activation of nTreg with Th1 or Th2 responses induced separate lineages of antigen specific Treg, that are dependent on late Th1 and Th2 cytokines, not the early cytokines IL-2 and IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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113
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Martin GH, Grégoire S, Landau DA, Pilon C, Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Charlotte F, Mège JP, Chatenoud L, Salomon BL, Cohen JL. In vivo activation of transferred regulatory T cells specific for third-party exogenous antigen controls GVH disease in mice. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2263-72. [PMID: 23765389 PMCID: PMC4738555 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Treg cells hold enormous promise for therapeutic application in GVH disease, a lethal complication of allogeneic HSC transplantation. Mouse studies showed that donor‐derived recipient‐specific Treg (rsTreg) cells are far more efficient than polyclonal Treg cells in suppressing GVH disease. However, clinical grade preparations of rsTreg cells carries the risk of containing significant numbers of highly pathogenic recipient‐specific effector T cells. We hypothesized that an alternative approach using Treg cells specific for an exogenous (i.e. nondonor, nonrecipient) Ag (exoTreg cells) can overcome this risk by taking advantage of the bystander suppressive effect of Treg cells. For this, we used a murine model for aggressive GVH disease. We expanded ex vivo exoTreg cells that are primed against the HY Ag, which is only expressed in males. ExoTreg cells supressed GVH disease as efficiently as rsTreg cells in recipient male mice. We also applied this strategy in female mice that do not express this Ag. While exoTreg cells were not effective in female recipients when applied alone, providing the cognate HY Ag in vivo along side effectively activated exoTreg cells and completely abrogated GVH disease, establishing a targeted on/off system to provide a suppressive effect on alloreactive effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle H Martin
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR7211, INSERM U959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Paris, France
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114
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Gołąb K, Krzystyniak A, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Misawa R, Wang LJ, Wang X, Cochet O, Tibudan M, Langa P, Millis JM, Trzonkowski P, Witkowski P. Impact of culture medium on CD4+ CD25highCD127lo/neg Treg expansion for the purpose of clinical application. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:358-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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115
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CC chemokine receptor 8 potentiates donor Treg survival and is critical for the prevention of murine graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2013; 122:825-36. [PMID: 23798714 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The infusion of donor regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been used to prevent acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in mice and has shown promise in phase 1 clinical trials. Previous work suggested that early Treg migration into lymphoid tissue was important for GVHD prevention. However, it is unclear how and where Tregs function longitudinally to affect GVHD. To better understand their mechanism of action, we studied 2 Treg-associated chemokine receptors in murine stem cell transplant models. CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 4 was dispensable for donor Treg function in the transplant setting. Donor Tregs lacking CCR8 (CCR8(-/-)), however, were severely impaired in their ability to prevent lethal GVHD because of increased cell death. By itself, CCR8 stimulation was unable to rescue Tregs from apoptosis. Instead, CCR8 potentiated Treg survival by promoting critical interactions with dendritic cells. In vivo, donor bone marrow-derived CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were important for promoting donor Treg maintenance after transplant. In contrast, host CD11c(+) APCs appeared to be dispensable for early activation and expansion of donor Tregs. Collectively, our data indicate that a sustained donor Treg presence is critical for their beneficial properties, and that their survival depends on CCR8 and donor but not host CD11c(+) APCs.
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116
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Beres AJ, Drobyski WR. The role of regulatory T cells in the biology of graft versus host disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:163. [PMID: 23805140 PMCID: PMC3690651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is the major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. GVHD is characterized by an imbalance between the effector and regulatory arms of the immune system which results in the over production of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, there is a persistent reduction in the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells which limits the ability of the immune system to re-calibrate this proinflammatory environment. Treg cells are comprised of both natural and induced populations which have unique ontological and developmental characteristics that impact how they function within the context of immune regulation. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical data derived from experimental murine models that have examined the role of both natural and induced Treg cells in the biology of GVHD. We also review the clinical studies which have begun to employ Treg cells as a form of adoptive cellular therapy for the prevention of GVHD in human transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Beres
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
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117
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Fermino ML, Dias FC, Lopes CD, Souza MA, Cruz ÂK, Liu FT, Chammas R, Roque-Barreira MC, Rabinovich GA, Bernardes ES. Galectin-3 negatively regulates the frequency and function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+regulatory T cells and influences the course ofLeishmania majorinfection. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1806-17. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marise L. Fermino
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Fabrício C. Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Carla D. Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | | | - Ângela K. Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis; School of Medicine; CA; USA
| | | | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
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118
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Challenges in cryopreservation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) for clinical therapeutic applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:371-5. [PMID: 23428908 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Promising results of initial studies applying ex-vivo expanded regulatory T cell (Treg) as a clinical intervention have increased interest in this type of the cellular therapy and several new clinical trials involving Tregs are currently on the way. Methods of isolation and expansion of Tregs have been studied and optimized to the extent that such therapy is feasible, and allows obtaining sufficient numbers of Tregs in the laboratory following Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. Nevertheless, Treg therapy could even more rapidly evolve if Tregs could be efficiently cryopreserved and stored for future infusion or expansions rather than utilization of only freshly isolated and expanded cells as it is preferred now. Currently, our knowledge regarding the impact of cryopreservation on Treg recovery, viability, and functionality is still limited. Based on experience with cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cryopreservation may have a detrimental effect on Tregs, can decrease Treg viability, cause abnormal cytokine secretion, and compromise expression of surface markers essential for proper Treg function and processing. Therefore, optimal strategies and conditions for Treg cryopreservation in conjunction with cell culture, expansion, and processing for clinical application still need to be investigated and defined.
