101
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Manjari P, Reddi S, Alhussien M, Mohammed S, De S, Mohanty A, Sivalingam J, Dang AK. Neutrophil gene dynamics and plasma cytokine levels in dairy cattle during peri-implantation period. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 173:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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102
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Gilfeather CL, Lemley CO. Effects of Interferon‐Tau and Steroids on Cytochrome P450 Activity in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:415-20. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CL Gilfeather
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - CO Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
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103
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Palma-Vera SE, Einspanier R. Experimental and bioinformatic analysis of cultured Bovine Endometrial Cells (BEND) responding to interferon tau (IFNT). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:22. [PMID: 27091464 PMCID: PMC4835850 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ruminants, embryo implantation depends on progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) controlling endometrial function. IFNT antagonizes bovine endometrial cells (BEND) response to phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBU) through posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. We have previously described microRNAs (miRNAs) profiles in bovine endometrium, detecting miR-106a, relevant for embryo maternal communication. In this study, we investigated the expression miR-106a and genes for prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), phospholipase A2, group IVA (PLA2G4A), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PR) in response to IFNT in BEND cells and searched for interferon responsive factors (IRFs) binding sites in their promoter genomic regions. The aim of this study was to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in IFNT signalling and its regulation of miR-106a. FINDINGS PTGS2 showed increased expression under PDBU, which was antagonized by IFNT. IFNT induced expression of PR and miR-106a and downregulation of ESR1 and PR. Bioinformatic analyses detected that PLA2G4A was associated to IRF-1 and IRF-6, while ESR1, PR and PTGS2 were associated to only IRF-6. All genes exhibit one motif per IRF, except miR-106a that had three binding sites for IRF-6. CONCLUSIONS We report the IFNT regulatory effect on miR-106a expression through IRF-6 in bovine endometrial cells. We identified a set of potential binding sites for IRF-1 and IRF-6 within the bovine genome. A set of candidate gene regions could be characterized where IFNT can act via IRFs to regulate the expression of proteins and miRNAs. Future studies will use these data to detect new IFNT regulatory mechanisms in the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Palma-Vera
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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104
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Mathew DJ, Lucy MC, D Geisert R. Interleukins, interferons, and establishment of pregnancy in pigs. Reproduction 2016; 151:R111-22. [PMID: 27001998 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Early pregnancy in mammals requires complex and highly orchestrated cellular and molecular interactions between specialized cells within the endometrium and the conceptus. Proinflammatory cytokines are small signaling proteins released by leukocytes that augment innate and adaptive immune responses. They are also released by the mammalian trophectoderm as the conceptus apposes the uterine surface for implantation. On approximately day 12 of development in pigs, the conceptus undergoes a rapid morphological transformation referred to as elongation while simultaneously releasing estrogens and a novel conceptus form of interleukin-1 beta (IL1β). Following elongation, pig conceptuses express interferon gamma (IFNγ) and, in lesser amounts, interferon delta (IFNδ). Significant IFN signaling takes place within the endometrium between day 14 and 18 of pregnancy as the conceptus intimately associates with the uterine epithelium. Based on studies carried out in pigs and other mammals, the combined spacio-temporal activities of conceptus estrogens, IL1β, and IFN set in motion a series of coordinated events that promote establishment of pregnancy. This is achieved through enhancement of conceptus development, uterine receptivity, maternal-fetal hemotropic exchange, and endometrial leukocyte function. These events require activation of specific signaling pathways within the uterine luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium, and stroma. Here, we review proinflammatory cytokine expression by pig conceptuses and the hypothesized actions of these molecules during establishment of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Mathew
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew C Lucy
- Division of Animal SciencesUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rodney D Geisert
- Division of Animal SciencesUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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105
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Cheng Z, Abudureyimu A, Oguejiofor CF, Ellis R, Barry AT, Chen X, Anstaett OL, Brownlie J, Wathes DC. BVDV alters uterine prostaglandin production during pregnancy recognition in cows. Reproduction 2016; 151:605-14. [PMID: 26952097 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic mortality in cows is at least in part caused by failure of pregnancy recognition (PR). Evidence has shown that bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection can disrupt pregnancy. Prostaglandins (PG) play important roles in many reproductive processes, such as implantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BVDV infection on uterine PG production and PR using an in vitro PR model. Bovine uterine endometrial cells isolated from ten BVDV-free cows were cultured and treated with 0 or 100ng/mL interferon-τ (IFNT) in the absence or presence of non-cytopathic BVDV (ncpBVDV). PGF2α and PGE2 concentrations in the spent medium were measured using radioimmunoassays, and in the treated cells