101
|
Wight TN, Potter-Perigo S. The extracellular matrix: an active or passive player in fibrosis? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G950-5. [PMID: 21512158 PMCID: PMC3233785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00132.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and this process has been likened to aberrant wound healing. The early phases of wound healing involve the formation of a provisional ECM containing fibrin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin. Fibroblasts occupy this matrix and proliferate in response to activators elaborated by leukocytes that have migrated into the wound and are retained by the ECM. This coincides with the appearance of the myofibroblast, a specialized form of fibroblast whose differentiation is primarily driven by cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and by mechanical tension. When these signals are reduced, as when TGF-β secretion is reduced, or as in scar shrinkage, myofibroblasts undergo apoptosis, resulting in a collagen-rich, cell-poor scar. Retention of myofibroblasts in fibrosis has been described as the result of imbalanced cytokine signaling, especially with respect to levels of activated TGF-β. ECM components can regulate myofibroblast persistence directly, since this phenotype is dependent on extracellular hyaluronan, tenascin-C, and the fibronectin splice variant containing the "extra domain A," and also, indirectly, through retention of TGF-β-secreting cells such as eosinophils. Thus the ECM is actively involved in both cellular and extracellular events that lead to fibrosis. Targeting components of the ECM as cells respond to injury and inflammatory stimuli holds promise as a means to avoid development of fibrosis and direct the wound-healing process toward reestablishment of a healthy equilibrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Wight
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan Potter-Perigo
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Evanko SP, Potter-Perigo S, Bollyky PL, Nepom GT, Wight TN. Hyaluronan and versican in the control of human T-lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Matrix Biol 2011; 31:90-100. [PMID: 22155153 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of lymphocytes to migrate freely through connective tissues is vital to efficient immune function. How the extracellular matrix (ECM) may affect T-cell adhesion and migration is not well understood. We have examined the adhesion and migration of activated human T-lymphocytes on ECM made by fibroblast-like synoviocytes and lung fibroblasts. These cells were minimally interactive until treated with a viral mimetic, Poly I:C. This treatment promoted myofibroblast formation and engendered a higher-order structured ECM, rich in versican and hyaluronan, to which T-cells avidly adhered in a hyaluronidase-sensitive manner. This Poly I:C-induced matrix impeded T-cell spreading and migration on and through synoviocyte monolayers, while hyaluronidase treatment or adding versican antibody during matrix formation reversed the effect on T-cell migration. Hyaluronidase also reversed the spread myofibroblast morphology. These data suggest that the viscous hyaluronan- and versican-rich matrix binds and constrains T-lymphocytes. Using purified matrix components and solid state matrices of defined composition, we uncovered a role for versican in modulating hyaluronan-T-cell interactions. Versican prevented T-cell binding to soluble hyaluronan, as well as the amoeboid shape change on hyaluronan-coated dishes and T-cell penetration of collagen gels. Together, these data suggest that hyaluronan and versican play a role in T-cell trafficking and function in inflamed tissues.