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119
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Askenasy N, Mizrahi K, Ash S, Askenasy EM, Yaniv I, Stein J. Depletion of Naïve Lymphocytes with Fas Ligand Ex Vivo Prevents Graft-versus-Host Disease without Impairing T Cell Support of Engraftment or Graft-versus-Tumor Activity. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:185-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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120
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Zdravkovic N, Pavlovic S, Zdravkovic V, Pejnovic N, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML. ST2 gene-deletion reveals a role of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in diabetes modulation in BALB/c mice. Transl Res 2013; 161:118-29. [PMID: 23142275 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BALB/c mice are resistant to diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD-STZ; 5 × 40 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) regimen in contrast to C57/BL6 mice. The deletion of ST2 gene renders BALB/c mice susceptible to diabetes induction. Cyclophosphamide (CY) in the dose of 175 mg/kg b.w. eliminated CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and enhanced disease severity in C57/BL6 mice, but it did not overcome resistance to diabetes in BALB/c mice and did not affect diabetes progression in ST2 knock-out (ST2KO) mice. We argued that a lower dose of CY may selectively eliminate Tregs while sparing effector T cells in BALB/c mice. Indeed, only a very low dose of CY (50 mg/kg b.w.) enhanced diabetes severity in ST2KO mice. This treatment eliminated Tregs in pancreatic lymph nodes in ST2KO mice, while markedly increasing the influx of CD8+, CD4+TNF-α+, and CD4+IFN-γ+ effector T cells (Teffs) in pancreata. Also, the aggravation of diabetes was accompanied with increased serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17. Taken together, our data suggest that the prevailing Th2 immune response in BALB/c mice may be responsible for the resistance to MLD-STZ diabetes and that ST2 gene deletion reveals the role of highly cyclophosphamide sensitive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes in diabetes modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Zdravkovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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121
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Issa F, Hester J, Milward K, Wood KJ. Homing of regulatory T cells to human skin is important for the prevention of alloimmune-mediated pathology in an in vivo cellular therapy model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53331. [PMID: 23300911 PMCID: PMC3534052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy for immune modulation is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of autoimmune disease and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after bone marrow transplantation. However, Treg are heterogeneous and express a variety of chemokine receptor molecules. The optimal subpopulation of Treg for therapeutic use may vary according to the pathological target. Indeed, clinical trials of Treg for the prevention of GvHD where the skin is a major target of the anti-host response have employed Treg derived from a variety of different sources. We postulated that for the effective treatment of GvHD-related skin pathology, Treg must be able to migrate to skin in order to regulate local alloimmune responses efficiently. To test the hypothesis that different populations of Treg display distinct efficacy in vivo based on their expression of tissue-specific homing molecules, we evaluated the activity of human Treg derived from two disparate sources in a model of human skin transplantation. Treg were derived from adult blood or cord blood and expanded in vitro. While Treg from both sources displayed similar in vitro suppressive efficacy, they exhibited marked differences in the expression of skin homing molecules. Importantly, only adult-derived Treg were able to prevent alloimmune-mediated human skin destruction in vivo, by virtue of their improved migration to skin. The presence of Treg within the skin was sufficient to prevent its alloimmune-mediated destruction. Additionally, Treg expressing the skin homing cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) were more efficient at preventing skin destruction than their CLA-deficient counterparts. Our findings highlight the importance of the careful selection of an effective subpopulation of Treg for clinical use according to the pathology of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford
| | - Kate Milward
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford
- * E-mail:
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122
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Issa F, Robb RJ, Wood KJ. The where and when of T cell regulation in transplantation. Trends Immunol 2012; 34:107-13. [PMID: 23228885 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cell types contribute to the peripheral regulation of T cell alloresponses in haematopoieitc cell transplantation (HCT) and solid organ transplantation (SOT). Of these, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the principal players and have shown the greatest success in the therapeutic control of detrimental immune responses. Investigations into the induction, location, and mechanism of suppression utilised by Tregs to control alloreactive responses are ongoing. The activation and homing characteristics of Tregs are important to their regulatory capabilities, with activation and homing occurring in the same time and space as conventional T cells. This review discusses these characteristics and recent advances in the field as we move closer to the ultimate goal of utilising Tregs as treatment for allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
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123
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Engelhardt BG, Sengsayadeth SM, Jagasia M, Savani BN, Kassim AA, Lu P, Shyr Y, Yoder SM, Rock MT, Crowe JE. Tissue-specific regulatory T cells: biomarker for acute graft-vs-host disease and survival. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:974-982.e1. [PMID: 22885125 PMCID: PMC3611587 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that are characterized by the expression of CD25 and Foxp3 and are capable of suppressing alloimmune responses. We assessed whether high frequencies of circulating skin or gut tissue-specific Tregs at engraftment could predict acute graft-vs-host disease (aGVHD) incidence and survival in a cohort of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Tregs were analyzed at engraftment in 74 patients receiving HCT. Treg skin-homing (CLA(+)) or gut-homing (α(4)β(7)(+)) subsets were identified by flow cytometry, and patients were divided into high CLA(+) Tregs or high α(4)β(7)(+) Tregs groups, using the 75(th) percentile of tissue-specific Treg percentages as a threshold. At day +100 post-HCT, the cumulative incidence of any stage skin or gut aGVHD was significantly lower in those patients with high CLA(+) Tregs or high α(4)β(7)(+) Tregs at engraftment, respectively (high CLA(+) Tregs, 24.0% vs low CLA(+) Tregs, 55.1%; p = 0.011 for skin aGVHD or high α(4)β(7)(+) Tregs, 47.3% vs low α(4)β(7)(+) Tregs, 74.5%; p = 0.029 for gut aGVHD). The 2-year probabilities of overall survival and nonrelapse mortality were 73.4% and 7.5% among patients with high frequencies of tissue-specific Tregs vs 49.4% and 36.1% for those with both low CLA(+) Tregs and low α(4)β(7)(+) Tregs (p = 0.039, p = 0.010). These results suggest that a threshold value for CLA(+) or α(4)β(7)(+) Tregs could be used to predict important HCT outcomes, and to direct the rationale use of tissue-specific pre-emptive therapies to decrease clinical aGVHD and improve HCT survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Engelhardt
