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Bruchim I, Sarfstein R, Werner H. The IGF Hormonal Network in Endometrial Cancer: Functions, Regulation, and Targeting Approaches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:76. [PMID: 24904527 PMCID: PMC4032924 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological as well as clinical and experimental data identified the insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) as important players in gynecological cancers in general, and endometrial tumors in particular. The IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), which mediates the proliferative and anti-apoptotic activities of both ligands, emerged in recent years as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. However, most clinical trials conducted so far led to mixed results, emphasizing the need to identify biomarkers that can predict responsiveness to anti-IGF1R-targeted therapies. This article will review recent data regarding the role and expression of IGF system components in endometrial cancer. In addition, we will review data on the interplay between the IGF signaling pathway and tumor suppressors p53 and breast cancer susceptibility gene-1 (BRCA1). Anti-oncogenes p53 and BRCA1 play a key role in the etiology of gynecological cancers and, therefore, their interaction with IGF1R is of high relevance in translational terms. A better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the regulation of the IGF system will improve our ability to develop effective treatment modalities for endometrial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Bruchim
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Sava, Israel
| | - Rive Sarfstein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Haim Werner, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel e-mail:
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102
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Buza N, English DP, Santin AD, Hui P. Toward standard HER2 testing of endometrial serous carcinoma: 4-year experience at a large academic center and recommendations for clinical practice. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1605-12. [PMID: 23765245 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HER2 overexpression and/or amplification have been reported in endometrial serous carcinoma, suggesting that HER2 may be a promising therapeutic target. However, there is considerable variation in the reported rates of HER2 overexpression and amplification, likely--at least in part--resulting from variability in the testing methods, interpretation, and scoring criteria used. Unlike in breast and gastric cancer, currently there are no established guidelines for HER2 testing in endometrial carcinoma. A total of 108 endometrial carcinoma cases--85 pure serous carcinomas and 23 mixed endometrial carcinomas with serous component--were identified over a 4-year period. All H&E and HER2 immunohistochemical slides were reviewed and HER2 FISH results (available on 52 cases) were retrieved from pathology reports. HER2 immunohistochemical scores were assigned according to the FDA criteria and the current breast ASCO/CAP scoring criteria. Clinical information was retrieved from the patients' medical records. Thirty-eight cases (35%) showed HER2 overexpression and/or gene amplification, 20 of which (53%) had significant heterogeneity of protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Lack of apical membrane staining resulting in a lateral/basolateral staining pattern was observed in the majority of HER2-positive tumors. Five of the HER2-positive cases (13%) demonstrated discrepant immunohistochemical scores when using the FDA versus ASCO/CAP scoring system. The overall concordance rate between HER2 immunohistochemistry and FISH was 75% (39/52) when using the FDA criteria, compared with 81% (42/52) by the ASCO/CAP scoring system. In conclusion, in this largest comprehensive study, 35% of endometrial serous carcinoma harbors HER2 protein overexpression and/or gene amplification, over half of which demonstrate significant heterogeneity of protein expression. The current breast ASCO/CAP scoring criteria provide the highest concordance between immunohistochemistry and FISH. Assessment of HER2 immunohistochemistry on multiple tumor sections or sections with large tumor areas is recommended, due to the significant heterogeneity of HER2 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Buza
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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103
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English DP, Roque DM, Santin AD. HER2 expression beyond breast cancer: therapeutic implications for gynecologic malignancies. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:85-99. [PMID: 23529353 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HER2 or ErbB2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and is overexpressed in subsets of breast, ovarian, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers. HER2 regulates signaling through several pathways (Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways) associated with cell survival and proliferation. HER2-overexpressed and/or gene-amplified tumors are generally regarded as biologically aggressive neoplasms. In breast, cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer, there have been several studies linking the amplification of the c-erbB2 gene with chemoresistance and overall poor survival. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies targeting HER2 hold promise for patients harboring these aggressive neoplasms. Trastuzumab combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy agents or conjugated with radioactive isotopes is currently being investigated in clinical trials of several tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P English
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LSOG 305, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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104
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Thanapprapasr D, Cheewakriangkrai C, Likittanasombut P, Thanapprapasr K, Mutch DG. Targeted endometrial cancer therapy as a future prospect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 9:189-99. [PMID: 23477324 DOI: 10.2217/whe.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among female-specific cancers worldwide, endometrial cancer is the third most common after breast cancer and cervical cancer. In addition, it is the most common gynecological cancer in the USA and Europe. The incidence of this disease appears to be increasing. The cause of this increase is multifactorial, but a few possible factors involved are increasing obesity, an aging population leading to more postmenopausal women and greater tamoxifen use. Surgery is generally the primary treatment of this disease and postoperative radiation therapy in some patients with high or intermediate risk may prevent locoregional recurrences. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves progression-free survival in advanced or recurrent cancer. However, overall survival in patients with advanced disease is poor. Hence, better therapy is needed and targeted molecular therapies are emerging as possible treatment candidates. These include molecules that target VEGF, mTOR, tyrosine kinases, human EGF receptors and FGF receptors. Therapies targeting specific molecular features should be evaluated in future strategies in the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangmani Thanapprapasr
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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105
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Matias-Guiu X, Prat J. Molecular pathology of endometrial carcinoma. Histopathology 2013; 62:111-23. [PMID: 23240673 DOI: 10.1111/his.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review paper discusses the main molecular alterations of endometrial carcinoma, the most common cancer of the female genital tract. Two clinicopathological variants are recognized: the oestrogen-related (type I, endometrioid carcinoma) and the non-oestrogen-related (type II, non-endometrioid carcinoma). Whereas type I shows microsatellite instability and mutations in PTEN, PIK3CA, K-RAS and CTNNB1 (beta-catenin), type II exhibits TP53 mutations and chromosomal instability. Recent investigations regarding the role of non-coding RNA have provided important information regarding tumour progression. Understanding pathogenesis at the molecular level is essential for identifying biomarkers of potential use in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain.
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106
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Androutsopoulos G, Adonakis G, Liava A, Ravazoula P, Decavalas G. Expression and potential role of ErbB receptors in type II endometrial cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 168:204-8. [PMID: 23395558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Based on clinical and pathological features, endometrial cancer is classified into two types. The aim of our study was to describe the expression and the potential clinical role of ErbB receptors in Greek patients with type II endometrial cancer. STUDY DESIGN Between 1991 and 2008, 10 women with histologically confirmed type II endometrial cancer were referred to the Department of Gynecologic Oncology of the University of Patras Medical School. Tissue specimens from endometrial lesions were immunostained for EGFR, ErbB-2, ErbB-3 and ErbB-4. RESULTS For EGFR, 5 cases were positive (50%) and 5 cases were negative. For ErbB-2, 9 cases were positive (90%) and 1 case was negative. For ErbB-3, all cases were positive. For ErbB-4, 7 cases were positive (70%) and 3 cases were negative. Also for all ErbB receptors, 5 cases were positive (50%). During follow up, 3 patients died from their disease. All of them had papillary serous endometrial cancer and 2 of them were positive for all ErbB receptors. CONCLUSION Although our study was based on a small number of cases, it is obvious that we had high expression levels of ErbB receptors in patients with type II endometrial cancer. Also the majority of patients with dismal outcome were positive for all ErbB receptors. This is very important, as ErbB-targeted therapies may be clinically active as adjuvant therapy in well-defined subgroups of type II EC patients with EGFR and ErbB-2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Androutsopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras, Medical School, Rion 26500, Greece.