expression of the genes associated with PG production and signalling was quantified using qPCR. The results showed that the IFNT challenge significantly stimulated PTGS1 and PTGER3 mRNA expression and PGE2 production; however, these stimulatory effects were neutralised in the presence of ncpBVDV infection. ncpBVDV infection significantly increased PTGS1 and mPGES1 mRNA expression and decreased AKR1B1 expression, leading to increased PGE2 and decreased PGF2α concentrations and an increased PGE2:PGF2α ratio. The other tested genes, including PGR, ESR1, OXTR, PTGS2, PTGER2 and PTGFR, were not significantly altered by IFNT, ncpBVDV or their combination. Our study suggests that BVDV infection may impair PR by (1) inhibiting the effect of IFNT on uterine PG production and (2) inducing an endocrine switch of PG production from PGF2α to PGE2 to decrease uterine immunity, thereby predisposing the animals to uterine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrui Cheng
- Department of Production and Population HealthRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ayimuguli Abudureyimu
- Life Science and Engineering CollegeNorthwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chike F Oguejiofor
- Department of Production and Population HealthRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rebekah Ellis
- Department of Production and Population HealthRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Amy Teresa Barry
- Department of Production and Population HealthRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Production and Population HealthRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Olivia L Anstaett
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - D Claire Wathes
- Department of Production and Population HealthRoyal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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106
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Yuan TL, Zhu YH, Shi M, Li TT, Li N, Wu GY, Bazer FW, Zang JJ, Wang FL, Wang JJ. Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:417-35. [PMID: 26055904 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accompanying the beneficial improvement in litter size from genetic selection for high-prolificacy sows, within-litter variation in birth weight has increased with detrimental effects on post-natal growth and survival due to an increase in the proportion of piglets with low birth-weight. Causes of within-litter variation in birth weight include breed characteristics that affect uterine space, ovulation rate, degree of maturation of oocytes, duration of time required for ovulation, interval between ovulation and fertilization, uterine capacity for implantation and placentation, size and efficiency of placental transport of nutrients, communication between conceptus/fetus and maternal systems, as well as nutritional status and environmental influences during gestation. Because these factors contribute to within-litter variation in birth weight, nutritional status of the sow to improve fetal-placental development must focus on the following three important stages in the reproductive cycle: pre-mating or weaning to estrus, early gestation and late gestation. The goal is to increase the homogeneity of development of oocytes and conceptuses, decrease variations in conceptus development during implantation and placentation, and improve birth weights of newborn piglets. Though some progress has been made in nutritional regulation of within-litter variation in the birth weight of piglets, additional studies, with a focus on and insights into molecular mechanisms of reproductive physiology from the aspects of maternal growth and offspring development, as well as their regulation by nutrients provided to the sow, are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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107
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Saugandhika S, Sharma V, Malik H, Mohapatra SK, Bondre VP, Kumar S, Mohanty AK, Malakar D. Molecular characterization of IFN-T expressed in buffalo embryonic trophoblasts and expression of recombinant BuIFN-T1a2 and BuIFN-T8 isoforms in E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 122:8-14. [PMID: 26876002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon tau (IFN-T) acts as a signaling molecule for maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in ruminants. Aim of the present study was to identify various Buffalo Interferon tau (BuIFN-T) transcripts in buffalo trophoblast, phylogenetic comparison of these sequences with known mRNA sequences of buffalo, bovine, caprine and ovine and to express and purify the recombinant BuIFN-T (rBuIFN-T) isoforms. Following RNA extraction from trophectodermal cells, RT-PCR was performed using Ifn-t gene specific primers. 13 distinct cDNA variants encoding eight different BuIFN-T proteins were identified. BuIFN-T1a2 and BuIFN-T8 were expressed in prokaryotic expression system at 37 °C, 25 °C and 16 °C with 1 mM IPTG for 12 h and the recombinant proteins expressed at 16 °C were partially purified by Immobilised Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC). BuIFN-T isoforms have greater nucleotide and amino acid homology with caprine (98-100%, 96-100%), ovine (94-97%, 90-95%) and bovine (89.6-90.6%, 82-86%). These novel BuIFN-T isoforms contained pronounced nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity with one another (99.1-99.8%, 98-99%) but moderate sequence identity with previously identified buffalo IFN-T (90-92%, 82-86%). Solubility of expressed recombinant isoforms (rBuIFN-T1a2 and rBuIFN-T8) was highest at 16 °C. In conclusion, 13 distinct Ifn-t gene variants exist in trophectoderm of in vitro developed buffalo blastocysts that encode eight different proteins. rBuIFN-T1a2 and rBuIFN-T8 were successfully expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli expression system at 16 °C with 1 mM IPTG and the resulting recombinant proteins were partially purified by IMAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Saugandhika
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Hrudananda Malik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Mohapatra
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | | | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Dhruba Malakar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India.
