101
|
Masi G, Brovedani P. The hippocampus, neurotrophic factors and depression: possible implications for the pharmacotherapy of depression. CNS Drugs 2011; 25:913-31. [PMID: 22054117 DOI: 10.2165/11595900-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent, highly debilitating mental disorder affecting up to 15% of the population at least once in their lifetime, with huge costs for society. Neurobiological mechanisms of depression are still not well known, although there is consensus about interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Antidepressant medications are frequently used in depression, but at least 50% of patients are poor responders, even to more recently discovered medications. Furthermore, clinical response only occurs following weeks to months of treatment and only chronic treatment is effective, suggesting that actions beyond the rapidly occurring effect of enhancing monoaminergic systems, such as adaptation of these systems, are responsible for the effects of antidepressants. Recent studies indicate that an impairment of synaptic plasticity (neurogenesis, axon branching, dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis) in specific areas of the CNS, particularly the hippocampus, may be a core factor in the pathophysiology of depression. The abnormal neural plasticity may be related to alterations in the levels of neurotrophic factors, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which play a central role in plasticity. As BDNF is repressed by stress, epigenetic regulation of the BDNF gene may play an important role in depression. The hippocampus is smaller in depressed patients, although it is unclear whether smaller size is a consequence of depression or a pre-existing, vulnerability marker for depression. Environmental stressors triggering activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis cause the brain to be exposed to corticosteroids, affecting neurobehavioural functions with a strong downregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis, and are a major risk factor for depression. Antidepressant treatment increases BDNF levels, stimulates neurogenesis and reverses the inhibitory effects of stress, but this effect is evident only after 3-4 weeks of administration, the time course for maturation of new neurons. The ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis blocks the behavioural effects of antidepressants in animal models. The above findings suggest new possible targets for the pharmacotherapy of depression such as neurotrophic factors, their receptors and related intracellular signalling cascades; agents counteracting the effects of stress on hippocampal neurogenesis (including antagonists of corticosteroids, inflammatory cytokines and their receptors); and agents facilitating the activation of gene expression and increasing the transcription of neurotrophins in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Liu DMKI, Alameda CK. Social determinants of health for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents. HAWAII MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 70:9-14. [PMID: 22235151 PMCID: PMC3254224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional Hawaiian thought places children in a position of prominence in the family. Yet in Hawai'i, Native Hawaiian children and adolescents face significant inequity in health outcomes. From prenatal alcohol and tobacco use, late or no prenatal care, macrosomia as well as low birth rates, to exclusive breastfeeding rates at 6 months, and high rates of infant mortality, Native Hawaiians face inequities in pre and early childhood indicators. During childhood and adolescence, Native Hawaiians experience high rates of obesity, and physical, mental and sexual abuse. This review examines the determinants behind the health inequities encountered by Native Hawaiian children and adolescents, and contextualizes those inequities s in a human rights-based approach to health. METHODS A literature review was conducted for relevant research on Native Hawaiian and other indigenous children and adolescents. Existing data sources were also reviewed for relevant Native Hawaiian data. RESULTS There is a significant dearth of data on the determinants of health for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents. Some prenatal data is available from the Prenatal Risk Assessment Monitoring System, while selected youth data is available from the Youth Behavioral Risk Factor system. Available data show significant inequities for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents, compared to other groups in Hawai'i. Based on comparisons with other indigenous and marginalized peoples, the etiology of these disparities may be a lack of health equity, deriving from multigenerational trauma and discrimination as well as poverty and inequities of housing, education, environment, healthcare access, and social capital. CONCLUSIONS The significant barriers facing Native Hawaiian children and adolescents achieving their full potential constitute a challenge to the fulfillment of the human right to health. Future research needs to more fully articulate the linkage between the health status of Native Hawaiian children and adolescents, the determinants of that status, and the requirements of the human right to health. Needed particularly are longitudinal studies which provide data that may link multigenerational trauma and discrimination to poverty and other factors, ultimately producing healthy inequity for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M K I Liu
- Native Hawaiian Center of Excellence, Department of Native Hawaiian Health, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Christiansen SH. Regulation of the galanin system in the brainstem and hypothalamus by electroconvulsive stimulation in mice. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:337-41. [PMID: 21820174 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Induction of seizures by electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) is amongst the most efficacious treatments for major depression. However, the working mechanism by which ECS exerts its antidepressant effects remains elusive. The galanin system is regulated by ECS in seizure-prone brain regions and has been shown to modulate depression-like behaviour. To further explore its potential role in the antidepressant effects of ECS the galanin system was investigated by in situ hybridisation and [(125)I]-galanin receptor binding during repeated ECS in the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe and discrete nuclei of the hypothalamus. Adult mice were treated with ECS once daily for 14 consecutive days, a paradigm previously shown to exert antidepressant-like effects. Significant increases in galanin transcription were found in the locus coeruleus and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. In addition, GalR2 mRNA levels in the ventro- and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus were upregulated whereas no GalR1 mRNA upregulation was observed. [(125)I]-galanin receptor binding was downregulated in the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus and dorsal raphe. These data show that the galanin system is regulated by repeated ECS in brain regions involved in monoaminergic neurotransmission and stress modulation thus indicating a possible role of the galanin system in the therapeutic effects of ECS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Christiansen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet O-6102, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Panigada T, Gosselin RD. Behavioural alteration in chronic pain: Are brain glia involved? Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:584-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