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Madan Jagasia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bipin N. Savani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adetola A. Kassim
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sandra M. Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael T. Rock
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Regulatory T cells inhibit CD8(+) T-cell tissue invasion in human skin graft-versus-host reactions. Transplantation 2012; 94:456-64. [PMID: 22890131 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31826205d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) effectively ameliorate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The mechanisms underlying Treg therapeutic effect on GVHD are not fully elucidated. This study investigates whether Treg prevention of GVH tissue damage is associated with blocking CD8 effector T-cell tissue invasion, a question not yet addressed in humans. METHOD Tissue-infiltrating T cells and histopathology scores were detected using an in vitro human GVHD skin explant model, together with immunohistochemistry, cytometric bead array, functional adhesion and migration assays, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Treg intervention during priming significantly decreased effector T-cell infiltration into target tissue (P<0.01) resulting in a striking reduction in the histopathology score of tissue injury (P<0.0001). These results were coupled with reduced CXCR3 and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen expression by effector T cells, together with decreased CXCL10 and CXCL11 expression in target tissue. Treg intervention also impaired the functional interaction of CXCR3 and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen with their specific ligands (P<0.01) and suppressed the secretion of CXCL9, CXCL10, and interferon-γ (P<0.01, P<0.05, and P<0.001, respectively). Late addition of Tregs into the effector phase abolished their ability to suppress effector T-cell tissue invasion, resulting in a total loss of their ability to ameliorate GVH tissue damage. CONCLUSION Preventing effector T-cell tissue invasion is a critical mechanistic event leading to Treg attenuation of GVH tissue damage. This therapeutic effect is associated with a failure of CD8 T cells to increase tissue homing receptors after allo-stimulation, together with a breakdown of interferon-γ-induced chemoattractant expression in the target tissue.
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125
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Muthu Raja KR, Kubiczkova L, Rihova L, Piskacek M, Vsianska P, Hezova R, Pour L, Hajek R. Functionally suppressive CD8 T regulatory cells are increased in patients with multiple myeloma: a cause for immune impairment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49446. [PMID: 23152910 PMCID: PMC3496705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy frequently associated with impaired immune cell numbers and functions. In MM, several studies have previously shown that CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cells hamper effector T cell functions and enhance immune dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to prove the presence of functionally suppressive Treg cells expressing CD8 phenotype (CD8 Treg cells) in MM. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been reported previously in MM. METHODS We analyzed CD8 Treg cells and their transcription factor FoxP3 from 64 newly diagnosed MM patients using flow cytometry and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RNA profile of cytokines in CD8 Treg cells was also assessed using RT-PCR. CD8 Treg cells from 5 MM patients and 5 healthy donors were functionally evaluated using proliferation assays. RESULTS CD8 Treg cells (CD8+CD25hi+) were significantly elevated in MM patients (P<0.0001), and their transcription factor FoxP3 expression was also higher in MM (P<0.0001) compared to healthy donors which was evidenced by flow cytometry and RT-PCR analyses. CD8 Treg cells negatively correlated with total lymphocyte count (P = 0.016). Functional studies revealed that CD8 Treg cells isolated from MM patients and healthy donors inhibited proliferation of CD4 T cells in a concentration dependent manner. In the presence of CD8 Treg cells in proliferation assays, level of IFN-γ was decreased but not IL-10. CD4 T cells from MM patients secreted abnormal level of IL-10 compared to healthy donors (P = 0.01) in proliferation assays without CD8 Treg cells. RNA profile of cytokines from CD8 Treg cells did not differ significantly between MM patients and healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS These findings show the presence of increased number of functionally suppressive CD8 Treg cells in MM patients. We believe that these suppressive CD8 Treg cells might enhance immune impairment and disease progression in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthick Raja Muthu Raja
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Velaga S, Ukena SN, Höpting M, Ivanyi P, Borchers S, Mischak-Weissinger EM, Hamwi I, Buchholz S, Ganser A, Franzke A. Reconstitution and Phenotype of Tregs in CMV Reactivating Patients Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Immunol Invest 2012; 42:18-35. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.719563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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127
