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Miranda CD, Godoy FA, Lee MR. Current Status of the Use of Antibiotics and the Antimicrobial Resistance in the Chilean Salmon Farms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1284. [PMID: 29967597 PMCID: PMC6016283 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chilean salmon industry has undergone a rapid development making the country the world's second largest producer of farmed salmon, but this growth has been accompanied by an intensive use of antibiotics. This overuse has become so significant that Chilean salmon aquaculture currently has one of the highest rates of antibiotic consumption per ton of harvested fish in the world. This review has focused on discussing use of antibiotics and current status of scientific knowledge regarding to incidence of antimicrobial resistance and associated genes in the Chilean salmonid farms. Over recent years there has been a consistent increase in the amount of antimicrobials used by Chilean salmonid farms, from 143.2 tons in 2010 to 382.5 tons in 2016. During 2016, Chilean companies utilized approximately 0.53 kg of antibiotics per ton of harvested salmon, 363.4 tons (95%) were used in marine farms, and 19.1 tons (5%) in freshwater farms dedicated to smolt production. Florfenicol and oxytetracycline were by far the most frequently used antibiotics during 2016 (82.5 and 16.8%, respectively), mainly being used to treat Piscirickettsia salmonis, currently considered the main bacterial threat to this industry. However, the increasing development of this industry in Chile, as well as the intensive use of antimicrobials, has not been accompanied by the necessary scientific research needed to understand the impact of the intensive use of antibiotics in this industry. Over the last two decades several studies assessing antimicrobial resistance and the resistome in the freshwater and marine environment impacted by salmon farming have been conducted, but information on the ecological and environmental consequences of antibiotic use in fish farming is still scarce. In addition, studies reporting the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens, mainly P. salmonis, have been developed, but a high number of these studies were aimed at setting their epidemiological cut-off values. In conclusion, further studies are urgently required, mainly focused on understanding the evolution and epidemiology of resistance genes in Chilean salmonid farming, and to investigate the feasibility of a link between these genes among bacteria from salmonid farms and human and fish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Miranda
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Centro AquaPacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Felix A Godoy
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Matthew R Lee
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
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102
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Stärk KDC, Pękala A, Muellner P. Use of molecular and genomic data for disease surveillance in aquaculture: Towards improved evidence for decision making. Prev Vet Med 2018; 167:190-195. [PMID: 29685809 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic tools for the identification and confirmation of animal diseases have been evolving rapidly over the last decade, with diseases of aquatic animals being no exception. Hence, case definitions used in surveillance may now include molecular and genomic components and ultimately be based on the entire genome of a pathogen. While the opportunities brought on by this change in our ability to define and differentiate organisms are manifold, there are also challenges. These include the need to consider typing tool characteristics during sampling design, but also the re-thinking of diagnostic protocols and standards for the meaningful interpretation of the increasingly complex data presented to surveillance managers. These issues are illustrated for aquaculture using the example of multi-country surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. strains isolated from rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Europe. In order to fully exploit the opportunities of molecular and genomic information, a multi-disciplinary approach is needed to develop harmonised diagnostic procedures and modified surveillance designs for aquaculture as well as for terrestrial animal production. This will require adjustments in the relevant standards applicable to assess food safety and trade risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina D C Stärk
- SAFOSO AG, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland; Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
| | | | - Petra Muellner
- SAFOSO AG, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland; Epi-interactive, Wellington, New Zealand.