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107
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Kaumaya PTP, Foy KC. Peptide vaccines and targeting HER and VEGF proteins may offer a potentially new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy. Future Oncol 2012; 8:961-87. [PMID: 22894670 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ErbB family (HER-1, HER-2, HER-3 and HER-4) of receptor tyrosine kinases has been the focus of cancer immunotherapeutic strategies while antiangiogenic therapies have focused on VEGF and its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Agents targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in oncology include therapeutic antibodies to receptor tyrosine kinase ligands or the receptors themselves, and small-molecule inhibitors. Many of the US FDA-approved therapies targeting HER-2 and VEGF exhibit unacceptable toxicities, and show problems of efficacy, development of resistance and unacceptable safety profiles that continue to hamper their clinical progress. The combination of different peptide vaccines and peptidomimetics targeting specific molecular pathways that are dysregulated in tumors may potentiate anticancer immune responses, bypass immune tolerance and circumvent resistance mechanisms. The focus of this review is to discuss efforts in our laboratory spanning two decades of rationally developing peptide vaccines and therapeutics for breast cancer. This review highlights the prospective benefit of a new, untapped category of therapies biologically targeted to EGF receptor (HER-1), HER-2 and VEGF with potential peptide 'blockbusters' that could lay the foundation of a new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy by creating clinical breakthroughs for safe and efficacious cancer cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin T P Kaumaya
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, OSU Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital & Solove Research Institute & the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in the western world. Two clinicopathological subtypes are recognized: type I (endometrioid) and type II (nonendometrioid) carcinomas. This review describes the molecular alterations in endometrial cancer and how this knowledge is leading to the development of novel treatments in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Molecularly targeted agents have entered clinical trials in endometrial cancer. So far, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and antiangiogenic agents appear promising and are being pursued further in addition to other targeted approaches. SUMMARY The clinicopathological and molecular heterogeneity of endometrial cancer needs to be taken into account in the design of future clinical trials as well as the incorporation of robust biomarkers for the success of therapeutic strategies in endometrial cancer.
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109
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Slomovitz BM, Coleman RL. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway as a Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5856-64. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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110
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Nowsheen S, Cooper T, Bonner JA, LoBuglio AF, Yang ES. HER2 overexpression renders human breast cancers sensitive to PARP inhibition independently of any defect in homologous recombination DNA repair. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4796-806. [PMID: 22987487 PMCID: PMC3458582 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
HER2 overexpression in breast cancer confers increased tumor aggressiveness. Although anti-HER2 therapies have improved patient outcome, resistance ultimately occurs. PARP inhibitors target homologous recombination (HR)-deficient tumors, such as the BRCA-associated breast and ovarian cancers. In this study, we show that HER2+ breast cancers are susceptible to PARP inhibition independent of an HR deficiency. HER2 overexpression in HER2 negative breast cancer cells was sufficient to render cells susceptible to the PARP inhibitors ABT-888 and AZD-2281 both in vitro and in vivo, which was abrogated by HER2 reduction. In addition, ABT-888 significantly inhibited NF-κB (p65/RelA) transcriptional activity in HER2+ but not HER2 negative breast cancer cells. This corresponded with a reduction in phosphorylated p65 and total IKKα levels, with a concomitant increase in IκBα. Overexpression of p65 abrogated cellular sensitivity to ABT-888, whereas IκBα overexpression reduced cell viability to a similar extent as ABT-888. Therefore, susceptibility of HER2+ breast cancer cells to PARP inhibition may be because of inhibition of NF-κB signaling driven by HER2. Our findings indicate that PARP inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic strategy for sporadic HER2+ breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaira Nowsheen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - Tiffiny Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - James A. Bonner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - Albert F. LoBuglio
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
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111
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Qi Y, Su T, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Yuan W, Wang W, Cui B, Ning G. Gene expression profiles of phaeochromocytomas with ERBB2 overexpression reveal a new molecular mechanism tumourigenicity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:399-406. [PMID: 22429000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phaeochromocytomas (PHEO) and functional paragangliomas (PGLs) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours. Although most PHEO/PGLs are benign, 10-35% present as (or develop into) malignant tumours with a poor prognosis. Overexpression of ERBB2 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 2) has been reported to be associated with malignant PHEO. We used gene expression profiling of PHEO/PGLs to gain a better understanding of the tumourigenic pathways associated with ERBB2. METHODS We used the Affymetrix Gene Chip U133 Plus 2·0 genome-wide gene expression cDNA microarray of 18 PHEO/PGLs (12 benign and six malignant, divided into two groups depending on ERBB2 expression levels) to analyse the gene expression patterns. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of transcription profiles of 18 samples identified two dominant expression clusters corresponding to samples belonging to the ERBB2+ and ERBB2- groups. According to the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases, the differentially expressed genes were classified into diverse functional categories and signalling pathways. In particular, the focal adhesion signalling pathway showed significant differences between the groups; specifically, the FAK-Src-MAPK pathway was prominently activated in the ERBB2+ group. CONCLUSIONS In summary, ERBB2+ PHEO/PGLs have a distinct expression pattern compared with the ERBB2- group. The focal adhesion signalling pathway may participate in ERBB2-induced tumourigenesis in PHEO/PGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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112
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Salvesen HB, Haldorsen IS, Trovik J. Markers for individualised therapy in endometrial carcinoma. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:e353-61. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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113
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Llauradó M, Ruiz A, Majem B, Ertekin T, Colás E, Pedrola N, Devis L, Rigau M, Sequeiros T, Montes M, Garcia M, Cabrera S, Gil-Moreno A, Xercavins J, Castellví J, Garcia A, Ramón y Cajal S, Moreno G, Alameda F, Vázquez-Levin M, Palacios J, Prat J, Doll A, Matías-Guiu X, Abal M, Reventós J. Molecular bases of endometrial cancer: new roles for new actors in the diagnosis and the therapy of the disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:244-55. [PMID: 22037169 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic malignancy in the western world. The majority of these cancers are curable, but a subset about 15-20% of endometrial tumors exhibits an aggressive phenotype. Based on clinic-pathological and molecular characteristics, EC has been classified into two groups: Type I estrogen-dependent adenocarcinomas, which have a good prognosis and an endometrioid histology, and Type II or non-estrogen-dependent EC associated with poor prognosis and non-endometrioid histology. EC develops as a result of a stepwise accumulation of alterations that seem to be specific of each histological type. However, more knowledge is needed to better understand the differences in the biology and the clinical outcome of EC. We would like to highlight the need to explore new potential biomarkers of EC as a tool for the detection and monitoring of aggressive endometrial tumors that, at the same time, will allow us to develop novel and more selective molecular targeted therapies against EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llauradó