105
|
Clavulanic acid increases dopamine release in neuronal cells through a mechanism involving enhanced vesicle trafficking. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:170-175. [PMID: 21964384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clavulanic acid is a CNS-modulating compound with exceptional blood-brain barrier permeability and safety profile. Clavulanic acid has been proposed to have anti-depressant activity and is currently entering Phase IIb clinical trials for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Studies have also shown that clavulanic acid suppresses anxiety and enhances sexual functions in rodent and primate models by a mechanism involving central nervous system (CNS) modulation, although its detailed mechanism of action has yet to be elucidated. To further examine its potential as a CNS modulating agent as well as its mechanism of action, we investigated the effects of clavulanic acid in neuronal cells. Our results indicate that clavulanic acid enhances dopamine release in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells without affecting dopamine synthesis. Furthermore, using affinity chromatography we were able to identify two proteins, Munc18-1 and Rab4 that potentially bind to clavulanic acid and play a critical role in neurosecretion and the vesicle trafficking process. Consistent with this result, an increase in the translocation of Munc18-1 and Rab4 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane was observed in clavulanic acid treated cells. Overall, these data suggest that clavulanic acid enhances dopamine release in a mechanism involving Munc18-1 and Rab4 modulation and warrants further investigation of its therapeutic use in CNS disorders, such as depression.
Collapse
|
106
|
Zou YF, Wang F, Feng XL, Li WF, Pan FM, Huang F. Meta-analysis of ACE gene I/D polymorphism and bipolar disorder susceptibility. Nord J Psychiatry 2011; 65:276-82. [PMID: 21314245 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2011.555564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have been conducted to explore the association between ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and bipolar disorder (BPD). However, the reported results were conflicting. AIMS The aim of our study was to find evidence on whether ACE gene I/D polymorphism is associated with BPD using a meta-analysis. METHODS Data were collected from the following electronic databases: Pubmed, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang. Meta-analysis was performed for genotypes ID vs. II, DD vs. II, DD vs. ID + II, ID + DD vs. II, and D allele vs. I allele in a fixed/random effect model. RESULTS Seven studies that included data from 605 cases and 1541 controls were identified. When all groups were pooled, we did not detect the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with BPD (P > 0.05). In the subgroup analysis, we did not detect the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with BPD in Caucasians (P > 0.05). An association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with BPD was found in Asians for the contrast of DD vs. ID + II (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.08-3.74, P = 0.03), but not for other contrasts (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that there may be an association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with BPD in Asians. Further studies are still needed in Asians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Drago A, Crisafulli C, Sidoti A, Serretti A. The molecular interaction between the glutamatergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems informs a detailed genetic perspective on depressive phenotypes. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:418-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
108
|
Linderung depressiver Symptomatik. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-011-0854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
109
|
Porcelli S, Drago A, Fabbri C, Serretti A. Mechanisms of antidepressant action: an integrated dopaminergic perspective. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1532-43. [PMID: 21402119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that cause and maintain the major depressive disorder (MDD) are currently unknown. Consistently, antidepressant treatments are characterized by insufficient success rates. This causes high social costs and severe personal sufferings. In the present review we analyze some of the paradigms that are used to explain MDD, particularly from the perspective of the dopaminergic (DA) system. DA has been more classically associated with psychosis and substance abuse disorders, even though a role of DA in MDD has been proposed as well and some antidepressants with DA profile exist. In the present work, we review some of the molecular mechanisms that underpin MDD from the perspective of the dopaminergic system, in the hope of unifying some of the major theories of MDD - the monoaminergic, inflammatory, epigenetics, neurotrophin and anti-apoptotic theories. Several shared components of these theories are highlighted, partially accounted by the functions of the DA system (see supplementary video).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Porcelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
New insight into the antidepressants action: modulation of kynurenine pathway by increasing the kynurenic acid/3-hydroxykynurenine ratio. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:235-43. [PMID: 21660485 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Altered function of kynurenine pathway has emerged recently as one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of depression. Neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA) and neurotoxic 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) are two immediate metabolites of L: -kynurenine. Here, we aimed to assess the hypothesis that antidepressant drugs that may change brain KYNA/3-HK ratio. In primary astroglial cultures, fluoxetine, citalopram, amitriptyline and imipramine (1-10 μM) increased de novo production of KYNA and diminished 3-HK synthesis (24 and 48, but not 2 h). RT-PCR studies revealed that Kat1, Kat2 and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (Kmo) gene expressions were not altered after 2 h. At 24 h, the expression of Kat1 and Kat2 genes was enhanced by all studied drugs, whereas Kmo expression was diminished by citalopram, fluoxetine and amitriptyline, but not imipramine. After 48 h, the expression of Kat1 and Kat2 was further up-regulated, and Kmo expression was down-regulated by all antidepressants. The ratio KYNA/3-HK was increased by fluoxetine, citalopram, amitriptyline and imipramine in a time-dependent manner-the effect was not observed after 2 h, modest after 24 h and robust after 48 h incubation time. Our findings indicate that the action of antidepressants may involve re-establishing of the beneficial ratio between KYNA and 3-HK. Shift in the kynurenine pathway, observed after prolonged exposure to antidepressant drugs, may partly explain their delayed therapeutic effectiveness.