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108
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Bazer FW, Wang X, Johnson GA, Wu G. Select nutrients and their effects on conceptus development in mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:85-95. [PMID: 29767122 PMCID: PMC5945975 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dialogue between the mammalian conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated membranes) involves signaling for pregnancy recognition and maintenance of pregnancy during the critical peri-implantation period of pregnancy when the stage is set for implantation and placentation that precedes fetal development. Uterine epithelial cells secrete and/or transport a wide range of molecules, including nutrients, collectively referred to as histotroph that are transported into the fetal-placental vascular system to support growth and development of the conceptus. The availability of uterine-derived histotroph has long-term consequences for the health and well-being of the fetus and the prevention of adult onset of metabolic diseases. Histotroph includes numerous amino acids, but arginine plays a particularly important role as a source of nitric oxide and polyamines required for fetal-placental development in rodents, swine and humans through mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. Mechanisms whereby arginine regulates expression of genes via the mechanistic target of rapamycin cell signaling pathways critical to conceptus development, implantation and placentation are discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuller W Bazer
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Greg A Johnson
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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109
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Mori M, Hayashi T, Isozaki Y, Takenouchi N, Sakatani M. Heat shock decreases the embryonic quality of frozen-thawed bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:423-9. [PMID: 26096768 PMCID: PMC4623148 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of heat shock on frozen-thawed blastocysts was evaluated using in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos. In experiment 1, the effects of 6 h of heat shock at 41.0 C on fresh blastocysts were evaluated. HSPA1A expression as a reflection of stress was increased by heat shock (P < 0.05), but the expressions of the quality markers IFNT and POU5F1 were not affected. In experiment 2, frozen-thawed blastocysts were incubated at 38.5 C for 6 h (cryo-con) or exposed to heat shock at 41.0 C for 6 h (cryo-HS). Then, blastocysts were cultured at 38.5 C until 48 h after thawing (both conditions). Cryo-HS blastocysts exhibited a decreased recovery rate: HSPA1A expression was dramatically increased compared with that in fresh or cryo-con blastocysts at 6 h, and IFNT expression was decreased compared with that in cryo-con blastocysts at 6 h (both P < 0.05). Cryo-con blastocysts at 6 h also exhibited higher HSPA1A expression than fresh blastocysts (P < 0.05). At 48 h after thawing, the number of hatched blastocysts and blastocyst diameter were lower in cryo-HS blastocysts (P < 0.05). Cryo-con blastocysts showed lower POU5F1 levels at 48 h than fresh, cryo-con or cryo-HS blastocysts at 6 h (P < 0.05), but their POU5F1 levels were not different from those of cryo-HS blastocysts at 48 h. These results indicated that application of heat shock to frozen-thawed blastocysts was highly damaging. The increase in damage by the interaction of freezing-thawing and heat shock might be one reason for the low conception rate in frozen-thawed embryo transfer in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Mori
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan
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110
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Jalali BM, Bogacki M, Dietrich M, Likszo P, Wasielak M. Proteomic analysis of porcine endometrial tissue during peri-implantation period reveals altered protein abundance. J Proteomics 2015; 125:76-88. [PMID: 25976747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In mammals, successful pregnancy depends upon the readiness of uterus for implantation, followed by correct communication between the endometrium and the developing conceptus. The objective of this study was to elucidate changes in protein abundance associated with progression of estrous cycle and pregnancy from Day 9 to Day 12. We analyzed porcine endometrial tissue lysates by 2D-DIGE. Abundance of several proteins was altered depending upon the pregnancy status of animals. MALDI-TOF/TOF was used to identify a number of these proteins. Endometrial proteins that increased from Day 9 to Day 12 of cycle included annexin A4, beta-actin, apolipoprotein, ceruloplasmin and afamin. Changes in protein abundances associated with conceptus secreted factors, including haptoglobin, prolyl-4-hydroxylase, aldose-reductase and transthyretin, were also observed. Functional analysis revealed that endometrial proteins with altered abundance on Day 12 irrespective of the reproductive status were related to growth and remodeling, acute phase response and free radical scavenging, whereas transport and small molecule biochemistry were the functions activated in the pregnant endometrium as compared to the cyclic endometrium. These data provide information on dynamic physiological processes associated with uterine endometrial function of the cyclic and pregnant endometrium during period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs and may potentially demonstrate a protein profile associated with successful pregnancy. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In pigs, the fertility rates are generally very high but the early embryonic loss that occurs during the second and third weeks of gestation critically affects the potential litter size. Temporal changes that take place in the uterine environment during the period of early pregnancy in pigs and a cross-talk between the uterus and the embryo play an important role in embryonic survival and successful pregnancy. A better understanding of the molecular changes associated with these processes will pave way for understanding of endometrial functions and help towards increasing embryo survival. In this study, we present a 2D-DIGE based analysis of changes in porcine endometrial proteome that are associated with progression of cycle and progression of pregnancy. The network analysis of the results clearly revealed the pathways that are involved in rendering the endometrium receptive to the presence of embryo and also the changes that are result of molecular communication between the endometrium and the conceptuses. This comprehensive identification of proteomic changes in the porcine endometrium could be a foundation for targeted studies of proteins and pathways potentially involved in abnormal endometrial receptivity, placentation and embryo loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenu Moza Jalali
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marek Bogacki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariola Dietrich
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Pawel Likszo
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Wasielak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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111
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Fair T. The contribution of the maternal immune system to the establishment of pregnancy in cattle. Front Immunol 2015; 6:7. [PMID: 25674085 PMCID: PMC4309202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play an integral role in affecting successful reproductive function. Indeed, disturbed or aberrant immune function has been identified as primary mechanisms behind infertility. In contrast to the extensive body of literature that exists for human and mouse, studies detailing the immunological interaction between the embryo and the maternal endometrium are quite few in cattle. Nevertheless, by reviewing the existing studies and extrapolating from sheep, pig, mouse, and human data, we can draw a reasonably comprehensive picture. Key contributions of immune cell populations include granulocyte involvement in follicle differentiation and gamete transfer, monocyte invasion of the peri-ovulatory follicle and their subsequent role in corpus luteum formation and the pivotal roles of maternal macrophage and dendritic cells in key steps of the establishment of pregnancy, particularly, the maternal immune response to the embryo. These contributions are reviewed in detail below and key findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudee Fair
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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112
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Bazer FW, Ying W, Wang X, Dunlap KA, Zhou B, Johnson GA, Wu G. The many faces of interferon tau. Amino Acids 2015; 47:449-60. [PMID: 25557050 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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113
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Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Wu G. Amino Acids and Conceptus Development During the Peri-Implantation Period of Pregnancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 843:23-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2480-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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114
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Bazer FW. History of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2015; 216:5-25. [PMID: 26450492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15856-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism for signaling pregnancy recognition is highly variable among species, and the signaling molecule itself varies between estrogens in pigs to chorionic gonadotrophin in primates. This chapter provides insight into the menstrual cycle of women and estrous cycles of rodents, dog, cat, pigs, sheep, rabbits, and marsupials, as well as the hormones required for pregnancy recognition. Pregnancy recognition involves specific hormones such as prolactin in rodents or interferons in ruminants and estrogens in pigs that in their own way ensure the maintenance of the corpus luteum and its secretion of progesterone which is the hormone of pregnancy. However, these pregnancy recognition signals may also modify gene expression in a cell-specific and temporal manner to ensure the growth and development of the conceptus. This chapter provides some historical aspects of the development of understanding of mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in several species of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA.