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Magg T, Mannert J, Ellwart JW, Schmid I, Albert MH. Subcellular localization of FOXP3 in human regulatory and nonregulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1627-38. [PMID: 22678915 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator FOXP3 is an important determinant of regulatory T (Treg) cell development and function and is frequently used to quantitate Treg cells. However, FOXP3 is also expressed in recently activated conventional human T cells. Here, we investigated the FOXP3 expression patterns in Treg and activated T cells at a cellular level. Upon activation, human CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells expressed FOXP3 mainly in the cytoplasm, in sharp contrast to human CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells, where we found FOXP3 to be predominantly expressed in the nucleus. A GFP-FOXP3-fusion protein shuttled from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in transfected primary human T cells. We identified two novel leucine-rich nuclear export signals in FOXP3. Site-directed mutagenesis of both sequences completely abolished nuclear export of FOXP3 in human T cells. Both export sequences localized to exons affected by alternative splicing. The three isoforms FOXP3Δ2, FOXP3Δ7, and FOXP3Δ2Δ7 localized preferentially to the nucleus. Additionally, forced expression of nucleus-directed FOXP3 induced a Treg-cell-associated gene expression pattern and induced regulatory capacity. These findings should aid in the interpretation of future studies utilizing FOXP3 expression as a Treg-cell marker and shed some light on the molecular mechanisms controlling subcellular FOXP3 localization in human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Magg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Munich, Germany
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128
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Lu SY, Huang XJ, Liu KY, Liu DH, Xu LP. High frequency of CD4+ CD25- CD69+ T cells is correlated with a low risk of acute graft-versus-host disease in allotransplants. Clin Transplant 2012; 26:E158-67. [PMID: 22507356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2012.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain transplantation tolerance and suppress graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in humans. We monitored 17 subjects with acute GvHD to determine whether Treg frequency correlates with acute GvHD. We found the percent of CD4(+) CD25(-) CD69(+) Tregs decreases when acute GvHD develops and increases after acute GvHD is controlled. We next sequentially studied 50 subjects receiving conventional allotransplants. We show a high frequency and increased numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) CD69(+) Tregs are associated with a reduced risk of acute GvHD. We also show that CD4(+) CD25(-) CD69(+) Treg numbers increase substantially early after allografts and that a low percent of CD4(+) CD25(-) CD69(+) Tregs is associated with an increased risk of acute GvHD. Reconstitution of Tregs early post-transplant is associated with less acute GvHD. These data imply that CD4(+) CD25(-) CD69(+) Tregs are a novel subset of regulatory T cells that may protect against acute GvHD after allotransplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ye Lu
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking, University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
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129
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Koenecke C, Lee CW, Thamm K, Föhse L, Schafferus M, Mittrücker HW, Floess S, Huehn J, Ganser A, Förster R, Prinz I. IFN-γ production by allogeneic Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is essential for preventing experimental graft-versus-host disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2890-6. [PMID: 22869903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is emerging that CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells can produce the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ when stimulated in a Th1 cytokine environment. In this study, we report that Foxp3+ Treg cells readily produced IFN-γ in vivo in a highly inflammatory model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and during a Th1-dominated immune response to intracellular bacteria. Moreover, stimulation in vitro via TCR in the presence of IL-12 alone was sufficient to induce IFN-γ production by Treg cells in a dose-dependent manner. Transfer of donor Treg cells can prevent lethal GVHD; therefore, we used this model as a robust readout for in vivo Treg function. Interestingly, >50% of allogeneic donor, but not residual recipient Foxp3+ Treg cells produced IFN-γ after transplantation, suggesting that this cytokine production was alloantigen specific. These IFN-γ producers were stable Foxp3+ Treg cells because methylation analysis of the Foxp3 gene locus of transferred and reisolated Treg cells during GVHD showed a fully demethylated Treg-specific-demethylated region. Next, we addressed whether IFN-γ production was supporting or rather impairing the immunosuppressive function of Treg cells during GVHD. Blocking of IFN-γ with specific mAb completely abolished the beneficial effect of donor Treg cells. We could further show that only wild-type Treg cells, but not Treg cells from IFN-γ-deficient donor mice, prevented GVHD. This indicated that Treg cell-intrinsic IFN-γ production was required for their protective function. In conclusion, our data show that IFN-γ produced by Foxp3+ Treg cells has essential immune-regulatory functions that are required for prevention of experimental GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koenecke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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130
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Dinh TN, Kyaw TS, Kanellakis P, To K, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A, Agrotis A. Cytokine therapy with interleukin-2/anti-interleukin-2 monoclonal antibody complexes expands CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and attenuates development and progression of atherosclerosis. Circulation 2012; 126:1256-66. [PMID: 22851544 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.099044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) attenuate atherosclerosis, but their therapeutic application by adoptive transfer is limited by the need for their expansion in vitro and limited purity. Recently, an interleukin (IL)-2/anti-IL-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb) complex has been shown to expand these Tregs. We examined the capacity of a modified IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb treatment to expand Tregs and inhibit both the progression and development of developed atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-week old apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks were administered IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb commencing 2 weeks after starting the diet. Tregs in the spleen, lymph node, and liver were selectively expanded without affecting CD4+, CD8+, or natural killer cells. Tregs were increased in lesions and lesion size reduced. CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, mature dendritic cells, proliferating cell nuclear antigen+ cells, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were reduced. In anti-CD3-stimulated splenocytes, proliferation and secretion of Th1, Th2, and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines and IL-1β were reduced. To determine whether treatment attenuated progression of developed atherosclerosis, 6-week-old apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks, followed by IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb treatment for 6 weeks while continuing the high-fat diet. Treatment also increased Tregs without affecting CD4+, CD8+, or natural killer cells, suppressed inflammation, and greatly attenuated progression of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb treatment in vivo attenuates atherosclerosis via selective Tregs expansion. The findings suggest that cytokine-based IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb complex therapy could represent an attractive approach for treating atherosclerosis, because it markedly attenuates progression as well as development, by modulating its immunoinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Nguyen Dinh