- Biomedical Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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114
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Bellone S, Roque D, Cocco E, Gasparrini S, Bortolomai I, Buza N, Abu-Khalaf M, Silasi DA, Ratner E, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Downregulation of membrane complement inhibitors CD55 and CD59 by siRNA sensitises uterine serous carcinoma overexpressing Her2/neu to complement and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in vitro: implications for trastuzumab-based immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1543-50. [PMID: 22531721 PMCID: PMC3341945 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We evaluated the expression of CD46, CD55 and CD59 membrane-bound complement-regulatory
proteins (mCRPs) in primary uterine serous carcinoma (USC) and the ability of small
interfering RNA (siRNA) against these mCRPs to sensitise USC to complement-dependent
cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody (trastuzumab)-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
in vitro. Methods: Membrane-bound complement-regulatory proteins expression was evaluated using real-time
PCR (RT–PCR) and flow cytometry, whereas Her2/neu expression and
c-erbB2 gene amplification were assessed using immunohistochemistry, flow
cytometry and fluorescent in-situ hybridisation. The biological effect of
siRNA-mediated knockdown of mCRPs on HER2/neu-overexpressing USC cell lines was
evaluated in CDC and ADCC 4-h chromium-release assays. Results: High expression of mCRPs was found in USC cell lines when compared with normal
endometrial cells (P<0.05). RT–PCR and FACS analyses demonstrated that
anti-mCRP siRNAs were effective in reducing CD46, CD55 and CD59 expression on USC
(P<0.05). Baseline complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against USC
cell lines was low (mean±s.e.m.=6.8±0.9%) but significantly
increased upon CD55 and CD59 knockdown (11.6±0.8% and
10.7±0.9%, respectively, P<0.05). Importantly, in the absence
of complement, both CD55 and CD59, but not CD46, knockdowns significantly augmented ADCC
against USC overexpressing Her2/neu. Conclusion: Uterine serous carcinoma express high levels of the mCRPs CD46, CD55 and CD59. Small
interfering RNA inhibition of CD55 and CD59, but not CD46, sensitises USC to both CDC
and ADCC in vitro, and if specifically targeted to tumour cells, may
significantly increase trastuzumab-mediated therapeutic effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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115
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Wild PJ, Ikenberg K, Fuchs TJ, Rechsteiner M, Georgiev S, Fankhauser N, Noske A, Roessle M, Caduff R, Dellas A, Fink D, Moch H, Krek W, Frew IJ. p53 suppresses type II endometrial carcinomas in mice and governs endometrial tumour aggressiveness in humans. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:808-24. [PMID: 22678923 PMCID: PMC3494078 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II endometrial carcinomas are a highly aggressive group of tumour subtypes that are frequently associated with inactivation of the TP53 tumour suppressor gene. We show that mice with endometrium-specific deletion of Trp53 initially exhibited histological changes that are identical to known precursor lesions of type II endometrial carcinomas in humans and later developed carcinomas representing all type II subtypes. The mTORC1 signalling pathway was frequently activated in these precursor lesions and tumours, suggesting a genetic cooperation between this pathway and Trp53 deficiency in tumour initiation. Consistent with this idea, analyses of 521 human endometrial carcinomas identified frequent mTORC1 pathway activation in type I as well as type II endometrial carcinoma subtypes. mTORC1 pathway activation and p53 expression or mutation status each independently predicted poor patient survival. We suggest that molecular alterations in p53 and the mTORC1 pathway play different roles in the initiation of the different endometrial cancer subtypes, but that combined p53 inactivation and mTORC1 pathway activation are unifying pathogenic features among histologically diverse subtypes of late stage aggressive endometrial tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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116
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Banno K, Kisu I, Yanokura M, Tsuji K, Masuda K, Ueki A, Kobayashi Y, Yamagami W, Nomura H, Tominaga E, Susumu N, Aoki D. Biomarkers in endometrial cancer: Possible clinical applications (Review). Oncol Lett 2012; 3:1175-1180. [PMID: 22783413 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cases of endometrial cancer has shown a tendency to increase in recent years. Endometrial cancer originates from the endometrium and is classified, based on the development mechanism, into types 1 and 2, which are responsive and non-responsive to estrogen, respectively, and have significantly different gene expression profiles. Studies of genes with abnormal expression in endometrial cancer have identified multiple oncogenes, tumor suppressors, mismatch repair genes, apoptosis-associated genes, levels of hormone receptors and DNA ploidy and aneuploidy as biomarkers of endometrial cancer. The use of these molecules and genes may facilitate accurate diagnosis and prognostic prediction and contribute to individualized treatment. Trials of drugs which target these biomarkers and searches for new biomarkers using cDNA microarrays and RT-qPCR are ongoing and it is likely that these findings can be translated to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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117
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Endometrial carcinoma: molecular alterations involved in tumor development and progression. Oncogene 2012; 32:403-13. [PMID: 22430211 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the western world, endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common cancer of the female genital tract. The annual incidence has been estimated at 10-20 per 100,000 women. Two clinicopathological variants are recognized: the estrogen related (type I, endometrioid) and the non-estrogen related (type II, non-endometrioid).The clinicopathological differences are paralleled by specific genetic alterations, with type I showing microsatellite instability and mutations in phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, PIK3CA, K-RAS and CTNNB1 (β-catenin), and type II exhibiting TP53 mutations and chromosomal instability. Some non-endometrioid carcinomas probably arise from pre-existing endometrioid carcinomas as a result of tumor progression and, not surprisingly, some tumors exhibit combined or mixed features at the clinical, pathological and molecular levels. In EC, apoptosis resistance may have a role in tumor progression. Understanding pathogenesis at the molecular level is essential in identifying biomarkers for successful targeted therapies. In this review, the genetic changes of endometrial carcinogenesis are discussed in the light of the morphological features of the tumors and their precursors.
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118
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Abstract
Endometrioid carcinoma is the third most frequent cancer among women in France. They are divided in two groups: type I and type II. This article describes anatomopathological and molecular features of this disease. Type I carcinoma, the most frequent, develops in a context of hyperoestrogenia. Endometrial glandular hyperplasia is the precursor lesion. The histological type is an endometrioid carcinoma. Its prognosis is good. Type II carcinoma is less frequent. It occurs on an atrophic mucosa. It is usually a more aggressive tumor like serous adenocarcinoma, clear cells carcinoma or carcinosarcoma with a poor prognosis. Type I and type II carcinoma also present different molecular pathways. PTEN inactivation, an early event in carcinogenesis, is the most frequent abnormality in type I carcinoma. An average of 28% of type I carcinoma also acquire PI3K mutations. On the contrary, P53 mutation is involved in 90% of type II carcinoma. Identifying and understanding these two types of endometrial carcinoma led to various therapeutic management.
