101
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Welty-Wolf KE, Carraway MS, Idell S, Ortel TL, Ezban M, Piantadosi CA. Tissue factor in experimental acute lung injury. Semin Hematol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0037-1963(01)90145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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102
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Melis E, Moons L, De Mol M, Herbert JM, Mackman N, Collen D, Carmeliet P, Dewerchin M. Targeted deletion of the cytosolic domain of tissue factor in mice does not affect development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:580-6. [PMID: 11511099 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of the cytosolic domain of tissue factor (TF) in signal transduction and gene regulation was studied in mice with a targeted deletion of the 18 carboxy-terminal intracellular amino acids. This deletion was introduced in exon 6 along with a floxed neo(R) selection cassette in intron 5 using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Removal of the floxed neo(R) cassette by in vivo Cre-mediated loxP recombination yielded TF(+/deltaCT) and TF(deltaCT/deltaCT) mice. In contrast to TF(-/-) mice, TF(+/deltaCT) and TF(deltaCT/deltaCT) mice displayed normal embryonic development, survival, fertility, and blood coagulation. Factor VIIa or factor Xa stimulation produced similar p44/42 MAPK activation in TF(+/+) and TF(deltaCT/deltaCT) fibroblasts. These data, based on expression of a TF(deltaCT) molecule from the endogenous TF locus, provide conclusive proof that the cytosolic domain of TF is not essential for signal transduction in embryogenesis and in physiological postnatal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melis
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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103
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Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll T. Rationale for restoration of physiological anticoagulant pathways in patients with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:S90-4. [PMID: 11445740 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200107001-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation, dysfunctional natural anticoagulant pathways appear to play a pivotal role. In this article, we will address the mechanisms that contribute to this defect in the regulation of coagulation activation. Furthermore, we will explore the experimental and clinical evidence that restoration of these anticoagulant pathways results in clinical improvement. DATA SOURCES We have searched and reviewed published articles on experimental studies of disseminated intravascular coagulation models in animals and clinical studies in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. DATA SYNTHESIS All three major anticoagulant pathways, that is, the antithrombin pathway, the protein C system, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, are defective in sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Several mechanisms contribute to this defect. Restoration of these pathways, in principle, by administration of coagulation inhibitor concentrates or recombinant anticoagulant factors, appears to ameliorate the coagulation disorder and, more important, result in improvement of clinically relevant outcomes, such as a reduction of organ failure and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Restoration of disrupted physiologic anticoagulant pathways in disseminated intravascular coagulation is not only a logical point of impact in patients with sepsis and an activated coagulation system, but also is associated with an improved outcome in experimental and (initial) clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levi
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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104
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Syrovets T, Jendrach M, Rohwedder A, Schüle A, Simmet T. Plasmin-induced expression of cytokines and tissue factor in human monocytes involves AP-1 and IKKbeta-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Blood 2001; 97:3941-50. [PMID: 11389038 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.12.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously shown that plasmin activates human peripheral monocytes in terms of lipid mediator release and chemotactic migration. Here it is demonstrated that plasmin induces proinflammatory cytokine release and tissue factor (TF) expression by monocytes. Plasmin 0.043 to 1.43 CTA U/mL, but not active site-blocked plasmin, triggered concentration-dependent expression of mRNA for interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and TF with maximum responses after 4 hours. Plasmin-mediated mRNA expression was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by the lysine analogue trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (t-AMCA). Increases in mRNA levels were followed by concentration- and time-dependent release of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha and by TF expression on monocyte surfaces. Neither cytokines nor TF could be detected when monocytes were preincubated with actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated plasmin-induced activation of NF-kappaB; DNA-binding complexes were composed of p50, p65, and c-Rel, as shown by supershift experiments. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB/Rel proteins coincided with IkappaBalpha degradation. At variance with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide, plasmin elicited the rapid degradation of another cytoplasmic NF-kappaB inhibitor, p105. Proteolysis of NF-kappaB inhibitors was apparently due to transient activation of IkappaB kinase (IKK) beta that reached maximum activity at 1 hour after plasmin stimulation. In addition, AP-1 binding was increased in plasmin-treated monocytes, with most complexes composed of JunD, c-Fos, and FosB. These findings further substantiate the role of plasmin as a proinflammatory activator of human monocytes and reveal an important new link between the plasminogen-plasmin system and inflammation. (Blood. 2001;97:3941-3950)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Syrovets
- Department of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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105
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Mezzano D, España F, Panes O, Medina P, Pais E, Marshall G, Tagle R, Downey P, Caceres S, González F, Quiroga T, Pereira J. Increased activation of protein C, but lower plasma levels of free, activated protein C in uraemic patients: relationship with systemic inflammation and haemostatic activation. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:905-10. [PMID: 11442482 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) courses with both systemic inflammatory reaction and haemostatic activation. We explored the relationship of these processes with plasma levels of free, activated protein C (APC) and complexes of APC with its inhibitors in patients with CRF under conservative treatment. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin 8], acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, alpha1-anti-trypsin and von Willebrand factor), and markers of haemostatic activation (thrombin-anti-thrombin complexes, plasmin-anti-plasmin complexes, and fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products) were higher in patients than in controls. Inflammatory and haemostatic markers were significantly and positively correlated. Total plasma APC and APC:alpha1-anti-trypsin (alpha1AT) complexes were 44% and 75% higher in patients than in controls (P = 0.0001), whereas free APC was 20% lower (P < 0.015). No significant difference was observed in APC:protein C inhibitor (PCI) complexes between both groups. The free/total APC ratio was significantly lower in patients than in controls (P < 0.0001). Total plasma APC and APC:alpha1AT were positively correlated with activation markers of haemostasis and acute-phase proteins, whereas free APC was inversely correlated with plasma levels of creatinine, acute-phase proteins and fibrin degradation products (FnDP). Systemic inflammation and activation of haemostasis are interrelated processes in CRF. APC generation was increased in response to elevated thrombin production, but the inflammatory reaction, associated with increased synthesis of alpha1AT, reduced its anticoagulant effect. Lower free plasma APC in CRF may be pathogenically associated with atherothrombosis, a major cause of death in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mezzano
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Chile.