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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131
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Wood KJ, Bushell A, Hester J. Regulatory immune cells in transplantation. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:417-30. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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132
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Reddy P, Socié G, Cutler C, Weisdorf D. GVHD prevention: an ounce is better than a pound. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012; 18:S17-26. [PMID: 22226102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Reddy
- Department of Medicine 3312 CCGC, University of Michigan, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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133
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Fricke S, Rothe K, Hilger N, Ackermann M, Oelkrug C, Fricke C, Schönfelder U, Niederwieser D, Emmrich F, Sack U. Allogeneic bone marrow grafts with high levels of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells can lead to engraftment failure. Cytometry A 2012; 81:476-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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134
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Horváthová M, Jahnová E, Palkovičová L, Trnovec T, Hertz-Picciotto I. The kinetics of cell surface receptor expression in children perinatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 8:367-80. [PMID: 22047017 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.620037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during pre-natal and early life can alter normal immune system development. Blood specimens from newborns, 6-, and 16-month-old infants were collected in the Michalovce and Svidnik/Stropkov districts, areas with, respectively, high and low environmental PCB contamination, and lymphocyte receptor expression was evaluated by multi-color flow cytometry. The results indicate that the percentage of lymphoid dendritic cells (DC) and naïve/resting T-lymphocytes were significantly increased at 6-months in Michalovce as compared to the same cell types in cord blood samples (p < 0.001), whereas natural regulatory T-lymphocytes and suppressor inducer T-lymphocytes were reduced (p < 0.001). Overall, a positive linear correlation of terminally differentiated effector memory (TEM) T-lymphocyte population with age, but a negative linear correlation for myeloid DC from birth to 6-months in both regions were found. Michalovce samples indicated significantly higher expression of memory T-lymphocytes (birth, 6(th), and 16(th) month), TEM T-lymphocytes (birth and 6(th) month), and lymphoid DC (6(th) month) compared to the Svidnik/Stropkov regions. After adjustment for relevant covariates, such as maternal age, parity, season of birth, breastfeeding, birth weight, and gender, the myeloid DC, suppressor inducer T-lymphocytes, truly naïve helper/inducer T-lymphocytes, and TEM T-lymphocytes remained significantly different between districts in cord blood samples. The multivariate analysis models for 6- and 16-month samples showed district differences in all cellular determinants, except for lymphoid DC and macrophage-like cells. This study provides the first evidence that pre-natal and early post-natal exposure to PCBs affects the dynamics of cell surface receptor expression on lymphoid DC and DC-like cells, suggesting impaired immunologic development following pre-natal and early post-natal PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horváthová
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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135
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Schmetterer KG, Neunkirchner A, Pickl WF. Naturally occurring regulatory T cells: markers, mechanisms, and manipulation. FASEB J 2012; 26:2253-76. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-193672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G. Schmetterer
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for ImmunmodulationViennaAustria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for ImmunmodulationViennaAustria
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136
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Ding Y, Xu J, Bromberg JS. Regulatory T cell migration during an immune response. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:174-80. [PMID: 22305714 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells migrate into both inflammatory sites and draining lymph nodes (LNs) during an immune response, and have unique and overlaping functions in each location. Current studies suggest that Treg cells in draining LNs and inflamatory sites may not simply be a division of labor, but rather Treg cells migrate in a coordinated fashion between peripheral tissues and draining LNs. Trafficking between inflammatory sites and draining LNs is not only crucial for Treg cells to act, but also for them to acquire optimal immune regulatory activities. Furthermore, recent work has revealed that T helper (Th)1, Th2 and Th17 cell master transcription factors control Treg cell function by regulating genes important for Treg cell migration and suppression, and consequently affect disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Ding
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Issa F, Chandrasekharan D, Wood KJ. Regulatory T cells as modulators of chronic allograft dysfunction. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 23:648-54. [PMID: 21752619 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) in solid organ transplantation is a principal cause of patient morbidity and late allograft loss. The pathogenesis of CAD is largely secondary to chronic damage by the adaptive immune system and long-term immunosuppression. Manipulating these factors may be possible with the use of regulatory T cells (Treg), which have the ability to suppress specific immune responses and therefore potentially remove the need for immunosuppressive drugs. Studies of CAD in experimental models have demonstrated the capacity for both mouse and human Treg cellular therapy to prevent the development of some manifestations of CAD. Furthermore, a role for Treg has been demonstrated in clinically tolerant transplant patients. Certain immunosuppressive therapies are also proving to be 'Treg friendly' and may be helpful in promoting Treg while maintaining other immunosuppressive activity. With this in mind, monitoring for biomarkers of operational tolerance with tailored immunosuppressive therapy or controlled weaning in conjunction with Treg cellular therapy may be a useful strategy to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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138
