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Schlingmann B, Molina SA, Koval M. Claudins: Gatekeepers of lung epithelial function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:47-57. [PMID: 25951797 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung must maintain a proper barrier between airspaces and fluid filled tissues in order to maintain lung fluid balance. Central to maintaining lung fluid balance are epithelial cells which create a barrier to water and solutes. The barrier function of these cells is mainly provided by tight junction proteins known as claudins. Epithelial barrier function varies depending on the different needs within the segments of the respiratory tree. In the lower airways, fluid is required to maintain mucociliary clearance, whereas in the terminal alveolar airspaces a thin layer of surfactant enriched fluid lowers surface tension to prevent airspace collapse and is critical for gas exchange. As the epithelial cells within the segments of the respiratory tree differ, the composition of claudins found in these epithelial cells is also different. Among these differences is claudin-18 which is uniquely expressed by the alveolar epithelial cells. Other claudins, notably claudin-4 and claudin-7, are more ubiquitously expressed throughout the respiratory epithelium. Claudin-5 is expressed by both pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells. Based on in vitro and in vivo model systems and histologic analysis of lungs from human patients, roles for specific claudins in maintaining barrier function and protecting the lung from the effects of acute injury and disease are being identified. One surprising finding is that claudin-18 and claudin-4 control lung cell phenotype and inflammation beyond simply maintaining a selective paracellular permeability barrier. This suggests claudins have more nuanced roles for the control of airway and alveolar physiology in the healthy and diseased lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schlingmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Samuel A Molina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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103
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Hamesch K, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Strnad P, Weiskirchen R. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory liver injury in mice. Lab Anim 2015; 49:37-46. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677215570087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The intraperitoneal application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination with other hepatotoxins is an experimental model for inducing systemic and hepatic inflammation in rodents applied worldwide. The endotoxin is recognized by the LPS-binding protein. This complex binds together with the lymphocyte antigen 96 (MD2) and the pattern-recognition receptor CD14 to members of the toll-like receptor family. The activated receptor complex in turn transduces signals to well characterized intracellular cascades that result in a multifaceted network of intracellular responses ending in inflammation. The most prominent among these is the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the production of a multitude of inflammatory cytokines. Although the application of LPS is in general easy to perform, unintended variations in preparation of the injection solution or in handling of the animals might affect the reproducibility or the outcome of a specific experiment. Here, we present a well-standardized protocol that allows for an induction of highly reproducible acute hepatic inflammation in mice. Furthermore, examples of appropriate readouts for the resulting inflammatory response are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamesch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - E Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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104
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Churin Y, Roderfeld M, Roeb E. Hepatitis B virus large surface protein: function and fame. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:1-10. [PMID: 25713800 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.12.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. HBV life cycle begins with viral attachment to hepatocytes, mediated by the large HBV surface protein (LHBs). Identification of the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a HBV receptor has revealed a suitable target for viral entry inhibition. Analysis of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level is a non-invasive diagnostic parameter that improves HBV treatment opportunities. Furthermore, HBsAg plays an important role in manipulation of host immune response by HBV. However, observations in patients with chronic hepatitis B under conditions of immune suppression and in transgenic mouse models of HBV infection suggest, that in absence of adaptive immune responses cellular mechanisms induced by HBV may also lead to the development of liver diseases. Thus, the multifaceted pathological aspects of HBsAg predetermine the design of new therapeutical options modulating associated biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Churin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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105
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Tang WHW, Wang Z, Kennedy DJ, Wu Y, Buffa JA, Agatisa-Boyle B, Li XS, Levison BS, Hazen SL. Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res 2014; 116:448-55. [PMID: 25599331 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 820] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbial-dependent metabolite of dietary choline, phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), and l-carnitine, is elevated in chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and associated with coronary artery disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To both investigate the clinical prognostic value of TMAO in subjects with versus without CKD, and test the hypothesis that TMAO plays a direct contributory role in the development and progression of renal dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS We first examined the relationship between fasting plasma TMAO and all-cause mortality over 5-year follow-up in 521 stable subjects with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate, <60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)). Median TMAO level among CKD subjects was 7.9 μmol/L (interquartile range, 5.2-12.4 μmol/L), which was markedly higher (P<0.001) than in non-CKD subjects (n=3166). Within CKD subjects, higher (fourth versus first quartile) plasma TMAO level was associated with a 2.8-fold increased mortality risk. After adjustments for traditional risk factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate, elevated TMAO levels remained predictive of 5-year mortality risk (hazard ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.29; P<0.05). TMAO provided significant incremental prognostic value (net reclassification index, 17.26%; P<0.001 and differences in area under receiver operator characteristic curve, 63.26% versus 65.95%; P=0.036). Among non-CKD subjects, elevated TMAO levels portend poorer prognosis within cohorts of high and low cystatin C. In animal models, elevated dietary choline or TMAO directly led to progressive renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Plasma TMAO levels are both elevated in patients with CKD and portend poorer long-term survival. Chronic dietary exposures that increase TMAO directly contributes to progressive renal fibrosis and dysfunction in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson Tang
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.).
| | - Zeneng Wang
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.)
| | - David J Kennedy
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.)
| | - Yuping Wu
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.)
| | - Jennifer A Buffa
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.)
| | - Brendan Agatisa-Boyle
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.)
| | - Xinmin S Li
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.)
| | - Bruce S Levison
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.)
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- From the Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute (W.H.W.T., Z.W., D.J.K., J.A.B., B.A.-B., X.S.L., B.S.L., S.L.H.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.); and Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.).
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106
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Shikata F, Sakaue T, Nakashiro KI, Okazaki M, Kurata M, Okamura T, Okura M, Ryugo M, Nakamura Y, Yasugi T, Higashiyama S, Izutani H. Pathophysiology of lung injury induced by common bile duct ligation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94550. [PMID: 24733017 PMCID: PMC3986091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver dysfunction and cirrhosis affect vasculature in several organ systems and cause impairment of organ functions, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Establishment of a mouse model of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) would provide greater insights into the genetic basis of the disease. Our objectives were to establish a mouse model of lung injury after common bile duct ligation (CBDL) and to investigate pulmonary pathogenesis for application in future therapeutic approaches. Methods Eight-week-old Balb/c mice were subjected to CBDL. Immunohistochemical analyses and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction were performed on pulmonary tissues. The presence of HPS markers was detected by western blot and microarray analyses. Results We observed extensive proliferation of CD31-positive pulmonary vascular endothelial cells at 2 weeks after CBDL and identified 10 upregulated and 9 down-regulated proteins that were associated with angiogenesis. TNF-α and MMP-9 were highly expressed at 3 weeks after CBDL and were less expressed in the lungs of the control group. Conclusions We constructed a mouse lung injury model by using CBDL. Contrary to our expectation, lung pathology in our mouse model exhibited differences from that of rat models, and the mechanisms responsible for these differences are unknown. This phenomenon may be explained by contrasting processes related to TNF induction of angiogenic signaling pathways in the inflammatory phase. Thus, we suggest that our mouse model can be applied to pulmonary pathological analyses in the inflammatory phase, i.e., to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute lung injury, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Shikata
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sakaue
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Ehime University, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koh-ichi Nakashiro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mikio Okazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mie Kurata
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathogenomics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toru Okamura
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okura
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ryugo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takumi Yasugi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Ehime University, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hironori Izutani
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
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