101
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Buchwald P. Glucocorticoid receptor binding: a biphasic dependence on molecular size as revealed by the bilinear LinBiExp model. Steroids 2008; 73:193-208. [PMID: 18022656 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For corticosteroids, receptor-binding affinity (RBA) at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a major determinant of therapeutic potential. Here, the results of a comprehensive quantitative analysis of relative RBA (rRBA) data obtained from more than a hundred active structures are reported. Because of a clear biphasic size-dependence, the recently introduced linearized biexponential (LinBiExp) model provided very good fit: for steroids that satisfy the main binding criteria at the GR, it accounts for close to 80% of the variability in the free energy of binding DeltaG0 (or logrRBA) data by using only two descriptors: calculated molecular volume and an indicator variable for the presence of 6alpha/9alpha-halogen or cyclic 16,17-acetal moieties. Accordingly, binding is strongest for corticosteroids close to an ideal size that is large enough to provide as large nonspecific (van der Waals-type) interactions as possible, but is not too large to have difficulty fitting due to size-limitations at the binding site. Binding affinity is dramatically increased by 6alpha- or 9alpha-halogenation or introduction of a cyclic 16,17-acetal moiety (in average, about 7-fold), but there is no significant increase after the first substitution. Known highly active glucocorticoids, such as betamethasone 17-monopropionate, fluticasone propionate, or mometasone furoate, indeed satisfy both of these criteria. For small-enough structures, the obtained size-dependency (slope) of the free energy of binding suggest that, as long as only nonspecific interactions are involved, addition of a methylene-sized non-hydrogen atom to the ligand structure increases DeltaG0 on average by about 1.5 kJ/mol, corresponding to an almost doubling of the binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buchwald
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology and Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1450 NW 10 Avenue (R-134), Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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102
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De Bosscher K, Van Craenenbroeck K, Meijer OC, Haegeman G. Selective transrepression versus transactivation mechanisms by glucocorticoid receptor modulators in stress and immune systems. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583:290-302. [PMID: 18289525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids control immune homeostasis and regulate stress responses in the human body to a large extent via the glucocorticoid receptor. This transcription factor can modulate gene expression either through direct DNA binding (mainly resulting in transactivation) or independent of DNA binding (in the majority of cases resulting in transrepression). The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanistic basis and applicability of different glucocorticoid receptor modulators in various affections, ranging from immune disorders to mental dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien De Bosscher
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression & Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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103
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Abstract
Retrometabolic drug design incorporates two major systematic approaches: the design of soft drugs (SDs) and of chemical delivery systems (CDSs). Both aim to design new, safe drugs with an improved therapeutic index by integrating structure-activity and -metabolism relationships; however, they achieve it by different means: whereas SDs are new, active therapeutic agents that undergo predictable metabolism to inactive metabolites after exerting their desired therapeutic effect, CDSs are biologically inert molecules that provide enhanced and targeted delivery of an active drug to a particular organ or site through a designed sequential metabolism that involves several steps. General principles and recent developments are briefly reviewed with various illustrative examples from different therapeutic areas with special focus on soft corticosteroids and on brain targeting.
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104
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Ahmed SF, Wong JSC, McGrogan P. Improving growth in children with inflammatory bowel disease. HORMONE RESEARCH 2007; 68 Suppl 5:117-21. [PMID: 18174726 DOI: 10.1159/000110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is affected through a number of mechanisms; controlling disease activity and supporting poor nutritional status are paramount in these patients. Further understanding of the basic mechanisms by which cytokines influence growth will facilitate the development of therapeutic modalities to improve growth. CONCLUSIONS Clinical management that addresses growth and puberty in children with IBD should be a partnership between paediatric gastroenterologists and endocrinologists. Well-designed studies of growth-promoting hormonal treatment may answer questions regarding the efficacy and safety of treating growth retardation in the subgroup of patients who continue to fail to grow despite optimal management of their IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faisal Ahmed
- Bone & Endocrine Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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105
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Awais M, Sato M, Umezawa Y. Optical probes to identify the glucocorticoid receptor ligands in living cells. Steroids 2007; 72:949-54. [PMID: 17897691 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids act through glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and are used for the treatment of several diseases. Ligand-induced recruitment of coregulator protein(s), coactivator/corepressor, to GR is an initial step in transcriptional activation/inhibition of GR. We describe herein genetically encoded fluorescent probes for screening of glucocorticoids, natural and synthetic, in single living cells. The GR ligand binding domain was connected to the GR interacting peptide sequence from coactivator or corepressor protein via a flexible linker sequence. This fusion protein was sandwiched between cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins (CFP and YFP, respectively) to complete the construct of the probe. This construct functions as an optical probe for imaging ligand-induced interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor and the coregulator protein (GLUCOCOR) in live cells. The interaction between GR LBD and coregulator peptide within GLUCOCOR brings CFP in close proximity of YFP to induce fluorescence resonance energy transfer from CFP to YFP. The GLUCOCORs can identify functionally active GR ligands, rapidly and conveniently, in a high-throughput screen; and are capable of distinguishing GR agonists, antagonists, and selective GR modulators in intact living cells. Therefore, the present method may play a significant role in developing new glucocorticoids for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