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103
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Chen C, Ray P, Knowlton KF, Pruden A, Xia K. Effect of composting and soil type on dissipation of veterinary antibiotics in land-applied manures. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:270-279. [PMID: 29306199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the fate of commonly used veterinary antibiotics in their naturally excreted form when manure-based amendments are applied to soil. Beef cattle were administered sulfamethazine, tylosin, and chlortetracycline and dairy cows were treated with pirlimycin. The resulting manure was composted for 42 d under static or turned conditions and applied at agronomic N rates to sandy, silt, and silty clay loam soils and compared with amendment with corresponding raw manures in sacrificial microcosms over a 120-day period. Antibiotic dissipation in the raw manure-amended soils followed bi-phasic first order kinetics. The first phase half-lives for sulfamethazine, tylosin, chlortetracycline, and pirlimycin ranged from 6.0 to 18, 2.7 to 3.7, 23 to 25, and 5.5-8.2 d, respectively. During the second phase, dissipation of sulfamethazine was negligible, while the half-lives for tylosin, chlortetracycline, and pirlimycin ranged from 41 to 44, 75 to 144, and 87-142 d, respectively. By contrast, antibiotic dissipation in the compost-amended soils followed single-phase first order kinetics with negligible dissipation of sulfamethazine and half-lives of tylosin and chlortetracycline ranging from 15 to 16 and 49-104 d, respectively. Pirlimycin was below the detection limit in the compost-amended soils. After incubating 120 d, antibiotics in compost-amended soils (up to 3.1 μg kg-1) were significantly lower than in manure-amended soils (up to 19 μg kg-1, p < .0001), with no major effect of soil type on the dissipation. Risk assessment suggested that composting can reduce antibiotic resistance selection potential in manure-amended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqi Chen
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
| | - Partha Ray
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Division of Animal, Dairy & Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Univ. of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | | | - Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Kang Xia
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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104
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Li W, Ali F, Cai Q, Yao Z, Sun L, Lin W, Lin X. Reprint of: Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that chemotaxis is involved in chlortetracycline resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila. J Proteomics 2018; 180:138-146. [PMID: 29604439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Aeromonas hydrophila, which has been classified as a food borne pathogen, has presented with increased levels of antibiotic resistance, with the mechanisms of this resistance being poorly understood. In this study, iTRAQ coupled mass spectrometry was employed to compare differentially expressed proteins in chlortetracycline (CTC) resistant A. hydrophila relative to a control strain. Result showed that a total of 234 differential proteins including 151 down-regulated and 83 up-regulated were identified in chlortetracycline resistance strain. Bioinformatics analysis showed that chemotaxis related proteins, such as CheA-2, CheR-3, CheW-2, EnvZ, PolA, FliS and FliG were down-regulated in addition to previously reported tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) related proteins also being down-regulated. A subset of identified differentially expressed proteins was then further validated via Western blotting. Exogenous metabolite combined with CTC further enhanced the bacterial susceptibilities to CTC in A. hydrophila. Furthermore, a bacterial survival capability assay showed that several chemotaxis related mutants, such as ΔcheR-3 and ΔAHA_0305, may affect the antimicrobial susceptibility of A. hydrophila. Overall, these findings contribute to a further understanding of the mechanism of CTC resistance in A. hydrophila and may contribute to the development of more effective future treatments. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE A. hydrophila is a well-known fish pathogenic bacterium and has presented with increasing levels of antibiotic resistance, with the mechanisms of this resistance being poorly understood. Our current study compared the differentially expression proteins between chlortetracycline (CTC) resistant and control stains via an iTARQ-based quantitative proteomics method. Chemotaxis related proteins were down-regulated in CTC resistant strain but exogenous metabolite addition increased bacterial susceptibility in A.hydrophila. Significantly, chemotaxis related genes depletion affected antimicrobial susceptibilities of A.hydrophila indicating the role of chemotaxis process in antibiotics resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China
| | - Farman Ali
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China
| | - Qilan Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China
| | - Zujie Yao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China
| | - Lina Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 35002, PR China.
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105
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Winkler FM, García R, Valdivia MV, Lohrmann KB. Assessment of oxytetracycline baths as therapeutic treatment for the control of the agent of withering syndrome (WS) in red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 153:109-116. [PMID: 29501500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Withering Syndrome (WS) is a lethal disease that affects abalone species in both wild and farmed populations. This infection, caused by the rickettsial-like intracellular organism (RLO) Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, can severely impair the normal development of affected animals, and ultimately, their survival. The most common line of action against the WS has been the use of antibiotics, specifically oxytetracycline (OTC), administered via intramuscular injection and per os via medicated feed. In the present study, we have assessed the effectiveness of OTC baths as therapeutic treatment for the control of the WS agent in H. rufescens. Clinical signs of infection were monitored for 11 months in treated juveniles, in addition to feed consumption rate, growth patterns and