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O'Hara AJ, Bell DW. The genomics and genetics of endometrial cancer. ADVANCES IN GENOMICS AND GENETICS 2012; 2012:33-47. [PMID: 22888282 PMCID: PMC3415201 DOI: 10.2147/agg.s28953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most sporadic endometrial cancers (ECs) can be histologically classified as endometrioid, serous, or clear cell. Each histotype has a distinct natural history, clinical behavior, and genetic etiology. Endometrioid ECs have an overall favorable prognosis. They are typified by high frequency genomic alterations affecting PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN, KRAS, FGFR2, ARID1A (BAF250a), and CTNNB1 (β-catenin), as well as epigenetic silencing of MLH1 resulting in microsatellite instability. Serous and clear cell ECs are clinically aggressive tumors that are rare at presentation but account for a disproportionate fraction of all endometrial cancer deaths. Serous ECs tend to be aneuploid and are typified by frequent genomic alterations affecting TP53 (p53), PPP2R1A, HER-2/ERBB2, PIK3CA, and PTEN; additionally, they display dysregulation of E-cadherin, p16, cyclin E, and BAF250a. The genetic etiology of clear cell ECs resembles that of serous ECs, but it remains relatively poorly defined. A detailed discussion of the characteristic patterns of genomic alterations that distinguish the three major histotypes of endometrial cancer is reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J O'Hara
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Should grade 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma be considered a type 2 cancer—A clinical and pathological evaluation. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Her2/neu extracellular domain shedding in uterine serous carcinoma: implications for immunotherapy with trastuzumab. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1176-82. [PMID: 21915118 PMCID: PMC3208497 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We evaluated shedding of epidermal growth factor type II receptor (Her2/neu) extracellular domain (ECD) in primary uterine serous carcinoma (USC) cell lines and in the serum of USC patients and its biological effects in experiments of trastuzumab-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Methods: Her2/neu expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time PCR and flow cytometry, while c-erbB2 gene amplification was assessed using fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). Her2/neu ECD levels in the supernatants of USC cell lines and in the serum of 38 USC patients and 19 controls were tested using ELISA. The biologic effect of Her2/neu ECD on trastuzumab-induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was evaluated in 5-h chromium-release assays. Results: Five out of ten USC cell lines overexpressed Her2/neu by IHC and showed amplification of the c-erbB2 gene. High levels of Her2/neu ECD were found in supernatants of all FISH-positive tumours. In contrast, FISH-negative USC was negative for Her2/neu ECD shedding. Serum Her2/neu ECD levels in patients harbouring 3+Her2/neu tumours were higher than those found in healthy women (P=0.02) or USC patients with 2+ or 1+/negative Her2/neu expression (P=0.02). In cytotoxicity experiments, trastuzumab-mediated ADCC was significantly decreased by the addition of Her2/neu ECD-containing supernatants (P=0.01). Conclusion: FISH-positive c-erbB2 USC cell lines shed high levels of Her2/neu ECD. High levels of Her2/neu ECD in USC patients may reduce trastuzumab-mediated ADCC in vitro and potentially neutralise its therapeutic effect in vivo.
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Developments in the systemic treatment of endometrial cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 79:278-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Background: Type II cancers account for 10% of endometrial cancers but 50% of recurrence. Response rates to chemotherapy at recurrence are poor and better prognostic markers are needed to guide therapy. CD151 is a small transmembrane protein that regulates cell migration and facilitates cancer metastasis. High CD151 expression confers poor prognosis in breast, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. The prognostic significance of tetraspanin CD151 expression in poor outcome endometrial cancers was evaluated, along with oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, human epidermal growth factor receptor -2 (HER-2), and CD 151 staining compared with α6β1, α3β1 integrins, and E-cadherin. Methods: Tissue microarray constructed from 156 poor outcome endometrial cancers, tested with immunohistochemistry and staining correlated with clinicopathological data were used. A total of 131 data sets were complete for analysis. Results: Expression of CD151 was significantly higher in uterine papillary serous and clear cell carcinoma than in grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma, sarcoma or carcinosarcoma (P<0.001). In univariate analysis, age, stage, histology type and CD151 were significant for both recurrence free (RFS) and disease specific survival (DSS). In multivariate analyses, CD151 was significant for RFS and DSS (P=0.036 and 0.033, respectively) in triple negative (ER, PR and HER-2 negative) tumours (88/131). The HER-2, p53, ER and PR were not prognostic for survival. There was strong concordance of CD151 with E-cadherin (98%), but not with α6β1 (35%), α3β1 staining (60%). Conclusion: The CD151 is a novel marker in type 2 cancers that can guide therapeutic decisions. CD151 may have an important role in tumourigenesis in some histology types.
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Foy KC, Liu Z, Phillips G, Miller M, Kaumaya PTP. Combination treatment with HER-2 and VEGF peptide mimics induces potent anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic responses in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13626-37. [PMID: 21325276 PMCID: PMC3075707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HER-2 is a member of the EGF receptor family and is overexpressed in 20-30% of breast cancers. HER-2 overexpression causes increased expression of VEGF at both the RNA and protein levels. HER-2 and VEGF are therefore considered good targets for cancer treatment, which has led to the development of two humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAb) pertuzumab and bevacizumab. Although passive immunotherapy with these Abs are approved for treatment of advanced breast cancer, a number of concerns exist. Treatment is expensive, has a limited duration of action, and is usually accompanied by serious side effects. We hypothesized that therapy with conformational peptide mimics aimed at blocking receptor-ligand interaction is potentially safer with little toxicity, cheaper with a longer half-life, and has greater penetrating abilities than mAbs. We designed and synthesized peptides based on the binding of HER-2 with pertuzumab and VEGF with VEGFR2. We show that treatment with the peptide mimics induces potent anti-tumor responses in vitro as determined by cell viability, proliferation, and HER2 phosphorylation assays. We also demonstrate in a transplantable BALB/c mouse tumor model that treatment with the peptide mimics resulted in a greater delay in tumor growth and development. Similarly, treatment with the peptide mimics inhibited angiogenesis in vivo as assessed by a Matrigel plug assay. To address the problem of degradability of L-amino acid peptides in vivo, we synthesized the retro-inverso D-peptide mimics that resulted in higher efficacy in treatment. Our study shows that combination treatment with HER-2 and VEGF peptide mimics provides greater efficacy than individual treatments.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemical synthesis
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemistry
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Biomimetic Materials/chemical synthesis
- Biomimetic Materials/chemistry
- Biomimetic Materials/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptor, ErbB-2
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Foy
- From the Department of Microbiology
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
| | | | - Gary Phillips
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Megan Miller
- From the Department of Microbiology
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
| | - Pravin T. P. Kaumaya
- From the Department of Microbiology
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Abstract
Background: To date, no good marker for screening or disease monitoring of endometrial cancer (EC) is available. The aims of this study were to investigate HE4 gene, protein expression and serum HE4 (sHE4) levels in a panel of ECs and normal endometria (NEs) and to correlate sHE4 with patient clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Methods: Using quantitative real-time PCR we tested 46 ECs and 20 NEs for HE4 gene expression. Protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays in 153 ECs and 33 NEs. Pre-operative serum samples from 138 EC and 76 NE patients were analysed with HE4–EIA assay. Association between sHE4 and patient clinicopathological characteristics or outcome was evaluated. Results: Protein and HE4 gene were significantly upregulated in EC tissues and sera, compared with controls. High sHE4 levels were significantly associated with worse EC clinical characteristics. By univariate survival analysis, high sHE4 levels significantly correlated with decreased overall survival, progression-free survival and disease-free survival, retaining their independent prognostic value on the poorly differentiated EC cohort. Conclusion: We demonstrate, for the first time, that high sHE4 levels correlates with an aggressive EC phenotype and may constitute an independent prognostic factor for poorly differentiated-ECs. Determination of sHE4 could be clinically useful in identifying high-risk EC patients for a more aggressive adjuvant therapy.