Collapse
|
111
|
Espallergues J, Temsamani J, Laruelle C, Urani A, Maurice T. The antidepressant-like effect of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor trilostane involves a regulation of β-type estrogen receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:455-63. [PMID: 20981412 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Trilostane is a competitive inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), which notably converts pregnenolone into progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone into androstenedione. Trilostane shows antidepressant-like properties in the forced swimming test (FST). The compound, however, induced only moderate effects on neuroactive steroid levels that could be related to its behavioral efficacy. METHODS We compared the behavioral effect of trilostane with the other 3β-HSD inhibitor, cyanoketone, and analyzed the putative involvement of the β-type estrogen receptor (ERβ) in its antidepressant effect. RESULTS Trilostane reduced immobility in the FST significantly at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg subcutaneously (s.c.), whereas cyanoketone (0-100 mg/kg s.c.) was ineffective. The negative ER modulator fulvestrant (ICI 182780) dose-dependently blocked the effect of trilostane (25 mg/kg). Trilostane increased circulating estradiol levels in the 12.5-50 mg/kg dose-range, and this effect was unaffected by stress and not shared by cyanoketone (25 mg/kg). The trilostane (25 mg/kg) treatment increased the ERβ mRNA expression in adrenals (+100%) and centrally, in the hippocampus (+330%). Stress and cyanoketone failed to affect ERβ mRNA levels in periphery or in the brain. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the antidepressant-like potential of trilostane is not due to its 3β-HSD inhibiting activity, since it is not shared by cyanoketone, but rather to its estrogenic activity. The compound, which releases estradiol and up-regulates ERβ receptors, could be used as a therapeutic tool to allow an estrogenic facilitation of antidepressant efficacy.
Collapse
|
112
|
Feng XL, Wang F, Zou YF, Li WF, Tian YH, Pan FM, Huang F. Association of FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) gene rs4713916 polymorphism with mood disorders: a meta-analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2011; 23:12-9. [PMID: 25379692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several studies have investigated the association of FKBP5 gene polymorphisms with mood disorders, but findings are not always consistent. The aim of our study was to assess the association of FKBP5 gene polymorphisms with mood disorders using a meta-analysis.Methods: Data were collected from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang, with the last report up to March 2010. Meta-analysis was performed in a fixed/random effect model.Results: We identified six studies using search, and one study was excluded because of unavailable data. One study contained data on two different ethnicities and we treated them independently. Thus, six separate studies (2655 cases and 3593 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed for three FKBP5 gene polymorphisms (rs1360780, rs3800373 and rs4713916) in overall and Caucasian populations. We did not detect any association of FKBP5 gene rs1360780 and rs3800373 polymorphisms with mood disorders (p > 0.05). However, a significant association of FKBP5 gene rs4713916 polymorphism with mood disorders was found, and the heterozygous individual (GA genotype) was more susceptible to mood disorders in comparison to homozygous analogues (GG or AA genotype) [overall: GA vs. GG: OR (odds ratio) = 1.20, 95% CI (confidence interval) = 1.03–1.40, p = 0.02; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.09–1.90, p = 0.009; Caucasian: GA vs. GG: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.04–1.44, p = 0.01; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.09–1.89, p = 0.01].Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows that mood disorders are associated with FKBP5 gene rs4713916 polymorphism, but not with rs1360780 and rs3800373.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Fei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the 4th People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Yang-Hua Tian
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fa-Ming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|