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Chen X, Zhi F, Jia X, Zhang X, Ambardekar R, Meng Z, Paradkar AR, Hu Y, Yang Y. Enhanced brain targeting of curcumin by intranasal administration of a thermosensitive poloxamer hydrogel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:807-16. [PMID: 23647674 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a curcumin intranasal thermosensitive hydrogel and to improve its brain targeting efficiency. METHODS The hydrogel gelation temperature, gelation time, drug release and mucociliary toxicity characteristics as well as the nose-to-brain transport in the rat model were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS The developed nasal hydrogel, composed of Pluronic F127 and Poloxamer 188, had shorter gelation time, longer mucociliary transport time and produced prolonged curcumin retention in the rat nasal cavity at body temperature. The hydrogel release mechanism was diffusion-controlled drug release, evaluated by the dialysis membrane method, but dissolution-controlled release when evaluated by the membraneless method. A mucociliary toxicity study revealed that the hydrogel maintained nasal mucosal integrity until 14 days after application. The drug-targeting efficiencies for the drug in the cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus and olfactory bulb after intranasal administration of the curcumin hydrogel were 1.82, 2.05, 2.07 and 1.51 times that after intravenous administration of the curcumin solution injection, respectively, indicating that the hydrogel significantly increased the distribution of curcumin into the rat brain tissue, especially into the cerebellum and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS A thermosensitive curcumin nasal gel was developed with favourable gelation, release properties, biological safety and enhanced brain-uptake efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Modern Medical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Yuqian Road, Changzhou, China
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102
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Mahajan HS, Tyagi V, Lohiya G, Nerkar P. Thermally reversible xyloglucan gels as vehicles for nasal drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2012; 19:270-6. [PMID: 22823894 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.704095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential application of thermosensitive gels formed by a xyloglucan polysaccharide derived from tamarind seed for nasal drug delivery. Xyloglucan that had been partially degraded by β-galactosidase to eliminate 45% of galactose residues formed gels at concentrations of 2.5% w/w at gelation temperatures decreasing over the range 27-28°C. The in vitro release of ondansetron hydrochloride from the enzyme-degraded xyloglucan gels followed higuchi kinetics over a period of 5 h at 34°C by anomalous transport mechanism. The ex vivo permeation of ondansetron hydrochloride from the gels was sustained. Histological examination of nasal mucosa following a single administration of the gels showed no evidence of mucosal damage. Finally, the bioavailability study in rabbits revealed that the absolute bioavailability of ondansetron hydrochloride was significantly increased from 28.64% in the case of the oral drug solution to 52.79% in the case of the nasal in situ gel. The results of this study suggest the potential of the enzyme-degraded xyloglucan gels as vehicles for nasal delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karvand Naka Shirpur, Dist Dhule, Shirpur, India.
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103
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Alam S, Khan ZI, Mustafa G, Kumar M, Islam F, Bhatnagar A, Ahmad FJ. Development and evaluation of thymoquinone-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for nose-to-brain targeting: a pharmacoscintigraphic study. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5705-18. [PMID: 23180965 PMCID: PMC3497894 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s35329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles of thymoquinone (TQ) were prepared by the ionic gelation method and are characterized on the basis of surface morphology, in vitro or ex vivo release, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) studies. Dynamic laser light scattering and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the particle diameter was between 150 to 200 nm. The results showed that the particle size of the formulation was significantly affected by the drug:CS ratio, whereas it was least significantly affected by the tripolyphosphate:CS ratio. The entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of TQ was found to be 63.3% ± 3.5% and 31.23% ± 3.14%, respectively. The drug-entrapment efficiency and drug-loading capacity of the nanoparticles appears to be inversely proportional to the drug:CS ratio. An XRD study proves that TQ dispersed in the nanoparticles changes its form from crystalline to amorphous. This was further confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry thermography. The flat thermogram of the nanoparticle data indicated that TQ formed a molecular dispersion within the nanoparticles. Optimized nanoparticles were evaluated further with the help of scintigraphy imaging, which ascertains the uptake of drug into the brain. Based on maximum concentration, time-to-maximum concentration, area-under-curve over 24 hours, and elimination rate constant, intranasal TQ-loaded nanoparticles (TQ-NP1) proved more effective in brain targeting compared to intravenous and intranasal TQ solution. The high drug-targeting potential and efficiency demonstrates the significant role of the mucoadhesive properties of TQ-NP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjar Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India.