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106
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Sato T, Marbán E. The role of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels in cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 2001; 107:233. [PMID: 22167343 PMCID: PMC3252036 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory intramyocardial (micro)vasculature plays an important role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Currently, inhibition of serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) receives a lot of interest as an anti-hyperglycemic therapy in type 2 diabetes patients. However, DPP4 also possesses anti-thrombotic properties and may behave as an immobilized anti-coagulant on endothelial cells. Here, we studied the expression and activity of endothelial DPP4 in human myocardial infarction in relation to a prothrombogenic endothelial phenotype. Using (immuno)histochemistry, DPP4 expression and activity were found on the endothelium of intramyocardial blood vessels in autopsied control hearts (n = 9). Within the infarction area of AMI patients (n = 73), this DPP4 expression and activity were significantly decreased, coinciding with an increase in Tissue Factor expression. In primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Western blot analysis and digital imaging fluorescence microscopy revealed that DPP4 expression was strongly decreased after metabolic inhibition, also coinciding with Tissue Factor upregulation. Interestingly, inhibition of DPP4 activity with diprotin A also enhanced the amount of Tissue Factor encountered and induced the adherence of platelets under flow conditions. Ischemia induces loss of coronary microvascular endothelial DPP4 expression and increased Tissue Factor expression in AMI as well as in vitro in HUVECs. Our data suggest that the loss of DPP4 activity affects the anti-thrombogenic nature of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Physiology, Oita Medical University, Japan.
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107
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108
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109
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Modulation of hemostatic mechanisms in bacterial infectious diseases. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.7.2329.h8002329_2329_2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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110
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Kotenko SV, Pestka S. Jak-Stat signal transduction pathway through the eyes of cytokine class II receptor complexes. Oncogene 2000; 19:2557-65. [PMID: 10851054 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system communicate with each other to initiate, establish and maintain immune responses. The communication occurs through cell-to-cell contact or through a variety of intercellular mediators that include cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and hormones. In the case of cytokines, the signal is transmitted from the outside to the inside of a cell through cell surface receptors specific for each cytokine. At this step the signal is also decoded and amplified: ligand binding causes recruitment and/or activation of numerous cytoplasmic proteins. One cytokine can activate a number of signal transduction pathways leading to regulation of a wide array of biological activities. One of these pathways, the Jak-Stat pathway, is briefly reviewed here with respect to the class II cytokine receptors. Signal transduction through receptors for interferons Type I (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-omega) and Type II (IFN-gamma), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) is described in detail. In addition, a complex between tissue factor (TF) and coagulation factor VIIa, and two new receptors related to the class II cytokine receptor family are discussed. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kotenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, NJ 08854-5635, USA
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111
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112
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Cunningham MA, Rondeau E, Chen X, Coughlin SR, Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG. Protease-activated receptor 1 mediates thrombin-dependent, cell-mediated renal inflammation in crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 2000; 191:455-62. [PMID: 10662791 PMCID: PMC2195821 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.3.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 is a cellular receptor for thrombin that is activated after proteolytic cleavage. The contribution of PAR-1 to inflammatory cell-mediated renal injury was assessed in murine crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN). A pivotal role for thrombin in this model was demonstrated by the capacity of hirudin, a selective thrombin antagonist, to attenuate renal injury. Compared with control treatment, hirudin significantly reduced glomerular crescent formation, T cell and macrophage infiltration, fibrin deposition, and elevated serum creatinine, which are prominent features of GN. PAR-1-deficient (PAR-1(-/-)) mice, which have normal coagulation, also showed significant protection from crescentic GN compared with wild-type mice. The reductions in crescent formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and serum creatinine were similar in PAR-1(-/-) and hirudin-treated mice, but hirudin afforded significantly greater protection from fibrin deposition. Treatment of wild-type mice with a selective PAR-1-activating peptide (TRAP) augmented histological and functional indices of GN, but TRAP treatment did not alter the severity of GN in PAR(-/-) mice. These results indicate that activation of PAR-1 by thrombin or TRAP amplifies crescentic GN. Thus, in addition to its procoagulant role, thrombin has proinflammatory, PAR-1-dependent effects that augment inflammatory renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A. Cunningham
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 3168 Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Rondeau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U489, Hospital Tenon, Paris 75970, France
| | - Xin Chen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U489, Hospital Tenon, Paris 75970, France
| | - Shaun R. Coughlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94145-0130
| | - Stephen R. Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 3168 Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter G. Tipping
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 3168 Victoria, Australia
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