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Markova I, Duskova M, Lubusky M, Kudela M, Zapletalová J, Procházka M, Pilka R. Selected immunohistochemical prognostic factors in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20:576-82. [PMID: 20686376 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181d80ac4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to assess the immunohistochemical expression of p53, bcl-2, c-erbB-2, Ki-67, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -26 (MMP-7 and MMP-26) in endometrial cancer patients and to assess the relation between steroid receptor positivity and other markers. DESIGN Experimental prospective study. SETTING Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Genetics, Department of Pathology, Palacký University Medical School and University Hospital Olomouc. METHODS We studied 144 cases of primary untreated endometrial carcinoma in which the p53, bcl-2, c-erbB-2, Ki-67, ER, PR, MMP-7, and MMP-26 antigens were investigated with the use of immunohistochemical methods. We evaluated the correlations among immunohistochemical staining and the age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, grading, depth of invasion, and metastatic spread to lymph nodes. RESULTS Mean age was 65.7 years (range, 34-90 years). p53, bcl-2, c-erbB-2, Ki-67, ER, and PR were positive in 35 (24.3%), 100 (69.4%), 41 (28.4%), 65 (45.1%), 115 (79.8%), and 127 (88.1%) cases, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinases were evaluated in a group of 70 patients, wherein MMP-7 was positive in 33 patients (47.1%) and MMP-26 was positive in 40 patients (57.1%). The expression of MMP-7 decreased with higher patient age. p53 and Ki-67 overexpression was found to be related to poor differentiation. Immunostaining for bcl-2 correlated with the positivity of steroid receptors status, whereas immunostaining for c-erbB-2 correlated inversely with ER-positive group of cases. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of p53 and Ki-67 seems to indicate a more malignant phenotype, whereas bcl-2 expression in dependence of steroid receptor positivity could contribute to the identification of high-risk tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Markova
- Department of Medical Genetics and Fetal Medicine, Palacký University Medical School, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Zighelboim I, Reinhart AJ, Gao F, Schmidt AP, Mutch DG, Thaker PH, Goodfellow PJ. DICER1 expression and outcomes in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2010; 117:1446-53. [PMID: 21425145 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine whether lower expression levels of DICER1 are associated with disease recurrence in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer. The authors also explored DNA methylation and haploinsufficiency as potential mechanisms related to altered DICER1 expression in these tumors. METHODS DICER1 expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a selected cohort of endometrioid endometrial tumors (N = 169). Loss of heterozygosity analyses were conducted using 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and combined bisulfate restriction analysis was used to assess methylation in the 5'-untranslated region of DICER1 in representative tumors. The correlations between DICER1 expression and clinicopathologic variables, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), were assessed using nonparametric rank-sum tests and Cox proportional hazard models as appropriate. Survival distributions were described using the Kaplan-Meier method. A nested case-control analysis was conducted to confirm the association between transcript levels and disease recurrence. RESULTS Lower DICER1 expression (hazard ratio [HR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.75; P = .02) and advanced disease stage (HR, 2.79; 95%CI, 1.59-4.90; P < .001) were associated with worse DFS. Three variables were associated significantly with reduced OS: age (HR, 1.04; 95%CI, 1.02-1.06; P < .0001), advanced disease stage (HR, 6.41; 95%CI, 3.57-11.52; P < .0001), and high tumor grade (HR, 2.96; 95%CI, 1.46-5.99; P = .003). Nested case-control analyses confirmed that there were lower DICER1 transcript levels in patients who had recurrent disease (P = .01). Deletion of DICER1 sequences was an infrequent event (5% of analyzed patients), and no methylation was observed in the 5' DICER1 regulatory region. CONCLUSIONS Lower DICER1 transcript levels were correlated with disease recurrence and worse DFS survival in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer. The factors that influence DICER1 transcript levels in primary endometrial cancers remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Zighelboim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine and Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Ren Y, Wang H, Zhou X, Yang W, Huang X, Lu Y, Shi D. Clinicopathological characteristics and her-2/neu status in chinese patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma. ISRN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2010; 2011:575327. [PMID: 21647234 PMCID: PMC3102014 DOI: 10.5402/2011/575327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To analyze clinico-pathological features of Chinese patients with UPSC, and investigate roles of Her-2/neu protein expression and gene amplification in UPSC prognosis. Methods. Thirty-six patients with UPSC treated in Cancer Hospital of Fudan University from 1996 to 2006 were analysed retrospectively. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to evaluate Her-2/neu gene amplification and protein expression respectively.
Results. The median age was 63 years, and 61% (22/36) were late stages (stage III/IV). The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 73.1%, 51.9% and 43.9%, respectively. Advanced stages (P = .0006) and deep myometrial invasion (P = .0138) were significantly associtated with a shorter OS. In 36 cases, 27.8% (10/36) showed 2+ staining and 8.3% (3/36) showed 3+ by IHC. Amplification of the Her-2/neu gene was observed in 11.1% (4/36) cases. The 5-year overall survival rate in Her-2/neu IHC 2 + ∼3+ and 0 ~ 1+ cases was 12.9% and 68.6% respectively. Her-2/neu protein expression 2 + ∼3+ was significantly associated with advanced surgical stage and worse overall survival (P = .03 and P = .0023, resp.). Conclusion. Chinese patients with UPSC showed characteristics of deep myometrial invasion, advanced stages and poor overall survival. Her-2/neu protein overexpression is associated with advanced stage and poor survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Ren
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China
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Differential sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy in primary uterine serous papillary carcinoma cell lines with high vs low HER-2/neu expression in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:162.e1-8. [PMID: 20417484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify effective chemotherapy regimens against uterine serous papillary adenocarcinoma (USPC). STUDY DESIGN Six USPC, half of which overexpress HER-2/neu at 3+ level, were evaluated for growth rate and in vitro sensitivity to 14 single-agent chemotherapies and 5 combinations by ChemoFx (Precision Therapeutics Inc, Pittsburgh, PA). RESULTS Cell lines overexpressing HER-2/neu showed higher proliferation when compared to low HER-2/neu-expressing cell lines and a lower half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) when exposed to the majority of single-agent chemotherapies. High HER-2/neu expressors were more sensitive to platinum compounds, manifesting a 5.22-fold decrease in carboplatin-IC(50) (P = .005) and a 5.37-fold decrease in cisplatin-IC(50) (P = .02). When all cell lines were analyzed as a group, chemotherapy agents tested demonstrated lower IC(50) when used in combination than as individual agents. CONCLUSION USPC overexpressing HER-2/neu display greater in vitro sensitivity to platinum compounds when compared to low HER-2/neu expressors. Higher proliferative capability rather than increased drug resistance may be responsible for the adverse prognosis associated with HER-2/neu overexpression in USPC.