gonad development. Abalones were asymptomatic until the end of the experiment, when a small number of non-treated animals exhibited clinical signs of infection. Gonad maturity was not observed. OTC treated animals grew significantly less than their non-treated counterparts, being 4.3% shorter and 13.6% lighter at the end of the experiment. They also displayed negative allometry, i.e. for the same shell length, they were lighter than non-treated groups. Furthermore, the weight of muscle and soft tissues in OTC treated animals was lighter than in the other groups, while no differences were found in shell weight. The feed consumption rate was the same for all groups, thus the observed growth patterns cannot be attributed to a decreased feed intake. One possible explanation is that antibiotic treatment may have impacted gut microflora, thus preventing efficient nutrient digestion and absorption and, indirectly, reducing growth. Prevalence of RLOs causing WS (WS-RLO) and the variant form (RLOv), infected with a bacteriophague and non virulent, were significantly lower in the OTC-treated group than in the other groups. Similar results were observed for the mean intensity of RLOv, while for WS-RLO, the intensity in the OTC-treated group was higher, although not statistically significant, than the rest of the groups. These observations may be the consequence of an increased bacterial sensitivity to OTC effects associated with the phage infection or faster reproduction of WS-RLOs than RLOv after OTC treatment. Our results let us infer that the prophylactic use of OTC in abalone to avoid the negative effects of WS on abalone farms could have an undesired negative effect on the biological control exerted by the phage on the bacteria after OTC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Winkler
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Ricardo García
- Magister en Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María Vicenta Valdivia
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Karin B Lohrmann
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
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106
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Hsu LC, Liu YT, Syu CH, Huang MH, Tzou YM, Teah HY. Adsorption of tetracycline on Fe (hydr)oxides: effects of pH and metal cation (Cu 2+, Zn 2+ and Al 3+) addition in various molar ratios. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171941. [PMID: 29657795 PMCID: PMC5882719 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides control the mobility and bioavailability of tetracycline (TC) in waters and soils. Adsorption of TC on Fe (hydr)oxides is greatly affected by polyvalent metals; however, impacts of molar metal/TC ratios on TC adsorptive behaviours on Fe (hydr)oxides remain unclear. Results showed that maximum TC adsorption on ferrihydrite and goethite occurred at pH 5-6. Such TC adsorption was generally promoted by the addition of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Al3+. The greatest increase in TC adsorption was found in the system with molar Cu/TC ratio of 3 due to the formation of Fe hydr(oxide)-Cu-TC ternary complexes. Functional groups on TC that were responsible for the complexation with Cu2+shifted from phenolic diketone groups at Cu/TC molar ratio < 1 to amide groups at Cu/TC molar ratio ≥ 1. For the addition of Al3+, the complexation only took place with phenolic diketone groups, resulting in the enhanced TC adsorption at a molar Al/TC ratio of 1. However, TC adsorption decreased for Al/TC molar ratio > 1 as excess Al3+ led to the competitive adsorption with Al/TC complexes. For the Zn2+ addition, no significant correlation was found between TC adsorption capacity and molar Zn/TC ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ching Hsu
- Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Yu-Ting Liu e-mail:
| | - Chien-Hui Syu
- Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, 189 Zhongzheng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 41362, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Hsia Huang
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Min Tzou
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Yu-Min Tzou e-mail:
| | - Heng Yi Teah
- Division of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 332 Building of Environmental Studies, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
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107
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Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that chemotaxis is involved in chlortetracycline resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila. J Proteomics 2018; 172:143-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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108
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Miranda CD, Godoy FA, Lee MR. Current Status of the Use of Antibiotics and the Antimicrobial Resistance in the Chilean Salmon Farms. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29967597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01284/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chilean salmon industry has undergone a rapid development making the country the world's second largest producer of farmed salmon, but this growth has been accompanied by an intensive use of antibiotics. This overuse has become so significant that Chilean salmon aquaculture currently has one of the highest rates of antibiotic consumption per ton of harvested fish in the world. This review has focused on discussing use of antibiotics and current status of scientific knowledge regarding to incidence of antimicrobial resistance and associated genes in the Chilean salmonid farms. Over recent years there has been a consistent increase in the amount of antimicrobials used by Chilean salmonid farms, from 143.2 tons in 2010 to 382.5 tons in 2016. During 2016, Chilean companies utilized approximately 0.53 kg of antibiotics per ton of harvested salmon, 363.4 tons (95%) were used in marine farms, and 19.1 tons (5%) in freshwater farms dedicated to smolt production. Florfenicol and oxytetracycline were by far the most frequently used antibiotics during 2016 (82.5 and 16.8%, respectively), mainly being used to treat Piscirickettsia salmonis, currently considered the main bacterial threat to this industry. However, the increasing development of this industry in Chile, as well as the intensive use of antimicrobials, has not been accompanied by the necessary scientific research needed to understand the impact of the intensive use of antibiotics in this industry. Over the last two decades several studies assessing antimicrobial resistance and the resistome in the freshwater and marine environment impacted by salmon farming have been conducted, but information on the ecological and environmental consequences of antibiotic use in fish farming is still scarce. In addition, studies reporting the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens, mainly P. salmonis, have been developed, but a high number of these studies were aimed at setting their epidemiological cut-off values. In conclusion, further studies are urgently required, mainly focused on understanding the evolution and epidemiology of resistance genes in Chilean salmonid farming, and to investigate the feasibility of a link between these genes among bacteria from salmonid farms and human and fish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Miranda