Collapse
|
103
|
Long SA, Buckner JH. CD4+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in human autoimmunity: more than a numbers game. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2061-6. [PMID: 21856944 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a dominant role in suppression of autoimmune pathology, as rescue of Treg number and/or function in model systems can both prevent and reverse disease. These findings have generated a series of studies addressing the role of defects in Treg number and function in human autoimmunity. However, demonstrating global defects in Treg of individuals diagnosed with autoimmune diseases has been challenging. These challenges are founded, in part, in the complexity of human autoimmune diseases in which various genetic factors and environmental triggers contribute to disease susceptibility. Moreover, contribution of failed Treg-mediated suppression to pathogenesis can extend to multiple mechanisms. In this article, we discuss what is known with respect to the number and function of CD4(+)FOXP3(+) Treg in human autoimmunity, focusing on representative autoimmunediseases in which there are diverse Treg-mediated defects. We also highlight the need to better understand Treg plasticity and function in the context of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Alaniz L, Rizzo M, Garcia MG, Piccioni F, Aquino JB, Malvicini M, Atorrasagasti C, Bayo J, Echeverria I, Sarobe P, Mazzolini G. Low molecular weight hyaluronan preconditioning of tumor-pulsed dendritic cells increases their migratory ability and induces immunity against murine colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1383-95. [PMID: 21638126 PMCID: PMC11028773 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that systemic administration of low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW HA) significantly reduces colorectal carcinoma (CRC) growth in vivo. The elicited response is partially mediated by activated dendritic cells (DC). To potentiate the ability of DC loaded with whole tumor lysate (DC/TL) to induce immunity against CRC in mice, we aimed to study the effects of preconditioning DC with LMW HA for therapeutic vaccination. LMW HA improved maturation of ex vivo generated DC, increased IL-12, decreased IL-10 production, and enhanced a MLR activity in vitro. Although TNF-α showed a similar capacity to mature DC, preconditioning of DC/TL with LMW HA increased their ability to migrate in vitro toward CCL19 and CCL-21 in a CD44- and a TLR4-independent manner; this effect was superior to Poly(I:C), LPS, or TNF-α and partially associated with an increase in the expression of CCR7. Importantly, LMW HA dramatically enhanced the in vivo DC recruitment to tumor-regional lymph nodes. When these LMW HA-treated CRC tumor lysate-pulsed DC (DC/TL/LMW HA) were administered to tumor-bearing mice, a potent antitumor response was observed when compared to DC pulsed with tumor lysate alone and matured with TNF-α. Then, we showed that splenocytes isolated from animals treated with DC/TL/LMW HA presented a higher proliferative capacity, increased IFN-γ production, and secreted lower levels of the immunosuppressive IL-10. Besides, increased specific CTL response was observed in DC/TL/LMW HA-treated animals and induced long-term protection against tumor recurrence. Our data show that LMW HA is superior to other agents at inducing DC migration; therefore, LMW HA could be considered a new adjuvant candidate in the preparation of DC-based anticancer vaccines with potent immunostimulatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alaniz
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manglio Rizzo
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana G. Garcia
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Piccioni
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge B. Aquino
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Malvicini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Bayo
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Itziar Echeverria
- CIMA, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- CIMA, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, School of Medicine, Austral University, Avenida Presidente Perón 1500 (B1629ODT) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 2011; 66:1152-63. [PMID: 21599706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most prevalent occupational skin diseases and causes severe and long-lasting health problems in the case of chronification. It is initiated by an innate inflammatory immune response to skin contact with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, skin-homing CD8(+) Tc1/Tc17 and CD4(+) Th1/Th17 cells. Following this sensitization step, T lymphocytes infiltrate the inflamed skin upon challenge with the same chemical. The T cells then exert cytotoxic function and secrete inflammatory mediators to produce an eczematous skin reaction. The recent characterization of the mechanisms underlying the innate inflammatory response has revealed that contact allergens activate innate effector mechanisms and signalling pathways that are also involved in anti-infectious immunity. This emerging analogy implies infection as a potential trigger or amplifier of the sensitization to contact allergens. Moreover, new mechanistic insights into the induction of ACD identify potential targets for preventive and therapeutic intervention. We summarize here the latest findings in this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Qhattal HSS, Liu X. Characterization of CD44-mediated cancer cell uptake and intracellular distribution of hyaluronan-grafted liposomes. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1233-46. [PMID: 21696190 DOI: 10.1021/mp2000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable linear polysaccharide which is of interest for tumor targeting through cell surface CD44 receptors. HA binds with high affinity to CD44 receptors, which are overexpressed in many tumors and involved in cancer metastasis. In the present study, we investigated the impact of HA molecular weight (MW), grafting density, and CD44 receptor density on endocytosis of HA-grafted liposomes (HA-liposomes) by cancer cells. Additionally, the intracellular localization of the HA-liposomes was determined. HAs of different MWs (5-8, 10-12, 175-350, and 1600 kDa) were conjugated to liposomes with varying degrees of grafting density. HA surface density was quantified using the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide turbidimetric method. Cellular uptake and subcellular localization of HA-liposomes were evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Mean particle sizes of HA-liposomes ranged from 120 to 180 nm and increased with increasing size of HA. HA-liposome uptake correlated with HA MW (5-8 < 10-12 < 175-350 kDa), grafting density, and CD44 receptor density and exceeded that obtained with unconjugated plain liposomes. HA-liposomes were taken up into cells via lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, which is both energy- and cholesterol-dependent. Once within cells, HA-liposomes localized primarily to endosomes and lysosomes. The results demonstrate that cellular targeting efficiency of HA-liposomes depends strongly upon HA MW, grafting density, and cell surface receptor CD44 density. The results support a role of HA-liposomes for targeted drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussaini Syed Sha Qhattal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Franz S, Rammelt S, Scharnweber D, Simon JC. Immune responses to implants - a review of the implications for the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6692-709. [PMID: 21715002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A key for long-term survival and function of biomaterials is that they do not elicit a detrimental immune response. As biomaterials can have profound impacts on the host immune response the concept emerged to design biomaterials that are able to trigger desired immunological outcomes and thus support the healing process. However, engineering such biomaterials requires an in-depth understanding of the host inflammatory and wound healing response to implanted materials. One focus of this review is to outline the up-to-date knowledge on immune responses to biomaterials. Understanding the complex interactions of host response and material implants reveals the need for and also the potential of "immunomodulating" biomaterials. Based on this knowledge, we discuss strategies of triggering appropriate immune responses by functional biomaterials and highlight recent approaches of biomaterials that mimic the physiological extracellular matrix and modify cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Franz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
King TP, Wittkowski KM. Hyaluronidase and hyaluronan in insect venom allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:205-11. [PMID: 21597301 DOI: 10.1159/000322847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect venoms contain an allergen hyaluronidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of hyaluronan (HA), a polymer of disaccharide GlcUA-GlcNAc in skin. HAs depending on their size have variable function in inflammation and immunity. This paper reports on whether hyaluronidase, HA polymers and oligomers can promote antibody response in mice. METHODS HA oligomers (8- to 50-mer; 3-20 kDa) were obtained by bee venom hyaluronidase digestion of HA polymers (750- to 5,000-mer; 300-2,000 kDa). Antibody responses in mice were compared following 3 biweekly subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin (OVA) with or without test adjuvant. RESULTS OVA-specific IgG1 levels were approximately 2 times higher in BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice receiving OVA and HA oligomer or polymer than those treated with OVA alone, and no increase in total IgE level was observed. In C57Bl/6 mice, observed increases in IgG1 and IgE were 3.5- and 1.7-fold, respectively, for the oligomer and 16- and 5-fold (p < 0.05), respectively, for the polymer. CONCLUSION Hyaluronidase by its action on HA in skin can function indirectly as adjuvant to promote IgE and IgG1 response in mice. Insect venoms also have cytolytic peptides and phospholipases with inflammatory roles. These activities found in mice may contribute to venom allergenicity in susceptible people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te Piao King
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. kingtp @ rockefeller.edu
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Zeiser R, Penack O, Holler E, Idzko M. Danger signals activating innate immunity in graft-versus-host disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:833-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
110
|
Lennon FE, Singleton PA. Role of hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins in lung pathobiology. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L137-47. [PMID: 21571904 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00071.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has diverse functions in normal lung homeostasis and pulmonary disease. HA constitutes the major glycosaminoglycan in lung tissue, with HA degradation products, produced by hyaluronidase enzymes and reactive oxygen species, being implicated in several lung diseases, including acute lung injury, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary hypertension. The differential activities of HA and its degradation products are due, in part, to regulation of multiple HA-binding proteins, including cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), HA-binding protein 2 (HABP2), and receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM). Recent research indicates that exogenous administration of high-molecular-weight HA can serve as a novel therapeutic intervention for lung diseases, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury, sepsis/ventilator-induced lung injury, and airway hyperreactivity. This review focuses on the regulatory role of HA and HA-binding proteins in lung pathology and discusses the capacity of HA to augment and inhibit various lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Lennon
