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Chen W, Kong L, Connelly S, Dendle JM, Liu Y, Wilson IA, Powers ET, Kelly JW. Stabilizing the CH2 Domain of an Antibody by Engineering in an Enhanced Aromatic Sequon. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1852-61. [PMID: 27128252 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting highly selective binding to a protein target constitute a large and growing proportion of the therapeutics market. Aggregation of mAbs results in the loss of their therapeutic efficacy and can result in deleterious immune responses. The CH2 domain comprising part of the Fc portion of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is typically the least stable domain in IgG-type antibodies and therefore influences their aggregation propensity. We stabilized the CH2 domain by engineering an enhanced aromatic sequon (EAS) into the N-glycosylated C'E loop and observed a 4.8 °C increase in the melting temperature of the purified IgG1 Fc fragment. This EAS-stabilized CH2 domain also conferred enhanced stability against thermal and low pH induced aggregation in the context of a full-length monoclonal IgG1 antibody. The crystal structure of the EAS-stabilized (Q295F/Y296A) IgG1 Fc fragment confirms the design principle, i.e., the importance of the GlcNAc1•F295 interaction, and surprisingly reveals that the core fucose attached to GlcNAc1 also engages in an interaction with F295. Inhibition of core fucosylation confirms the contribution of the fucose-Phe interaction to the stabilization. The Q295F/Y296A mutations also modulate the binding affinity of the full-length antibody to Fc receptors by decreasing the binding to low affinity Fc gamma receptors (FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIa, and FcγRIIIb), while maintaining wild-type binding affinity to FcRn and FcγRI. Our results demonstrate that engineering an EAS into the N-glycosylated reverse turn on the C'E loop leads to stabilizing N-glycan-protein interactions in antibodies and that this modification modulates antibody-Fc receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leopold Kong
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stephen Connelly
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julia M. Dendle
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
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103
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Ng Q, He F, Kwang J. Recent Progress towards Novel EV71 Anti-Therapeutics and Vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:6441-57. [PMID: 26670245 PMCID: PMC4690872 DOI: 10.3390/v7122949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a group of viruses that belongs to the Picornaviridae family, which also includes viruses such as polioviruses. EV71, together with coxsackieviruses, is widely known for its association with Hand Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD), which generally affects children age five and below. Besides HFMD, EV71 can also trigger more severe and life-threatening neurological conditions such as encephalitis. Considering the lack of a vaccine and antiviral drug against EV71, together with the increasing spread of these viruses, the development of such drugs and vaccines becomes the top priority in protecting our younger generations. This article, hence, reviews some of the recent progress in the formulations of anti-therapeutics and vaccine generation for EV71, covering (i) inactivated vaccines; (ii) baculovirus-expressed vaccines against EV71; (iii) human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment; and (iv) the use of monoclonal antibody therapy as a prevention and treatment for EV71 infections.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Discovery/trends
- Enterovirus A, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/drug therapy
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Ng
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
| | - Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
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104
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Mahoney KM, Rennert PD, Freeman GJ. Combination cancer immunotherapy and new immunomodulatory targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:561-84. [PMID: 26228759 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 934] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) has achieved noteworthy benefit in multiple cancers by blocking immunoinhibitory signals and enabling patients to produce an effective antitumour response. Inhibitors of CTLA4, PD1 or PDL1 administered as single agents have resulted in durable tumour regression in some patients, and combinations of PD1 and CTLA4 inhibitors may enhance antitumour benefit. Numerous additional immunomodulatory pathways as well as inhibitory factors expressed or secreted by myeloid and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment are potential targets for synergizing with immune checkpoint blockade. Given the breadth of potential targets in the immune system, critical questions to address include which combinations should move forward in development and which patients will benefit from these treatments. This Review discusses the leading drug targets that are expressed on tumour cells and in the tumour microenvironment that allow enhancement of the antitumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Mahoney
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2] Division of Haematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [3]
| | - Paul D Rennert
- 1] SugarCone Biotech, Holliston, Massachusetts 01746, USA. [2] Videre Biotherapeutics, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, USA. [3]
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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