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Kothari R, Morrison C, Richardson D, Seward S, O'Malley D, Copeland L, Fowler J, Cohn DE. The prognostic significance of the triple negative phenotype in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118:172-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Disabled phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling is involved in endometrial carcinogenesis, and there is evidence that expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members has a role in such intracellular signalling pathways. This study analysed the prognostic impact of EGFR family expression in endometrial cancer in relation to PI3K–AKT and MAPK–ERK signalling, as well as drug sensitivity. Methods and results: Immunohistochemical analysis using 63 surgical specimens of endometrioid-type endometrial cancers revealed that EGFR, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 and HER-4 were expressed in 25 (39.7%) of 63, 26 (41.3%) of 63 and 31 (49.2%) of 63 tumours, respectively. Gene amplification of HER-2 was observed in 2 of 26 patients with high HER-2 expression. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that high HER-2 expression was a factor that negatively influenced the progression-free and overall survival rate (P<0.05), and multivariate analysis showed high HER-2 expression to be an independent prognostic factor. Subsequently, we performed in vitro knockdown analysis to investigate the linkage between HER-2 expression and PI3K–AKT pathways. Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown of HER-2 in endometrial cancer cells led to a significant reduction in phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) expression, indicating the existence of a HER-2/PI3K-AKT axis. As the PI3K–AKT pathway is known to have crucial roles in anticancer drug sensitivity, we examined the involvement of HER-2 in sensitivity to paclitaxel. Short interfering RNA-based knockdown of HER-2 conferred increased sensitivity to paclitaxel in endometrial cancer cells, attenuating the induction of p-AKT on paclitaxel stimulation, which was cancelled by inactivating AKT by the introduction of a dominant-negative form. Conclusion: HER-2 is a significant prognostic factor of endometrioid-type endometrial cancer, as well as a key molecule that affects paclitaxel sensitivity by HER-2 interaction with the PI3K–AKT pathway.
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Mechanisms of resistance to HER family targeting antibodies. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1083-100. [PMID: 20064507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of four members: EGFR (HER1/ErbB1), HER2/neu (ErbB2), HER3 (ErbB3) and HER4 (ErbB4). Receptor activation via ligand binding leads to downstream signaling that influence cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Aberrant expression or activity of EGFR and HER2 have been strongly linked to the etiology of several human epithelial cancers including but not limited to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and breast cancer. With this, intense efforts have been made to inhibit the activity of the EGFR and HER2 by designing antibodies against the ligand binding domains (cetuximab, panitumumab and trastuzumab) or small molecules against the tyrosine kinase domains (erlotinib, gefitinib, and lapatinib). Both approaches have shown considerable clinical promise. However, increasing evidence suggests that the majority of patients do not respond to these therapies, and those who show initial response ultimately become refractory to treatment. While mechanisms of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been extensively studied, resistance to monoclonal antibodies is less well understood, both in the laboratory and in the clinical setting. In this review, we discuss resistance to antibody-based therapies against the EGFR and HER2, similarities between these resistance profiles, and strategies to overcome resistance to HER family targeting monoclonal antibody therapy.
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Abstract
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and oral contraceptive pill use interrupt menstrual cycles and reduce endometrial and ovarian cancer risk. This suggests the importance of turnover within Mullerian tissues, where the accumulation of mutations in p53 and PTEN has been correlated with number of cycles. The most common type of endometrial cancer (Type I) is endometrioid and molecular abnormalities include mutations in PTEN, KRAS and β-catenin. The Type I precursor is Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia which displays PTEN defects. Type II endometrial cancer (whose precursors are less clear) includes serous and clear cell tumors and the most common alteration is p53 mutation. For ovarian cancer, histopathologic types parallel endometrial cancer and include serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell; some molecular features are also shared. The most frequent type of ovarian cancer is high grade serous that often displays p53 mutation and its precursor lesions may originate from normal-appearing fallopian tube epithelium that contains a p53 "signature". Mutations in KRAS, BRAF and PTEN are described in mucinous, endometrioid and low grade serous cancers and these may originate from ovarian cortical inclusion cysts. A consideration of molecular and other pathogenetic features, like epidemiology and histopathology, may provide a better understanding of endometrial and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Merritt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Huvila J, Brandt A, Rojas CR, Pasanen S, Talve L, Hirsimäki P, Fey V, Kytömäki L, Saukko P, Carpén O, Soini JT, Grénman S, Auranen A. Gene expression profiling of endometrial adenocarcinomas reveals increased apolipoprotein E expression in poorly differentiated tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:1226-31. [PMID: 19823059 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181b33be0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor grade is one of the most important prognostic factors in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Amplification of oncogenes, such as Her2/neu, or loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, are known to be associated with poor prognosis, but additional factors influencing clinical behavior are likely to exist. To examine the biological differences between low-grade and high-grade endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas, we compared gene expression in these 2 types of tumors. METHODS Six well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and 7 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were studied with 2 different microarray platforms, Affymetrix and Illumina. The expression of the most differentially expressed gene on both platforms was further studied in 34 endometrial adenocarcinoma samples (10 well differentiated, 9 moderately differentiated, and 15 poorly differentiated) using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The most differentially expressed gene on both platforms was Apolipoprotein E (APOE). In the poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, APOE was overexpressed 13.1-fold (P = 0.001) and 9.7-fold (P = 0.007) when compared with well- and moderately differentiated tumors, respectively. There was no difference in APOE expression between well- and moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of APOE might represent a late event in the progression of well-differentiated endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma to a poorly differentiated endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Although increased APOE expression has been previously reported in other malignancies, this is the first study to suggest that APOE might also have a role in endometrioid endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Huvila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Fleming GF, Sill MW, Darcy KM, McMeekin DS, Thigpen JT, Adler LM, Berek JS, Chapman JA, DiSilvestro PA, Horowitz IR, Fiorica JV. Phase II trial of trastuzumab in women with advanced or recurrent, HER2-positive endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 116:15-20. [PMID: 19840887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated efficacy of single-agent trastuzumab against advanced or recurrent HER2-positive endometrial carcinoma (EC), and explored predictors for HER2 amplification. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had measurable stage III, IV, or recurrent EC. There was no limit on prior therapy although total prior doxorubicin dose was limited to 320 mg/m(2). Tumors were required to have HER2 overexpression (2+ or 3+ immunohistochemical staining) or HER2 amplification (FISH HER2/CEP 17 ratio >2.0). Trastuzumab was administered intravenously at a dose of 4 mg/kg in week 1, then 2 mg/kg weekly until disease progression. The primary endpoint was tumor response. RESULTS Of the 286 tumors centrally screened by LabCorp, 33 (11.5%) were HER2-amplified. Three of 8 clear (38%) cell carcinomas and 7 of 25 serous carcinomas (28%) screened exhibited HER2 amplification compared with 7% (2/29) of endometrioid adenocarcinomas. HER2 overexpression was correlated with HER2 amplification (r=0.459; p<0.0001). Thirty-four women were enrolled; 1 was excluded (refused treatment); and 18 had tumors with known HER2 amplification. No major tumor responses were observed. Twelve women experienced stable disease, 18 had increasing disease, and 3 were indeterminate for tumor response. Neither HER2 overexpression nor HER2 amplification appeared to be associated with progression-free survival or overall survival. CONCLUSION Trastuzumab as a single agent did not demonstrate activity against endometrial carcinomas with HER2 overexpression or HER2 amplification, although full planned accrual of women with HER2 amplified tumors was not achieved due to slow recruitment. Serous and clear cell endometrial carcinomas appear to be more likely to demonstrate HER2 amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gini F Fleming
- University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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ENGELSEN INGEBORGB, AKSLEN LARSA, SALVESEN HELGAB. Biologic markers in endometrial cancer treatment. APMIS 2009; 117:693-707. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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139
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Montejo M, Werner TL, Gaffney D. Current challenges in clinical management of endometrial cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:883-9. [PMID: 19422864 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer remains a management challenge. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis may enable better understanding of biologic behavior and guide therapy. Improvements in diagnostic imaging, radiation delivery systems, and systemic therapies potentially can improve outcomes while minimizing morbidity. Novel strategies for screening and prevention also hold promise for reducing incidence and mortality of this disease.