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
ECM components guide IL-10 producing regulatory T-cell (TR1) induction from effector memory T-cell precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7938-43. [PMID: 21518860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017360108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a role for ECM as a biosensor for inflammatory microenvironments that plays a critical role in peripheral immune tolerance. We show that hyaluronan (HA) promotes induction of Foxp3- IL-10-producing regulatory T cells (TR1) from conventional T-cell precursors in both murine and human systems. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of an ECM component inducing regulatory T cells. Intact HA, characteristic of healing tissues, promotes induction of TR1 capable of abrogating disease in an IL-10-dependent mouse colitis model whereas fragmentary HA, typical of inflamed tissues, does not, indicating a decisive role for tissue integrity in this system. The TR1 precursor cells in this system are CD4(+)CD62L(-)FoxP3(-), suggesting that effector memory cells assume a regulatory phenotype when they encounter their cognate antigen in the context of intact HA. Matrix integrity cues might thereby play a central role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. This TR1 induction is mediated by CD44 cross-linking and signaling through p38 and ERK1/2. This induction is suppressed, also in a CD44-dependent manner, by osteopontin, a component of chronically inflamed ECM, indicating that CD44 signaling serves as a nexus for fate decisions regarding TR1 induction. Finally, we demonstrate that TR1 induction signals can be recapitulated using synthetic matrices. These results reveal important roles for the matrix microenvironment in immune regulation and suggest unique strategies for immunomodulation.
Collapse
|
112
|
Campbell DJ, Koch MA. Phenotypical and functional specialization of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:119-30. [PMID: 21267013 DOI: 10.1038/nri2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)(+) regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells prevent autoimmune disease, maintain immune homeostasis and modulate immune responses during infection. To accomplish these tasks, T(Reg) cell activity is precisely controlled, and this requires T(Reg) cells to alter their migratory, functional and homeostatic properties in response to specific cues in the immune environment. We review progress in understanding the diversity of T(Reg) cells, T(Reg) cell function in different anatomical and inflammatory settings, and the influence of the immune environment on T(Reg) cell activity. We also consider how these factors affect immune-mediated disease in the contexts of infection, autoimmunity, cancer and transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Gill S, Wight TN, Frevert CW. Proteoglycans: key regulators of pulmonary inflammation and the innate immune response to lung infection. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:968-81. [PMID: 20503391 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to viruses and bacteria results in lung infections and places a significant burden on public health. The innate immune system is an early warning system that recognizes viruses and bacteria, which results in the rapid production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines and the pulmonary recruitment of leukocytes. When leukocytes emigrate from the systemic circulation through the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to lung infection they encounter proteoglycans, which consist of a core protein and their associated glycosaminoglycans. In this review, we discuss how proteoglycans serve to modify the pulmonary inflammatory response and leukocyte migration through a number of different mechanisms including: (1) The ability of soluble proteoglycans or fragments of glycosaminoglycans to activate Toll-like receptor (TLRs) signaling pathways; (2) The binding and sequestration of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors by proteoglycans; (3) the ability of proteoglycans and hyaluronan to facilitate leukocyte adhesion and sequestration; and (4) The interactions between proteoglycans and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) that alter the function of these proteases. In conclusion, proteoglycans fine-tune tissue inflammation through a number of different mechanisms. Clarification of the mechanisms whereby proteoglycans modulate the pulmonary inflammatory response will most likely lead to new therapeutic approaches to inflammatory lung disease and lung infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gill