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Morales-Tirado V, Luszczek W, van der Merwe M, Pillai A. Regulatory immunotherapy in bone marrow transplantation. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 11:2620-34. [PMID: 22262950 PMCID: PMC3254014 DOI: 10.1100/2011/768948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year individuals receive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to eradicate malignant and nonmalignant disease. The immunobiology of allotransplantation is an area of ongoing discovery, from the recipient's conditioning treatment prior to the transplant to the donor cell populations responsible for engraftment, graft-versus-host disease, and graft-versus-tumor effect. In this review, we focus on donor-type immunoregulatory T cells, namely, natural killer T cells (NKT) and regulatory T cells (Treg), and their current and potential roles in tolerance induction after allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Morales-Tirado
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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139
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Liu Y, Wang L, Han R, Beier UH, Hancock WW. Two lysines in the forkhead domain of foxp3 are key to T regulatory cell function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29035. [PMID: 22247766 PMCID: PMC3256141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forkhead box transcription factor, Foxp3, is master regulator of the development and function of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells that limit autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis. The carboxyl-terminal forkhead (FKH) domain is required for the nuclear localization and DNA binding of Foxp3. We assessed how individual FKH lysines contribute to the functions of Foxp3 in Treg cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that mutation of FKH lysines at position 382 (K17) and at position 393 (K18) impaired Foxp3 DNA binding and inhibited Treg suppressive function in vivo and in vitro. These lysine mutations did not affect the level of expression of Foxp3 but inhibited IL-2 promoter remodeling and had important and differing effects on Treg-associated gene expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data point to complex effects of post-translational modifications at individual lysines within the Foxp3 FKH domain that affect Treg function. Modulation of these events using small molecule inhibitors may allow regulation of Foxp3+ Treg function clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- Laboratory of Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liqing Wang
- Laboratory of Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rongxiang Han
- Laboratory of Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ulf H. Beier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wayne W. Hancock
- Laboratory of Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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140
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Lee BO, Jones JE, Peters CJ, Whitacre D, Frelin L, Hughes J, Kim WK, Milich DR. Identification of a unique double-negative regulatory T-cell population. Immunology 2012; 134:434-47. [PMID: 22044159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent one of the main mechanisms of regulating self-reactive immune cells. Treg cells are thought to play a role in down-regulating immune responses to self or allogeneic antigens in the periphery. Although the function of Treg cells has been demonstrated in many experimental settings, the precise mechanisms and antigen specificity often remain unclear. In a hepatitis B e antigen-T-cell receptor (HBeAg-TCR) double transgenic mouse model, we observed a phenotypically unique (TCR+) CD4- /CD8- CD25(+/-) GITR(high) PD-1(high) FoxP3-) HBeAg-specific population that demonstrates immune regulatory function. This HBeAg-specific double-negative regulatory cell population proliferates vigorously in vitro, in contrast to any other known regulatory population, in an interleukin-2-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung O Lee
- Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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141
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Koristka S, Cartellieri M, Theil A, Feldmann A, Arndt C, Stamova S, Michalk I, Töpfer K, Temme A, Kretschmer K, Bornhäuser M, Ehninger G, Schmitz M, Bachmann M. Retargeting of Human Regulatory T Cells by Single-Chain Bispecific Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1551-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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142
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Impaired regulatory T cell reconstitution in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease and cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Int J Hematol 2011; 95:86-94. [PMID: 22160825 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the correlation between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) or cytomegalovirus infection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT), we evaluated either CD4⁺CD25(high) or FOXP3⁺ Treg-enriched cells in peripheral blood (PB) from 20 patients who received allo-BMT, and in biopsies of skin with aGVHD. Proportions of CD4⁺CD25(high)FOXP3⁺ cells in total lymphocytes, but not other types of T cells, were lower in patients who eventually developed grades II-IV aGVHD (n = 13) than in others (n = 7, P < 0.001). Proportions of CD62L⁺ cells in CD4⁺CD25(high) cells at day +30 were lower (P < 0.01) in patients who eventually showed cytomegalovirus viremia (n = 6) than in others (n = 14). Incidence of aGVHD (P < 0.05) or cytomegalovirus viremia (P < 0.05) was higher in patients without these complications, but with lower proportions of PB CD4⁺CD25(high)FOXP3⁺ cells at day +30 (n = 8) than in others (n = 8). However, in skin with aGVHD (n = 5), there was marked or slightly increased infiltration of CD8⁺ cells (P < 0.001) or CD3⁺FOXP3⁺ cells (P < 0.05), respectively, when compared with control (n = 5), resulting in threefold higher ratio of CD8⁺/CD3⁺FOXP3⁺ cells in aGVHD relative to controls (P < 0.05). Thus, impaired reconstitution of Tregs may be associated with aGVHD and CMV infection. Moreover, imbalance of Tregs and CD8⁺ cells may play a role in aGVHD tissue.