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140
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Castellvi J, Garcia A, Ruiz-Marcellan C, Hernández-Losa J, Peg V, Salcedo M, Gil-Moreno A, Ramon y Cajal S. Cell signaling in endometrial carcinoma: phosphorylated 4E-binding protein-1 expression in endometrial cancer correlates with aggressive tumors and prognosis. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1418-26. [PMID: 19428047 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the oncogenic process, cell growth control plays a crucial role, and growth factor receptors and their signaling pathways are known to be altered in endometrial cancer, mostly in type I carcinomas. Two main pathways are involved in transmitting the proliferative signal from the membrane receptors to the nucleus: phosphatydil-inositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin and RAS-RAF-ERK pathways. A final effector of these signaling cascades is the cap-dependent mRNA translation initiation complex, which is negatively regulated by 4E-BP1. The aim of our work was to study the relative importance of the factors involved in these pathways and to see their correlation with the clinicopathologic features of the tumors and their prognosis. We studied 120 endometrial carcinomas, including 93 type I and 27 type II carcinomas, and 18 control cases. Tissue microarrays were constructed and immunohistochemistry was performed for HER2, p53, and the phosphorylated forms of protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and 4E-BP1. HER2 was overexpressed in 11% of carcinomas but not in control cases, and 30% of carcinomas showed activation of protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, mostly in type II carcinomas. The phosphorylated form of 4E-BP1 was found to be cytoplasmic in 31% of cases, and in 63% of cases it showed nuclear expression; the latter was only found in carcinomas. p53 positivity was found in type II and in grade 3 type I carcinomas. This nuclear expression of phospho-4E-BP1 and HER2 overexpression were the only characteristics with prognostic significance. The activation of the signaling pathways that control cell growth is a common event in endometrial carcinomas. 4E-BP1 is a downstream effector of these pathways whose activation status correlates with aggressive phenotypes and prognosis. This factor can reflect the activity of these pathways, regardless of the upstream molecular alterations, and, therefore, it can be a hallmark of the transmission of the oncogenic signal to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Castellvi
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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141
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Jongen VH, Briët JM, de Jong RA, Joppe E, ten Hoor KA, Boezen H, Evans DB, Hollema H, van der Zee AG, Nijman HW. Aromatase, Cyclooxygenase 2, HER-2/neu, and P53 as Prognostic Factors in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:670-6. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a47c25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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142
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Gates JD, Carmichael MG, Benavides LC, Holmes JP, Hueman MT, Woll MM, Ioannides CG, Robson CH, McLeod DG, Ponniah S, Peoples GE. Longterm Followup Assessment of a HER2/neu Peptide (E75) Vaccine for Prevention of Recurrence in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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143
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Ortega E, Marti RM, Yeramian A, Sorolla A, Dolcet X, Llobet D, Abal L, Santacana M, Pallares J, Llombart-Cussac A, Matias-Guiu X. Targeted therapies in gynecologic cancers and melanoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008; 25:262-73. [PMID: 19013892 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews the main molecular pathology alterations of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas and melanoma. Several promising drugs targeting the genes most frequently altered in these tumors are under consideration. The most promising signaling pathways to be targeted for therapies in these tumors are the tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR, HER2, c-KIT), the RAS/B-RAF/MAPK, the PI3K-mTOR, and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Ortega
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dermatology, and Pathology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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144
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Konecny GE, Santos L, Winterhoff B, Hatmal M, Keeney GL, Mariani A, Jones M, Neuper C, Thomas B, Muderspach L, Riehle D, Wang HJ, Dowdy S, Podratz KC, Press MF. HER2 gene amplification and EGFR expression in a large cohort of surgically staged patients with nonendometrioid (type II) endometrial cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 100:89-95. [PMID: 19088718 PMCID: PMC2634683 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II endometrial cancers (uterine serous papillary and clear cell histologies) represent rare but highly aggressive variants of endometrial cancer (EC). HER2 and EGFR may be differentially expressed in type II EC. Here, we evaluate the clinical role of HER2 and EGFR in a large cohort of surgically staged patients with type II (nonendometrioid) EC and compare the findings with those seen in a representative cohort of type I (endometrioid) EC. In this study HER2 gene amplification was studied by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry. Tissue microarrays were constructed from 279 patients with EC (145 patients with type I and 134 patients with type II EC). All patients were completely surgically staged and long-term clinical follow up was available for 258 patients. The rate of HER2 gene amplification was significantly higher in type II EC compared with type I EC (17 vs 1%, P<0.001). HER2 gene amplification was detected in 17 and 16% of the cases with uterine serous papillary and clear cell type histology, respectively. In contrast, EGFR expression was significantly lower in type II compared with type I EC (34 vs 46%, P=0.041). EGFR expression but not HER2 gene amplification was significantly associated with poor overall survival in patients with type II EC, (EGFR, median survival 20 vs 33 months, P=0.028; HER2, median survival 18 vs 29 months, P=0.113) and EGFR expression retained prognostic independence when adjusting for histology, stage, grade, and age (EGFR, P=0.0197; HER2, P=0.7855). We conclude that assessment of HER2 gene amplification and/or EGFR expression may help to select type II EC patients who could benefit from therapeutic strategies targeting both HER2 and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Konecny
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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145
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Wu CH, Tu HF, Gong NR, Chen YW, Liu CJ, Kao SY. The Val allele of HER-2 codon 655 predicts the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2008; 45:579-83. [PMID: 18849186 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HER-2 proto-oncogene is important for oral carcinogenesis. HER-2 codon 655 polymorphism, either isoleucine (Ile: ATC) or valine (Val: GTC), was associated with the risk of breast carcinoma. This study investigated the clinicopathological implications of this polymorphism in oral carcinoma. We found that 79% of oral carcinoma patients had A/A (Ile/Ile) genotype and 21% had A/G (Ile/Val) genotype, with a G (Val) allelic frequency of 0.10. Univariate analysis indicated a significantly higher Val allelic frequency in cases having nodal metastasis or tumor recurrence; and Val allele was associated with poorer recurrence-free survival of patients. Multivariate analysis after adjusting confounding factors by logistic regression analysis indicated that patients carrying Val allele had a 8.79- and 4.25-fold higher risk for nodal metastasis and recurrence, respectively. Using Cox proportional hazard model, the risk of tumor recurrence was 3.35-fold higher in patients carrying Val allele. This is the first report demonstrating that the Val allele of HER-2 codon 655 could be an independent predictor for oral carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsien Wu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan, ROC