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106
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Antiinflammatory glucocorticoid receptor ligand with reduced side effects exhibits an altered protein-protein interaction profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19244-9. [PMID: 18032610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705517104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are commonly used antiinflammatory agents whose use is limited by side effects. We have developed a series of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands that retain the strong antiinflammatory activity of conventional glucocorticoids with reduced side effects. We present a compound, LGD5552, that binds the receptor efficiently and strongly represses inflammatory gene expression. LGD5552 bound to GR activates gene expression somewhat differently than glucocorticoids. It activates some genes with an efficacy similar to that of the glucocorticoids. However, other glucocorticoid-activated genes are not regulated by LGD5552. These differences may be because of the more efficient binding of corepressor in the presence of LGD5552, compared with glucocorticoid agonists. This class of nonsteroidal, GR-dependent antiinflammatory drugs may offer a safer alternative to steroidal glucocorticoids in the treatment of inflammatory disease.
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107
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Clark AR. Anti-inflammatory functions of glucocorticoid-induced genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:79-97. [PMID: 17561338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that glucocorticoids (GCs) exert anti-inflammatory effects largely by inhibiting the function of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and consequently the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. In contrast, side effects are thought to be largely dependent on GC-induced gene expression. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the positive and negative effects of GCs on transcription can be uncoupled from one another. Hence, novel GC-related drugs that mediate inhibition of NFkappaB but do not activate gene expression are predicted to retain therapeutic effects but cause fewer or less severe side effects. Here, we critically re-examine the evidence in favor of the consensus, binary model of GC action and discuss conflicting evidence, which suggests that anti-inflammatory actions of GCs depend on the induction of anti-inflammatory mediators. We propose an alternative model, in which GCs exert anti-inflammatory effects at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, both by activating and inhibiting expression of target genes. The implications of such a model in the search for safer anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Clark
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom.
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108
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So AYL, Chaivorapol C, Bolton EC, Li H, Yamamoto KR. Determinants of cell- and gene-specific transcriptional regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e94. [PMID: 17559307 PMCID: PMC1904358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) associates with glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) and regulates selective gene transcription in a cell-specific manner. Native GREs are typically thought to be composite elements that recruit GR as well as other regulatory factors into functional complexes. We assessed whether GR occupancy is commonly a limiting determinant of GRE function as well as the extent to which core GR binding sequences and GRE architecture are conserved at functional loci. We surveyed 100-kb regions surrounding each of 548 known or potentially glucocorticoid-responsive genes in A549 human lung cells for GR-occupied GREs. We found that GR was bound in A549 cells predominately near genes responsive to glucocorticoids in those cells and not at genes regulated by GR in other cells. The GREs were positionally conserved at each responsive gene but across the set of responsive genes were distributed equally upstream and downstream of the transcription start sites, with 63% of them >10 kb from those sites. Strikingly, although the core GR binding sequences across the set of GREs varied extensively around a consensus, the precise sequence at an individual GRE was conserved across four mammalian species. Similarly, sequences flanking the core GR binding sites also varied among GREs but were conserved at individual GREs. We conclude that GR occupancy is a primary determinant of glucocorticoid responsiveness in A549 cells and that core GR binding sequences as well as GRE architecture likely harbor gene-specific regulatory information. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates a myriad of physiological functions, such as cell differentiation and metabolism, achieved through modulating transcription in a cell- and gene-specific manner. However, the determinants that specify cell- and gene-specific GR transcriptional regulation are not well established. We describe three properties that contribute to this specificity: (1) GR occupancy at genomic glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) appears to be a primary determinant of glucocorticoid responsiveness; (2) the DNA sequences bound by GR vary widely around a consensus, but the precise sequences of individual GREs are highly conserved, suggesting a role for these sequences in gene-specific GR transcriptional regulation; and (3) native chromosomal GREs were generally found to be composite elements, comprised of multiple factor binding sites that were highly variable in composition, but as with the GR binding sequences, highly conserved at individual GREs. In addition, we discovered that most GREs were positioned far from their GR target genes and that they were equally distributed upstream and downstream of the target genes. These findings, which may be applicable to other regulatory factors, provide fundamental insights for understanding cell- and gene-specific transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Yick-Lun So
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Chaivorapol
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biological and Medical Informatics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biological and Medical Informatics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Keith R Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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109