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro AquaPacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Felix A Godoy
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Matthew R Lee
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
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109
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Simó-Mirabet P, Piazzon MC, Calduch-Giner JA, Ortiz Á, Puyalto M, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Sodium salt medium-chain fatty acids and Bacillus-based probiotic strategies to improve growth and intestinal health of gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata). PeerJ 2017; 5:e4001. [PMID: 29226031 PMCID: PMC5719961 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased demand for fish protein has led to the intensification of aquaculture practices which are hampered by nutritional and health factors affecting growth performance. To solve these problems, antibiotics have been used for many years in the prevention, control and treatment against disease as well as growth promoters to improve animal performance. Nowadays, the use of antibiotics in the European Union and other countries has been completely or partially banned as a result of the existence of antibiotic cross-resistance. Therefore, a number of alternatives, including enzymes, prebiotics, probiotics, phytonutrients and organic acids used alone or in combination have been proposed for the improvement of immunological state, growth performance and production in livestock animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate two commercially available feed additives, one based on medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) from coconut oil and another with a Bacillus-based probiotic, in gilthead sea bream (GSB, Sparus aurata), a marine farmed fish of high value in the Mediterranean aquaculture. Methods The potential benefits of adding two commercial feed additives on fish growth performance and intestinal health were assessed in a 100-days feeding trial. The experimental diets (D2 and D3) were prepared by supplementing a basal diet (D1) with MCFAs in the form of a sodium salt of coconut fatty acid distillate (DICOSAN®; Norel, Madrid, Spain), rich on C-12, added at 0.3% (D2) or with the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940, added at 0.1% (D3). The study integrated data on growth performance, blood biochemistry, histology and intestinal gene expression patterns of selected markers of intestinal function and architecture. Results MCFAs in the form of a coconut oil increased feed intake, growth rates and the surface of nutrient absorption, promoting the anabolic action of the somatotropic axis. The probiotic (D3) induced anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects with changes in circulating cortisol, immunoglobulin M, leukocyte respiratory burst, and mucosal expression levels of cytokines, lymphocyte markers and immunoglobulin T. Discussion MCFA supplementation showed positive effects on GSB growth and intestinal architecture acting mainly in the anterior intestine, where absorption takes place. The probiotic B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 exhibited key effects in the regulation of the immune status inducing anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects which can be potentially advantageous upon infection or exposure to other stressors. The potential effects of these feed additives in GSB are very promising to improve health and disease resistance in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Simó-Mirabet
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Álvaro Ortiz
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | | | | | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
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110
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Henriksson PJG, Rico A, Troell M, Klinger DH, Buschmann AH, Saksida S, Chadag MV, Zhang W. Unpacking factors influencing antimicrobial use in global aquaculture and their implication for management: a review from a systems perspective. SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 2017; 13:1105-1120. [PMID: 30147798 PMCID: PMC6086308 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-017-0511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Global seafood provides almost 20% of all animal protein in diets, and aquaculture is, despite weakening trends, the fastest growing food sector worldwide. Recent increases in production have largely been achieved through intensification of existing farming systems, resulting in higher risks of disease outbreaks. This has led to increased use of antimicrobials (AMs) and consequent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in many farming sectors, which may compromise the treatment of bacterial infections in the aquaculture species itself and increase the risks of AMR in humans through zoonotic diseases or through the transfer of AMR genes to human bacteria. Multiple stakeholders have, as a result, criticized the aquaculture industry, resulting in consequent regulations in some countries. AM use in aquaculture differs from that in livestock farming due to aquaculture's greater diversity of species and farming systems, alternative means of AM application, and less consolidated farming practices in many regions. This, together with less research on AM use in aquaculture in general, suggests that large data gaps persist with regards to its overall use, breakdowns by species and system, and how AMs become distributed in, and impact on, the overall social-ecological systems in which they are embedded. This paper identifies the main factors (and challenges) behind application rates, which enables discussion of mitigation pathways. From a set of identified key mechanisms for AM usage, six proximate factors are identified: vulnerability to bacterial disease, AM access, disease diagnostic capacity, AMR, target markets and food safety regulations, and certification. Building upon these can enable local governments to reduce AM use through farmer training, spatial planning, assistance with disease identification, and stricter regulations. National governments and international organizations could, in turn, assist with disease-free juveniles and vaccines, enforce rigid monitoring of the quantity and quality of AMs used by farmers and the AM residues in the farmed species and in the environment, and promote measures to reduce potential human health risks associated with AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik J. G. Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang Malaysia