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146
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SORBE B, ANDERSSON H, BOMAN K, ROSENBERG P, KALLING M. Treatment of primary advanced and recurrent endometrial carcinoma with a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxellong-term follow-up. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18:803-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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147
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Caner V, Turk NS, Duzcan F, Tufan NLS, Kelten EC, Zencir S, Dodurga Y, Bagci H, Duzcan SE. No strong association between HER-2/neu protein overexpression and gene amplification in high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 14:261-6. [PMID: 18415713 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of urothelial carcinoma is caused by the accumulation of various molecular changes, as in most malignancies. There are conflicting data about the status of HER-2/neu oncogene in urothelial carcinomas. The aim of this study was to determine the status of HER-2/neu oncogene in high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder both in protein and DNA level. We evaluated HER-2/neu protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and gene amplification by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time quantitative PCR in paraffin-embedded samples of high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma obtained from 36 patients. Polysomy 17 was also assessed by FISH. Immunohistochemically, HER-2/neu protein overexpression was observed in 22 (61.1%) tumors (ten tumors with score 3+ and 12 with score 2+). Fourteen of 36 tumors (38.9%) were evaluated as negative (score 0 or 1+). Complete concordance between FISH and the PCR was seen in all of the samples scored as 0 and 1+ by IHC. HER-2/neu gene amplification was observed in three of 27 (11.1%) tumors by FISH (nine samples were non-informative) and in eight of 36 (22.2%) tumors by the PCR. The complete concordance between HER2-2/neu protein overexpression and gene amplification was seen only in three of 27 tumors. Polysomy 17 was seen in nine tumors (33.3%). The results indicated that, in contrast to breast cancer, there was no strong association between HER-2/neu overexpression and gene amplification in invasive urothelial carcinomas, and polysomy 17 was higher in tumors showing HER-2/neu overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Caner
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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148
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Activity of lapatinib a novel HER2 and EGFR dual kinase inhibitor in human endometrial cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1076-84. [PMID: 18334972 PMCID: PMC2275492 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the therapeutic potential of lapatinib a selective inhibitor of both the EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinases for the treatment of endometrial cancer. The effect of lapatinib on tumour cell growth and receptor activation was studied in a panel of human endometrial cancer cell lines. Candidate molecular markers predicting sensitivity were assessed by baseline gene expression profiling, ELISA, and western blot analyses. Multiple drug effect/combination index (CI) isobologram analysis was used to study the interactions between chemotherapeutic drugs and lapatinib. Concentration-dependent anti-proliferative effects of lapatinib were seen in all endometrial cancer cell lines tested, but varied significantly between individual cell lines (IC50 range: 0.052–10.9 μmol). HER2 overexpression or increased expression of EGFR was significantly associated with in vitro sensitivity (P=0.024 or 0.011, respectively). Lapatinib exerts growth inhibition in a PTEN-independent manner. Sensitive cell lines also exhibited increased expression of EGFR ligands or HER3. In contrast, lapatinib-resistant cell lines exhibited high androgen receptor (AR) levels or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (post-EMT) features. In endometrial cancer cells, at a wide range of clinically achievable drug concentrations, additive and synergistic interactions were observed for lapatinib plus carboplatin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, and doxorubicin. These observations provide a clear biologic rational to test lapatinib as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy in endometrial cancer with HER2 overexpression. Expression of EGFR, its ligands, HER3, AR, and post-EMT markers warrant further evaluation to help define patients with HER2-nonoverexpressing endometrial cancer most likely to benefit from lapatinib.
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149
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Lee SC, Hou MF, Hsieh PC, Wu SH, Ann Hou L, Ma H, Tsai SM, Tsai LY. A case–control study of the HER2 Ile655Val polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in Taiwan. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:121-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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150
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Gibcus JH, Menkema L, Mastik MF, Hermsen MA, de Bock GH, van Velthuysen MLF, Takes RP, Kok K, Alvarez Marcos CA, van der Laan BFAM, van den Brekel MWM, Langendijk JA, Kluin PM, van der Wal JE, Schuuring E. Amplicon mapping and expression profiling identify the Fas-associated death domain gene as a new driver in the 11q13.3 amplicon in laryngeal/pharyngeal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:6257-66. [PMID: 17975136 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amplification of the 11q13 region is a frequent event in human cancer. The highest incidence (36%) is found in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Recently, we reported that the amplicon size in 30 laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinomas with 11q13 amplification is determined by unique genomic structures, resulting in the amplification of a set of genes rather than a single gene. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To investigate which gene(s) drive the 11q13 amplicon, we determined the smallest region of overlap with amplification and the expression levels of all genes within this amplicon. RESULTS Using array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis, we detected a region of approximately 1.7 Mb containing 13 amplified genes in more than 25 of the 29 carcinomas. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that overexpression of 8 potential driver genes including, cyclin D1, cortactin, and Fas-associated death domain (FADD), correlated significantly with DNA amplification. FADD protein levels correlated well with DNA amplification, implicating that FADD is also a candidate driver gene in the 11q13 amplicon. Analysis of 167 laryngeal carcinomas showed that increased expression of FADD (P = 0.007) and Ser(194) phosphorylated FADD (P = 0.011) were associated with a worse disease-specific survival. FADD was recently reported to be involved in cell cycle regulation, and cancer cells expressing high levels of the Ser(194) phosphorylated isoform of FADD proved to be more sensitive to Taxol-induced cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSION Because of the frequent amplification of the 11q13 region and concomitant overexpression of FADD in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, we hypothesize that FADD is a marker to select patients that might benefit from Taxol-based chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H Gibcus
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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