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115
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Yamauchi K, Yamauchi N, Yamagami K, Nakamura N, Yamashita S, Islam MR, Tabata S, Yahiro K, Tamura T, Hashizume K, Hattori MA. Development of anin vitromodel for the analysis of bovine endometrium using simple techniques. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:523-31. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamauchi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamauchi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamagami
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Seiya Yamashita
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Shoji Tabata
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masa-aki Hattori
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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116
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Bazer FW, Wu G, Johnson GA, Wang X. Environmental factors affecting pregnancy: endocrine disrupters, nutrients and metabolic pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 398:53-68. [PMID: 25224489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Uterine adenogenesis, a unique post-natal event in mammals, is vulnerable to endocrine disruption by estrogens and progestins resulting in infertility or reduced prolificacy. The absence of uterine glands results in insufficient transport of nutrients into the uterine lumen to support conceptus development. Arginine, a component of histotroph, is substrate for production of nitric oxide, polyamines and agmatine and, with secreted phosphoprotein 1, it affects cytoskeletal organization of trophectoderm. Arginine is critical for development of the conceptus, pregnancy recognition signaling, implantation and placentation. Conceptuses of ungulates and cetaceans convert glucose to fructose which is metabolized via multiple pathways to support growth and development. However, high fructose corn syrup in soft drinks and foods may increase risks for metabolic disorders and increase insulin resistance in adults. Understanding endocrine disrupters and dietary substances, and novel pathways for nutrient metabolism during pregnancy can improve survival and growth, and prevent chronic metabolic diseases in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Effect of Three Dimensional Culture of Porcine Endometrial Cells on Their Plasminogen Activity and Pre-implantation Embryo Development after Co-culture. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.12750/jet.2014.29.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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118
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Hashem NM, El-Azrak KM, Nour El-Din ANM, Taha TA, Salem MH. Effect of GnRH treatment on ovarian activity and reproductive performance of low-prolific Rahmani ewes. Theriogenology 2014; 83:192-8. [PMID: 25442386 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of GnRH treatment during different times of the reproductive cycle on ovarian activity, progesterone (P4) concentration, and subsequent fertility of low-prolific, subtropical, Rahmani ewes during breeding season. Forty-five ewes were synchronized for estrus using a double injection of 0.5 mL of PGF2α agonist (125-μg cloprostenol), 11 days apart. Ewes showing estrus (Day 0) were treated with 1 mL of GnRH agonist (4-μg buserelin) on the day of estrus (GnRH0, n = 12) or 7 days post-mating (GnRH7, n = 10) or on both days (GnRH0+7, n = 11) or not (control, n = 12). Ovarian response to the treatment and diagnosis of pregnancy were ultrasonographically monitored. Also, serum P4 concentration was determined weekly throughout 28 days post-mating. Results showed that neither total number of follicles nor their populations were changed on Day 0 or 7 days post-mating by the GnRH treatment. GnRH treatment on Day 0 or Day 7 post-mating or both days did not enhance ovulation rate compared with the control. The mean numbers of accessory CL increased (P < 0.05) in the GnRH7 group than those in the control and GnRH0 groups, whereas it was intermediate in the GnRH0+7 group. The greatest (P < 0.05) overall mean of serum P4 concentration was for the GnRH7 and GnRH0+7 groups, followed by the GnRH0 and control groups. Serum P4 concentration increased (P < 0.05) on Day 14 post-mating and continued higher (P < 0.05) until Day 28 post-mating in the GnRH7 and GnRH0+7 groups compared with the control. Regardless of the time of GnRH administration, GnRH treatment reduced (P < 0.05) pregnancy loss from Day 40 post-mating to parturition and tended to enhance (P < 0.20) lambing rate compared with the control. In conclusion, a single dose of GnRH at the time of estrus or 7 days post-mating could be used as an effective protocol to decrease pregnancy loss from Day 40 after mating to parturition in low-prolific Rahmani ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Hashem
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - K M El-Azrak
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A N M Nour El-Din
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - T A Taha
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - M H Salem
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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119