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, P.O. Box 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dane H. Klinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Sonja Saksida
- Aquaculture Management Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mohan V. Chadag
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang Malaysia
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306 China
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111
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Hudson JA, Frewer LJ, Jones G, Brereton PA, Whittingham MJ, Stewart G. The agri-food chain and antimicrobial resistance: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Van Doan H, Hoseinifar SH, Tapingkae W, Khamtavee P. The effects of dietary kefir and low molecular weight sodium alginate on serum immune parameters, resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae and growth performance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:139-146. [PMID: 28088470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effects of dietary kefir and low molecular weight sodium alginate (LWMSA) (singular or combined) on non-specific immune response, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish with average weight of 18.60 ± 0.04 g were supplied and randomly stocked in sixteen glass tanks (150 L) at density of 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed experimental diets as follows: 0 g kg-1 LMWSA (Control, Diet 1), 10 g kg-1 LMWSA (Diet 2), 40 g kg-1 kefir (Diet 3), and 10 g kg-1 LMWSA + 40 g kg-1 kefir (Diet 4) for 50 days. At the end of the feeding trial, serum lysozyme (SL), phagocytosis (PI), respiratory burst (RB), and alternative complement (ACH50) activities as well as growth performance were measured. Singular and combined administration of kefir and low molecular weight sodium alginate (LMWSA) significantly increased serum SL, PI, RB, and ACH50 activities compared control group (P < 0.05); the highest innate immune responses were observed in fish fed combinational diet (kefir + LMWSA) (P < 0.05). The results of experimental challenge revealed significantly higher resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in fish fed supplemented diets and the highest post challenge survival rate was observed in synbiotic diet (P < 0.05). Similar results obtained in case of growth parameters. Feeding on supplemented diet significantly improved SGR and FCR and the highest growth parameters was observed in fish fed synbiotic diet (P < 0.05). These finding revealed that combined administration of dietary kefir and LMWSA can be considered for improving immune response, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Wanaporn Tapingkae
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Pimporn Khamtavee
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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113
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Lee S, Katya K, Park Y, Won S, Seong M, Hamidoghli A, Bai SC. Comparative evaluation of dietary probiotics Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC3928 on the growth performance, immunological parameters, gut morphology and disease resistance in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:201-210. [PMID: 28034835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two different probiotics Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC3928 in diet of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Seven experimental diets were formulated to contain no probiotics (CON), three graded levels of B. subtilis at 106 (BS1), 107 (BS2), 108 (BS3) and L. plantarum at 106 (LP1), 107 (LP2), 108 (LP3) CFU/g diet. Twenty fish averaging 8.29 ± 0.06 g were distributed in to 21 aquaria and were randomly assigned to one of the experimental diets in triplicate groups. Average weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed B. subtilis at 107 (BS2) and 108 (BS3) CFU/g diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed other experimental diets (P < 0.05). Nonspecific enzymatic activities including lysozyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) from fish fed B. subtilis at 107 (BS2) and 108 (BS3) CFU/g diet were detected to be significantly higher than that from fish fed CON diet (P < 0.05). Whereas, level of intestine glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), heat shock protein 70, 90 (HSP70, 90) and immunoglobulin (IgM) from fish fed B. subtilis at 107 and 108 CFU/g diet were recorded to be significantly higher than those of fish fed other experimental diets (P < 0.05). Parameters for intestinal morphology and histology suggested a healthier gut for the fish fed108 (BS3) CFU/g diet as compared to other treatment groups. Whereas, results from the disease challenge test with bacteria Vibrio angulillarum showed significantly lower survival rate for fish fed CON diet than those of fish fed other experimental diets. Therefore, these results indicated that oral supplement of B. subtilis at 108 (BS3) CFU/g diet could be a more effective source of probiotic compared to L. plantarum in Japanese eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghan Lee
- Dept. of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC), Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Youngjin Park
- Dept. of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC), Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghun Won
- Dept. of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC), Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Seong
- Dept. of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC), Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Hamidoghli