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Hudson AR, Roach SL, Higuchi RI, Phillips DP, Bissonnette RP, Lamph WW, Yen J, Li Y, Adams ME, Valdez LJ, Vassar A, Cuervo C, Kallel EA, Gharbaoui CJ, Mais DE, Miner JN, Marschke KB, Rungta D, Negro-Vilar A, Zhi L. Synthesis and Characterization of Nonsteroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators for Multiple Myeloma. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4699-709. [PMID: 17705362 DOI: 10.1021/jm070370z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies centered around 3'-substituted (Z)-5-(2'-(thienylmethylidene))1,2-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-methoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-5H-chromeno[3,4-f]quinolines are described. A series of highly potent and efficacious selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators were identified with in vitro activity comparable to dexamethasone. In vivo evaluation of these compounds utilizing a 28 day mouse tumor xenograft model demonstrated efficacy equal to dexamethasone in the reduction of tumor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Hudson
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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110
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Ardecky RJ, Hudson AR, Phillips DP, Tyhonas JS, Deckhut C, Lau TL, Li Y, Martinborough EA, Roach SL, Higuchi RI, Lopez FJ, Marschke KB, Miner JN, Karanewsky DS, Negro-Vilar A, Zhi L. 5(Z)-Benzylidene-1,2-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-methoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-5H-1-aza-6-oxa-chrysenes as non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4158-62. [PMID: 17553679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-benzylidene-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-5H-1-aza-6-oxa-chrysenes was synthesized and profiled for their ability to act as selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SGRMs). The synthesis and structure-activity relationships for this series of compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ardecky
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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111
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Bai C, Flores O, Schmidt A. Opportunities for development of novel therapies targeting steroid hormone receptors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:725-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.5.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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112
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Owen HC, Miner JN, Ahmed SF, Farquharson C. The growth plate sparing effects of the selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, AL-438. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 264:164-70. [PMID: 17182172 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term use of glucocorticoids (GC) can cause growth retardation in children due to their actions on growth plate chondrocytes. AL-438, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that acts through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) retains full anti-inflammatory efficacy but has reduced negative effects on osteoblasts compared to those elicited by prednisolone (Pred) or dexamethasone (Dex). We have used the murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cell line to compare the effects of AL-438 with those of Dex and Pred on chondrocyte dynamics. Dex and Pred caused a reduction in cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis, whereas exposure to AL-438 had no effect. LPS-induced IL-6 production in ATDC5 cells was reduced by Dex or AL-438, showing that AL-438 has similar anti-inflammatory efficacy to Dex in these cells. Fetal mouse metatarsals grown in the presence of Dex were shorter than control bones whereas AL-438 treated metatarsals paralleled control bone growth. These results indicate that the adverse effects Dex or Pred have on chondrocyte proliferation and bone growth were attenuated following AL-438 exposure, suggesting that AL-438 has a reduced side effect profile on chondrocytes compared to other GCs. This could prove important in the search for new anti-inflammatory treatments for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Owen
- Bone Biology Group, Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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113
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Tanaka H, Yoshikawa N, Shimizu N, Morimoto C. Strategic targeting of the glucocorticoid receptor for anti-inflammation. Inflamm Regen 2007. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.27.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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114
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McMaster A, Ray DW. Modelling the glucocorticoid receptor and producing therapeutic agents with anti-inflammatory effects but reduced side-effects. Exp Physiol 2006; 92:299-309. [PMID: 17138619 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2006.036194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones exert a wide spectrum of metabolic and immunological effects. They are synthesized from a cholesterol precursor and are structurally related to the other steroid hormones, progesterone, aldosterone and oestrogen. They act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The GR is an intracellular receptor; the hydrophobic ligand accesses its receptor by diffusion across the plasma membrane. The ligand-activated GR translocates to the nucleus to regulate expression of its target genes. The GR, in common with the rest of the receptor family, can be functionally divided into an N-terminal transcription activation domain, a central DNA binding domain and a C-terminal ligand binding domain, which also includes a second transactivation domain. Although synthetic glucocorticoids are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known, their use is limited owing to the range and severity of their side-effects. The structure of the ligand binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor has now been solved, and a series of studies has shown that even subtle changes to the ligand structure alter the final conformation of the ligand-receptor complex, with consequences for further protein recruitment and for the function of the receptor. This, coupled with the successful development of selective oestrogen receptor agonists, has led to concerted efforts to find selective GR ligands, with preserved beneficial anti-inflammatory activity, but reduced side-effect profile. Current efforts have identified several useful tool compounds, and further molecules are in development in several pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McMaster
- Endocrine Sciences Research Group, Room 3-903, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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115