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143
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Burrell BE, Ding Y, Nakayama Y, Park KS, Xu J, Yin N, Bromberg JS. Tolerance and lymphoid organ structure and function. Front Immunol 2011; 2:64. [PMID: 22566853 PMCID: PMC3342028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of Frontiers in Immunologic Tolerance explores barriers to tolerance from a variety of views of cells, molecules, and processes of the immune system. Our laboratory has spent over a decade focused on the migration of the cells of the immune system, and dissecting the signals that determine how and where effector and suppressive regulatory T cells traffic from one site to another in order to reject or protect allografts. These studies have led us to a greater appreciation of the anatomic structure of the immune system, and the realization that the path taken by lymphocytes during the course of the immune response to implanted organs determines the final outcome. In particular, the structures, microanatomic domains, and the cells and molecules that lymphocytes encounter during their transit through blood, tissues, lymphatics, and secondary lymphoid organs are powerful determinants for whether tolerance is achieved. Thus, the understanding of complex cellular and molecular processes of tolerance will not come from “96-well plate immunology,” but from an integrated understanding of the temporal and spatial changes that occur during the response to the allograft. The study of the precise positioning and movement of cells in lymphoid organs has been difficult since it is hard to visualize cells within their three-dimensional setting; instead techniques have tended to be dominated by two-dimensional renderings, although advanced confocal and two-photon systems are changing this view. It is difficult to precisely modify key molecules and events in lymphoid organs, so that existing knockouts, transgenics, inhibitors, and activators have global and pleiotropic effects, rather than precise anatomically restricted influences. Lastly, there are no well-defined postal codes or tracking systems for leukocytes, so that while we can usually track cells from point A to point B, it is exponentially more difficult or even impossible to track them to point C and beyond. We believe this represents one of the fundamental barriers to understanding the immune system and devising therapeutic approaches that take into account anatomy and structure as major controlling principles of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna E Burrell
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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144
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Hossain MS, Jaye DL, Pollack BP, Farris AB, Tselanyane ML, David E, Roback JD, Gewirtz AT, Waller EK. Flagellin, a TLR5 agonist, reduces graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients while enhancing antiviral immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5130-40. [PMID: 22013117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Posttransplant immunosuppressive drugs incompletely control GVHD and increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections. In this study, we used flagellin, a TLR5 agonist protein (∼50 kDa) extracted from bacterial flagella, as a novel experimental treatment strategy to reduce both acute and chronic GVHD in allogeneic HSCT recipients. On the basis of the radioprotective effects of flagellin, we hypothesized that flagellin could ameliorate GVHD in lethally irradiated murine models of allogeneic HSCT. Two doses of highly purified flagellin (administered 3 h before irradiation and 24 h after HSCT) reduced GVHD and led to better survival in both H-2(b) → CB6F1 and H-2(K) → B6 allogeneic HSCT models while preserving >99% donor T cell chimerism. Flagellin treatment preserved long-term posttransplant immune reconstitution characterized by more donor thymic-derived CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and significantly enhanced antiviral immunity after murine CMV infection. The proliferation index and activation status of donor spleen-derived T cells and serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in flagellin-treated recipients were reduced significantly within 4 d posttransplant compared with those of the PBS-treated control recipients. Allogeneic transplantation of radiation chimeras previously engrafted with TLR5 knockout hematopoietic cells showed that interactions between flagellin and TLR5 expressed on both donor hematopoietic and host nonhematopoietic cells were required to reduce GVHD. Thus, the peritransplant administration of flagellin is a novel therapeutic approach to control GVHD while preserving posttransplant donor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Hossain
- Division of Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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145
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Advanced flowcytometric analysis of regulatory T cells: CD127 downregulation early post stem cell transplantation and altered Treg/CD3+CD4+-ratio in severe GvHD or relapse. J Immunol Methods 2011; 373:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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146
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Abstract
Abstract
GVHD is still one of the major complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Whereas murine data have clearly shown the beneficial effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on the prevention of GVHD, data from the human system are rare. Here, we present a comparative dynamic analysis of CD4+CD25hiCD127lo/− Tregs from patients with and without GVHD analyzing the whole genome profile over the first 6 months after stem cell transplantation, representing the most sensitive time window for tolerance induction. The Treg transcriptome showed a high stability. However, the comparison of Treg transcriptomes from patients with and without GVHD uncovered regulated gene transcripts highly relevant for Treg cell function. The confirmative protein analyses demonstrated a significantly higher expression of granzyme A, CXCR3, and CCR5 in Tregs of immune tolerant patients. These results point to a reduced suppressive function of Tregs from GVHD patients with diminished migration capacity to the target organs.