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Pugliesi G, Miagawa BT, Paiva YN, França MR, Silva LA, Binelli M. Conceptus-induced changes in the gene expression of blood immune cells and the ultrasound-accessed luteal function in beef cattle: how early can we detect pregnancy? Biol Reprod 2014; 91:95. [PMID: 25210129 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify the functional characteristics of the corpus luteum (CL) by color Doppler ultrasonography and changes in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during early pregnancy in beef cows. We then aimed to use these features to establish earlier pregnancy diagnosis methods. In experiment 1, the CL size and blood flow were accessed by Doppler ultrasonography, and the PBMCs were isolated on Days 8, 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 45, and 60 post-timed artificial insemination (TAI) from pregnant (n = 10) and nonpregnant cows (n = 12). The abundance of ISG (OAS1, MX1, MX2, and ISG15) transcripts was measured by quantitative PCR. Analyses of OAS1 and MX2 expression in isolated PBMCs (ISG-PBMC method) and Doppler imaging of CL (Doppler-US method) were performed to test the accuracy of these methods for the diagnosis of pregnancy on Day 20 post-TAI (n = 110; experiment 2). In experiment 1, the luteal volume and blood flow were reduced in nonpregnant cows during the first weeks post-TAI, but an evaluation of CL vascularization and size was efficient in identifying nonpregnant cows on Day 20 post-TAI. The expression of ISGs in PBMCs can be stimulated by the presence of a viable conceptus between Days 15 and 22 post-TAI, and the expression of these genes reaches a peak on Day 20. In experiment 2, the Doppler-US and ISG-PBMC methods resulted in similar specificity (85.5 and 87.7%, respectively). However, only the Doppler-US method resulted in 100% sensitivity. In conclusion, the greatest abundance of ISGs in PBMCs and a high detection of luteolysis by Doppler imaging on Day 20 post-TAI can be feasibly used for the earlier detection of nonpregnant cows in reproductive programs. The level of accuracy for our described pregnancy methods is high on Day 20 (80%-91%), but only the Doppler imaging method results in an absence of false-negative diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil Laboratory of Theriogenology Dr. O.J. Ginther, Department of Veterinary, School of Animal and Food Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna T Miagawa
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yasmin N Paiva
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moana R França
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano A Silva
- Laboratory of Theriogenology Dr. O.J. Ginther, Department of Veterinary, School of Animal and Food Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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120
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Morawska-Pucinska E, Szymanska M, Blitek A. Expression profile and role of prostacyclin receptor (PTGIR) in peri-implantation porcine conceptuses. Theriogenology 2014; 82:546-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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121
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Reder AT, Feng X. How type I interferons work in multiple sclerosis and other diseases: some unexpected mechanisms. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:589-99. [PMID: 25084175 PMCID: PMC4118715 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are important in innate and adaptive immunity. They are used to treat virus infections, cancer, and multiple sclerosis (MS). There are 5 type I IFN families in humans-IFN-α with 13 subtypes, plus IFN-β, ɛ, κ, and ω. Because their receptor binding affinities vary, these IFNs have different gene induction profiles and quite variable therapeutic effects. IFN-α subtypes may each be specific for certain viruses, but can be neurotoxic. IFN-β induces IFN-α, plus has additional direct effects on target cells. IFN-β was the first therapy approved that could change the course of MS. It has broader specificity than IFN-α, enhances cognition in MS, and may be neuroprotective and can potentially enhance fertility in women. Priming the IFN signaling system with an injection of IFN-β can enhance subnormal type I IFN signals in MS. Many other commonly used drugs and vitamins may potentiate clinical benefits of IFN-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Reder
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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122
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Pawar S, Hantak AM, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Minireview: Steroid-regulated paracrine mechanisms controlling implantation. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1408-22. [PMID: 25051170 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation is an essential process during establishment of pregnancy in mammals. It is initiated with the attachment of the blastocyst to a receptive uterine epithelium followed by its invasion into the stromal tissue. These events are profoundly regulated by the steroid hormones 17β-estradiol and progesterone. During the past several years, mouse models harboring conditional gene knockout mutations have become powerful tools for determining the functional roles of cellular factors involved in various aspects of implantation biology. Studies using these genetic models as well as primary cultures of human endometrial cells have established that the estrogen receptor α, the progesterone receptor, and their downstream target genes critically regulate uterine growth and differentiation, which in turn control embryo-endometrial interactions during early pregnancy. These studies have uncovered a diverse array of molecular cues, which are produced under the influence of estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor and exchanged between the epithelial and stromal compartments of the uterus during the progressive phases of implantation. These paracrine signals are critical for acquisition of uterine receptivity and functional interactions with the embryo. This review highlights recent work describing paracrine mechanisms that govern steroid-regulated uterine epithelial-stromal dialogue during implantation and their roles in fertility and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Pawar