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Barnes PJ. New therapies for asthma. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:515-20. [PMID: 17011826 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an increasing global health problem, and many patients continue to suffer from chronic symptoms. However, current therapy with inhaled corticosteroids and a long-acting inhaled beta(2)-agonist is highly effective, safe and inexpensive. This poses a major hurdle to the development of new therapies that aim to improve on current treatments. An important unmet need is the treatment of severe asthma, which has different characteristics to mild and moderate asthma and is more similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several new treatments are now under development but many of them are too specific, targeting a single receptor, enzyme or mediator, and are unlikely to have a major clinical impact. Another unmet need is the development of an effective oral therapy for mild and moderate asthma, but it is unlikely that such a treatment will be discovered because side effects might be a major problem. Prospects for a cure are currently remote but might arise from the development of vaccines that target the aberrant immune function in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
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116
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Allen JJ, Shokat KM. Chemical genomics: dialed in transcriptional network control with non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:139-40. [PMID: 17163659 DOI: 10.1021/cb600137r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A recent study analyzed the transcriptional effects induced by a panel of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. The authors discover patterns of cell-, gene-, and mechanism-specific regulation, with implications for development of improved anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina J Allen
- University of California-San Fransisco, 600 16th Street, GH-N512D, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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117
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Wang JC, Shah N, Pantoja C, Meijsing SH, Ho JD, Scanlan TS, Yamamoto KR. Novel arylpyrazole compounds selectively modulate glucocorticoid receptor regulatory activity. Genes Dev 2006; 20:689-99. [PMID: 16543221 PMCID: PMC1413289 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1400506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The activities of intracellular receptors are regulated by their cognate ligands. Here we show that a series of related arylpyrazole compounds, which specifically bind the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), selectively modulated GR-regulated biological functions in preadipocyte, pre-osteoblast, and lung epithelial cell lines. Indeed, when we monitored 17 endogenous GR target genes in one of these cell types, we found that distinct arylpyrazole compounds induced different expression patterns. We showed by chromatin immunoprecipitation that the arylpyrazole compounds regulated, in a gene-specific manner, either GR occupancy of the genomic glucocorticoid response element (GRE) or events after GR association, such as histone modification. Overall, our results establish that subtle differences in ligand chemistry can profoundly influence the transcriptional regulatory activity of GR, and that endogenous genes bearing natural GREs are especially sensitive detectors of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chywan Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107-2280, USA
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118
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Abstract
Studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been instrumental in defining genetic pathways that are involved in modulating lifespan. Multiple processes such as endocrine signaling, nutritional sensing and mitochondrial function play a role in determining lifespan in the worm and these mechanisms appear to be conserved across species. These discoveries have identified a range of novel targets for pharmacological manipulation of lifespan and it is likely that the nematode model will now prove useful in the discovery of compounds that slow aging. This review will focus on the endocrine targets for intervention in aging and the use of C. elegans as a system for high throughput screens of compounds for their effects on aging.
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119
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De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Beck IME, Van Molle W, Hennuyer N, Hapgood J, Libert C, Staels B, Louw A, Haegeman G. A fully dissociated compound of plant origin for inflammatory gene repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15827-32. [PMID: 16243974 PMCID: PMC1276063 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505554102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modifiers, which separate transactivation and transrepression properties, represents an important research goal for steroid pharmacology. Although the gene-activating properties of GR are mainly associated with undesirable side effects, its negative interference with the activity of transcription factors, such as NF-kappaB, greatly contributes to its antiinflammatory and immune-suppressive capacities. In the present study, we found that Compound A (CpdA), a plant-derived phenyl aziridine precursor, although not belonging to the steroidal class of GR-binding ligands, does mediate gene-inhibitory effects by activating GR. We demonstrate that CpdA exerts an antiinflammatory potential by down-modulating TNF-induced proinflammatory gene expression, such as IL-6 and E-selectin, but, interestingly, does not at all enhance glucocorticoid response element-driven genes or induce GR binding to glucocorticoid response element-dependent genes in vivo. We further show that the specific gene-repressive effect of CpdA depends on the presence of functional GR, displaying a differential phosphorylation status with CpdA as compared with dexamethasone treatment. The antiinflammatory mechanism involves both a reduction of the in vivo DNA-binding activity of p65 as well as an interference with the transactivation potential of NF-kappaB. Finally, we present evidence that CpdA is as effective as dexamethasone in counteracting acute inflammation in vivo and does not cause a hyperglycemic side effect. Taken together, this compound may be a lead compound of a class of antiinflammatory agents with fully dissociated properties and might thus hold great potential for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien De Bosscher
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction, Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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