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Wolny PM, Banerji S, Gounou C, Brisson AR, Day AJ, Jackson DG, Richter RP. Analysis of CD44-hyaluronan interactions in an artificial membrane system: insights into the distinct binding properties of high and low molecular weight hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30170-80. [PMID: 20663884 PMCID: PMC2943326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a major cell surface receptor for the large polydisperse glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA). Binding of the long and flexible HA chains is thought to be stabilized by the multivalent nature of the sugar molecule. In addition, high and low molecular weight forms of HA provoke distinct proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects upon binding to CD44 and can deliver either proliferative or antiproliferative signals in appropriate cell types. Despite the importance of such interactions, however, neither the stoichiometry of multivalent HA binding at the cell surface nor the molecular basis for functional distinction between different HA size categories is understood. Here we report on the design of a supported lipid bilayer system that permits quantitative analysis of multivalent binding through presentation of CD44 in a stable, natively oriented manner and at controlled density. Using this system in combination with biophysical techniques, we show that the amount of HA binding to bilayers that are densely coated with CD44 increases as a function of HA size, with half-maximal saturation at ∼30 kDa. Moreover, reversible binding was confined to the smaller HA species (molecular weight of ≤10 kDa), whereas the interaction was essentially irreversible with larger polymers. The amount of bound HA decreased with decreasing receptor surface density, but the stability of binding was not affected. From a physico-chemical perspective, the binding properties of HA share many similarities with the typical behavior of a flexible polymer as it adsorbs onto a homogeneously attractive surface. These findings provide new insight into the multivalent nature of CD44-HA interactions and suggest a molecular basis for the distinct biological properties of different size fractions of hyaluronan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Wolny
- From the Biosurfaces Unit, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- the Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Suneale Banerji
- the Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Gounou
- the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Nano-Bio-Technologie, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, UMR-5248 CBMN, CNRS-Université Bordeaux 1-ENITAB, Avenue des Facultés, 33402 Talence, France, and
| | - Alain R. Brisson
- the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire et Nano-Bio-Technologie, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, UMR-5248 CBMN, CNRS-Université Bordeaux 1-ENITAB, Avenue des Facultés, 33402 Talence, France, and
| | - Anthony J. Day
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Jackson
- the Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf P. Richter
- From the Biosurfaces Unit, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- the Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Petrie Aronin CE, Tuan RS. Therapeutic potential of the immunomodulatory activities of adult mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:67-74. [PMID: 20301222 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) include a select population of resident cells within adult tissues, which retain the ability to differentiate along several tissue-specific lineages under defined media conditions and have finite expansion potential in vitro. These adult progenitor populations have been identified in various tissues, but it remains unclear exactly what role both transplanted and native MSCs play in processes of disease and regeneration. Interestingly, increasing evidence reveals a unique antiinflammatory immunomodulatory phenotype shared among this population, lending support to the idea that MSCs play a central role in early tissue remodeling responses where a controlled inflammatory response is required. However, additional evidence suggests that MSCs may not retain infinite immune privilege and that the context with which these cells are introduced in vivo may influence their immune phenotype. Therefore, understanding this dynamic microenvironment in which MSCs participate in complex feedback loops acting upon and being influenced by a plethora of secreted cytokines, extracellular matrix molecules, and fragments will be critical to elucidating the role of MSCs in the intertwined processes of immunomodulation and tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Petrie Aronin
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Mai J, Wang H, Yang XF. Th 17 cells interplay with Foxp3+ Tregs in regulation of inflammation and autoimmunity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2010; 15:986-1006. [PMID: 20515737 DOI: 10.2741/3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a new CD4+ T helper subset that has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Th17, along with CD4(+)CD25(high) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other new T helper subsets, have expanded the Th1-Th2 paradigm. Although this new eight-subset paradigm significantly improved our understanding on the differentiation and regulation of CD4+ T helper subsets, many questions remain to be answered. Here we will briefly review the following issues: a) Old Th1-Th2 paradigm versus new multi-subset paradigm; b) Structural features of IL-17 family cytokines; c) Th17 cells; d) Effects of IL-17 on various cell types and tissues; e) IL-17 receptor and signaling pathways; f) Th17-mediated inflammations; and g) Protective mechanisms of IL-17 in infections. Lastly, we will examine the interactions of Th17 and Treg in autoimmune diseases and inflammation: Th17 cells interplay with Tregs. Regulation of autoimmunity and inflammation lies in the interplays of the different T helper subsets, therefore, better understanding of these subsets' interactions would greatly improve our approaches in developing therapy to combat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jietang Mai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
|