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147
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Kuçi Z, Kuçi S, Zircher S, Koller S, Schubert R, Bönig H, Henschler R, Lieberz R, Klingebiel T, Bader P. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from CD271(+) bone marrow mononuclear cells exert potent allosuppressive properties. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:1193-204. [PMID: 21905954 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.605118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS. Because data on the immunosuppressive effect of different subsets of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are sparse, we investigated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the allosuppressive effect of MSC generated from bone marrow CD271(+) cells (CD271-MSC) and asked whether this potential is comparable with that of MSC generated through plastic adherence (PA-MSC). METHODS. The immunosuppressive effect of CD271-MSC on the allogeneic reaction was investigated by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). RESULTS. CD271-MSC significantly suppressed the alloantigen-induced proliferation of mononuclear cells (MNC) of two HLA-disparate donors at all MSC:MNC ratios, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:10. They also demonstrated a significantly higher allosuppression than PA-MSC at an MSC:MNC ratio of 1:1. This inhibitory effect was associated with significantly elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 (about 4-fold), but not at a ratio of 1:10. Indomethacin, and inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 necessary for the biosynthesis of PGE2, mitigated suppressive effects of CD271-MSC only at a ratio of 1:1, indicating that PGE2 is not involved in MSC-mediated inhibition when allogeneic MNC are in excess. The increase of PGE2 was associated with a significant decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis-alpha), while no changes in levels of interleukin-10, soluble HLA-G and nitric oxide were observed. In addition, CD271-MSC induced an expansion of highly suppressive naive CD4(+)CD25(high)CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) T-regulatory cells, which may extend their allosuppressive effect. CONCLUSIONS. Our data suggest that CD271-MSC exert potent allosuppressive properties and therefore can be used as a reasonable alternative to PA-MSC for the treatment of patients with graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zyrafete Kuçi
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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148
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Teshima T, Maeda Y, Ozaki K. Regulatory T cells and IL-17-producing cells in graft-versus-host disease. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:833-52. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a major complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, is mediated by donor-derived T cells. On activation with alloantigens expressed on host antigen-presenting cells, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into T-helper cell subsets of effector T cells expressing distinct sets of transcriptional factors and cytokines. Classically, acute GvHD was suggested to be predominantly related to Th1 responses. However, we now face a completely different and complex scenario involving possible roles of newly identified Th17 cells as well as Tregs in GvHD. Accumulating data from experimental and clinical studies suggest that the fine balance between Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs after transplantation may be an important determinant of the severity, manifestation and tissue distribution of GvHD. Understanding the dynamic process of reciprocal differentiation of regulatory and T-helper cell subsets as well as their interactions will be important in establishing novel strategies for preventing and treating GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Teshima
- Center for Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Biopathological Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine & Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Ozaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329–0498, Japan
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Miranda-Hernandez S, Gerlach N, Fletcher JM, Biros E, Mack M, Körner H, Baxter AG. Role for MyD88, TLR2 and TLR9 but not TLR1, TLR4 or TLR6 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:791-804. [PMID: 21685327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential roles of TLRs in the cause and pathogenesis of autoimmune CNS inflammation remain contentious. In this study, we examined the effects of targeted deletions of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR9, and MyD88 on the induction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG(35-55)) peptide/CFA/pertussis toxin-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Although C57BL/6.Tlr1(-/-), C57BL/6.Tlr4(-/-) and C57BL/6.Tlr6(-/-) mice showed normal susceptibility to disease, signs were alleviated in female C57BL/6.Tlr2(-/-) and C57BL/6.Tlr9(-/-) mice and C57BL/6.Tlr2/9(-/-) mice of both sexes. C57BL/6.Myd88(-/-) mice were completely protected. Lower clinical scores were associated with reduced leukocyte infiltrates. These results were confirmed by passive adoptive transfer of disease into female C57BL/6.Tlr2(-/-) and C57BL/6.Tlr9(-/-) mice, where protection in the absence of TLR2 was associated with fewer infiltrating CD4(+) cells in the CNS, reduced prevalence of detectable circulating IL-6, and increased proportions of central (CD62L(+)) CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. These results provide a potential molecular mechanism for the observed effects of TLR signaling on the severity of autoimmune CNS inflammation.
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150
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Abrogation of Treg function deteriorates rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2011; 22:80-8. [PMID: 21670968 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-011-0476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An early prognostic indicator which warns of progressive joint destruction of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was explored using a novel suspension-array technique in moderate (Steinbrocker stage I and II) and severe (Steinbrocker stage IV) RA patients. DNA microarray analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed significant increase of interleukin (IL)-2 receptor α-chain (CD25) gene expression, a regulatory T cell (Treg) surface marker in severe RA patients. In contrast, suspension array, a comprehensive bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), revealed decreased production of IL-10 and increased production of interferon (IFN)-γ in sera in the incipient stage of the aggressive disease process. Both in moderate and in severe RA patients, the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio indicated deterioration of the disease with universal validity. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed extant CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in severe RA patients, however Foxp3, a regulatory T cell-specific transcription factor, gene expression was absent, while glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family-related protein (GITR), which transmits a signal that abrogates regulatory T cell functions, was elevated. In the current study, we showed the validity of suspension-array analysis for enabling more complete understanding of RA, and showed that IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio can be a prognostic tool for early lesion and more aggressive RA.
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