- Dept. of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC), Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchul C Bai
- Dept. of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC), Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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114
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Li K, Petersen G, Barco L, Hvidtfeldt K, Liu L, Dalsgaard A. Salmonella Weltevreden in integrated and non-integrated tilapia aquaculture systems in Guangdong, China. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:19-24. [PMID: 28400002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Integrated tilapia-pig farming, which uses manure from pigs as fertilizers in fish pond, is a traditional and common production system practised by small-scale farmers in South-east Asia. Although such systems may be environmentally sustainable, they also pose potential food safety hazards including transmission of faecal zoonotic pathogens and accumulation of antimicrobial and other chemical residues. This study aimed to determine differences in occurrence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from tilapia-pig and non-integrated aquaculture systems in Guangdong province, China. A total of 77 samples (9 pig feed, 19 fish feed, 9 pig faeces, 20 fish mucus and 20 fish intestine) from 10 tilapia-pig ponds and 10 non-integrated ponds were analysed. Salmonella spp. was found in fish mucus (20.0%), fish intestine (40.0%) and pig faeces (11.1%) from integrated ponds, and from fish mucus (40.0%) and fish intestine (40.0%) from non-integrated ponds. S. Weltevreden (76.5%) was by far the most common serovar showing limited antimicrobial resistance. One pig faeces sample contained S. Typhimurium whereas feed samples were found free of Salmonella spp.. DNA fingerprinting by the PFGE method showed a clonal relationship of S. Weltevreden which was supported by similar antimicrobial resistance patterns (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim resistance) as well as most isolates harbouring a 147-kb sized plasmid. The common finding of S. Weltevreden in both tilapia production systems indicates that this serovar may have a different ecology and increased survival in aquaculture environments in comparison with other Salmonella serovars. Further in vivo studies of the ecology of S. Weltevreden in aquaculture environments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Gitte Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- OIE, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Kristian Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Liping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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115
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Analytical strategies for the detection and quantification of antibiotic residues in aquaculture fishes: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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116
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Cabello FC, Godfrey HP, Buschmann AH, Dölz HJ. Aquaculture as yet another environmental gateway to the development and globalisation of antimicrobial resistance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:e127-e133. [PMID: 27083976 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture uses hundreds of tonnes of antimicrobials annually to prevent and treat bacterial infection. The passage of these antimicrobials into the aquatic environment selects for resistant bacteria and resistance genes and stimulates bacterial mutation, recombination, and horizontal gene transfer. The potential bridging of aquatic and human pathogen resistomes leads to emergence of new antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and global dissemination of them and their antimicrobial resistance genes into animal and human populations. Efforts to prevent antimicrobial overuse in aquaculture must include education of all stakeholders about its detrimental effects on the health of fish, human beings, and the aquatic ecosystem (the notion of One Health), and encouragement of environmentally friendly measures of disease prevention, including vaccines, probiotics, and bacteriophages. Adoption of these measures is a crucial supplement to efforts dealing with antimicrobial resistance by developing new therapeutic agents, if headway is to be made against the increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Cabello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Henry P Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Humberto J Dölz
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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117
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Manaia CM, Macedo G, Fatta-Kassinos D, Nunes OC. Antibiotic resistance in urban aquatic environments: can it be controlled? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1543-1557. [PMID: 26649735 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, numerous evidences have contributed to establish a link between the natural and human-impacted environments and the growing public health threat that is the antimicrobial resistance. In the environment, in particular in areas subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures, water plays a major role on the transformation and transport of contaminants including antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes. Therefore, the urban water cycle, comprising water abstraction, disinfection, and distribution for human consumption, and the collection, treatment, and delivery of wastewater to the environment, is a particularly interesting loop to track the fate of antibiotic resistance in the environment and to assess the risks of its transmission back to humans. In this article, the relevance of different transepts of the urban water cycle on the potential enrichment and spread of antibiotic resistance is reviewed. According to this analysis, some gaps of knowledge, research needs, and control measures are suggested. The critical rationale behind the measures suggested and the desirable involvement of some key action players is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia M Manaia
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Gonçalo Macedo
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401, Porto, Portugal
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Olga C Nunes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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