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.P., A.M.H., M.K.B.) and Comparative Biosciences (I.C.B.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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123
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Denicol AC, Block J, Kelley DE, Pohler KG, Dobbs KB, Mortensen CJ, Ortega MS, Hansen PJ. The WNT signaling antagonist Dickkopf-1 directs lineage commitment and promotes survival of the preimplantation embryo. FASEB J 2014; 28:3975-86. [PMID: 24858280 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-253112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Successful embryonic development is dependent on factors secreted by the reproductive tract. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), an antagonist of the wingless-related mouse mammary tumor virus (WNT) signaling pathway, is one endometrial secretory protein potentially involved in maternal-embryo communication. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of DKK1 in embryo cell fate decisions and competence to establish pregnancy. Using in vitro-produced bovine embryos, we demonstrate that exposure of embryos to DKK1 during the period of morula to blastocyst transition (between d 5 and 8 of development) promotes the first 2 cell fate decisions leading to increased differentiation of cells toward the trophectoderm and hypoblast lineages compared with that for control embryos treated with vehicle. Moreover, treatment of embryos with DKK1 or colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2; an endometrial cytokine known to improve embryo development and pregnancy establishment) between d 5 and 7 of development improves embryo survival after transfer to recipients. Pregnancy success at d 32 of gestation was 27% for cows receiving control embryos treated with vehicle, 41% for cows receiving embryos treated with DKK1, and 39% for cows receiving embryos treated with CSF2. These novel findings represent the first evidence of a role for maternally derived WNT regulators during this period and could lead to improvements in assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Denicol
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeremy Block
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Ovatech LLC, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and
| | - Dale E Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ky G Pohler
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kyle B Dobbs
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher J Mortensen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M Sofia Ortega
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
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124
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Hirayama H, Moriyasu S, Kageyama S, Sawai K, Takahashi H, Geshi M, Fujii T, Koyama T, Koyama K, Miyamoto A, Matsui M, Minamihashi A. Enhancement of maternal recognition of pregnancy with parthenogenetic embryos in bovine embryo transfer. Theriogenology 2014; 81:1108-15. [PMID: 24581587 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to elucidate the changes in IFNT messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in in vivo-fertilized and parthenogenetic bovine embryos and their interferon-τ (IFNT) secretion amounts during the elongation phase. We assessed the induction capability of maternal recognition of pregnancy by parthenogenetic embryos and attempted cotransfer of in vivo-fertilized and parthenogenetic embryos. The expression level of IFNT mRNA in in vivo-fertilized embryos peaked on Day 18 after estrus, and the highest amount of uterine IFNT was observed on Day 20. Transfer of 10 parthenogenetic embryos produced a detectable amount of uterine IFNT. Transfer of one or three parthenogenetic embryos inhibited luteolysis. An increase in ISG15 mRNA levels in peripheral granulocytes was induced by the transfer of three parthenogenetic embryos. Cotransfer of three parthenogenetic embryos significantly improved the pregnancy rate on Day 40 in code 3 in vivo-fertilized embryos compared with single transfer without parthenogenetic embryos (65% vs. 35%). However, the pregnancy rate on Day 90 (35%) in cotransfer of code 3 in vivo-fertilized embryos did not differ from that upon single transfer (29%), because the cotransfer group had a higher incidence of pregnancy loss than with single transfer (47% vs. 17%) after Day 40. Cotransfer did not affect the pregnancy rate of code 2 in vivo-fertilized embryos. The incidence of pregnancy loss was higher in cotransfer of code 2 in vivo-fertilized embryos than in single transfer (30% vs. 7%). In conclusion, parthenogenetic embryos in the elongation phase secreted IFNT, enabling induction of maternal recognition of pregnancy. The present study revealed that enhancement of the maternal recognition of pregnancy using parthenogenetic embryos promoted the viability of poor-quality embryos until Day 40 of gestation. However, the incidence of pregnancy loss increased after Day 40 in the cotransfer of parthenogenetic embryos. A technique for promoting the full-term survival of poor-quality embryos is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hirayama
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Satoru Moriyasu
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Soichi Kageyama
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken Sawai
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hitomi Takahashi
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaya Geshi
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Koyama
- Dairy Cow Group, Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koyama
- Dairy Cow Group, Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motozumi Matsui
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Minamihashi
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
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