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104
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Potschka H. Role of CNS efflux drug transporters in antiepileptic drug delivery: overcoming CNS efflux drug transport. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:943-52. [PMID: 22210135 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental support for the transporter hypothesis of drug resistance in epilepsies has triggered efforts developing and validating approaches to overcome enhanced blood-brain barrier efflux transport. Testing in rodent models has rendered proof-of-concept for an add-on therapy with antiepileptic drugs. However, further development of the approach would require tolerability considerations as efflux transporters serve an important protective function throughout the body limiting distribution of harmful xenobiotics. Relevant progress has been made in the elucidation of mechanisms driving up-regulation of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein in response to seizure activity. Based on this knowledge, novel strategies have been evaluated targeting the signaling cascade that regulates P-glycoprotein in the epileptic brain. Further concepts might include by-passing blood-brain barrier transporters by intracerebral administration or by encapsulation of antiepileptic drugs in nano-sized carrier systems. It is important to note that the future perspectives of respective approaches are still questionable based on the limited evidence for a clinical relevance of transporter expression. Thus, techniques are urgently needed for non-invasive assessment of blood-brain barrier transporter function. Respective techniques would allow testing for a clinical correlation between pharmacosensitivity and transporter function, validating therapeutic strategies targeting efflux transporters and selecting patients with transporter over-expression for respective clinical trials. Provided that further clinical data render support for the transporter hypothesis, the main question remains whether patients exist in which transporter over-expression is the predominant mechanism of drug resistance and in which overcoming drug efflux is equivalent with overcoming drug resistance. Imaging techniques might provide a tool to address these questions in clinical epileptology. However, the complex pharmacological interactions between antiepileptic drugs, radiotracers, and transporter modulators used in these approaches as well as interindividual differences in the brain pathology might hamper clear-cut conclusions and limit the diagnostic significance.
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105
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Geus EDD, Rebel JM, Vervelde L. Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines. Vet Q 2012; 32:75-86. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2012.711956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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106
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Grassin-Delyle S, Buenestado A, Naline E, Faisy C, Blouquit-Laye S, Couderc LJ, Le Guen M, Fischler M, Devillier P. Intranasal drug delivery: an efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: focus on opioids. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:366-79. [PMID: 22465159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration is a non-invasive route for drug delivery, which is widely used for the local treatment of rhinitis or nasal polyposis. Since drugs can be absorbed into the systemic circulation through the nasal mucosa, this route may also be used in a range of acute or chronic conditions requiring considerable systemic exposure. Indeed, it offers advantages such as ease of administration, rapid onset of action, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, which consequently offers for example an interesting alternative to intravenous, subcutaneous, oral transmucosal, oral or rectal administration in the management of pain with opioids. Given these indisputable interests, fentanyl-containing formulations have been recently approved and marketed for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. This review will outline the relevant aspects of the therapeutic interest and limits of intranasal delivery of drugs, with a special focus on opioids, together with an in-depth discussion of the physiological characteristics of the nasal cavity as well as physicochemical properties (lipophilicity, molecular weight, ionisation) and pharmaceutical factors (absorption enhancers, devices for application) that should be considered for the development of nasal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, UPRES EA220, Hôpital Foch, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, 92150 Suresnes, France.
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107
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Ozsoy Y, Güngör S. Nasal route: an alternative approach for antiemetic drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 8:1439-53. [PMID: 22004793 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.607437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiemetic drugs are used in the treatment of nausea and emesis. Development of novel delivery systems for antiemetic drugs, as an alternative to conventional preparations, is important in terms of good patient compliance and improving bioavailability. The nasal route offers unique superiorities, such as fast and high drug absorption, and high patient compliance. Therefore, a considerable amount of research has been carried out on the development of nasal delivery systems for antiemetic drugs. AREAS COVERED This review deals with the importance of nasal delivery of antiemetic drugs and the studies performed on this subject. The first part of this review summarizes the properties of the nasal route, its advantages and limitations, parameters affecting drug absorption through nasal mucosa, nasal passage pathways and general approaches to improve nasal transport. The second part reviews the studies conducted on the development of nasal delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION Due to its superiorities, the nasal route could be considered as an attractive alternative to oral and parenteral routes. To overcome the barrier properties of the nasal epithelium and to enhance transport of antiemetic drugs, several approaches, including permeation enhancers, in situ gel formulations and micro- and nanoparticulate systems, have been evaluated. The results obtained are promising and indicate that nasal formulations of some antiemetic drugs may enter the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Ozsoy
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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108
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Kürti L, Veszelka S, Bocsik A, Dung NTK, Ozsvári B, Puskás LG, Kittel A, Szabó-Révész P, Deli MA. The effect of sucrose esters on a culture model of the nasal barrier. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:445-54. [PMID: 22274662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose esters are effective solubilizers and there is an interest to use them as pharmaceutical excipients for nasal drug delivery. We have determined for the first time the non-toxic doses of laurate and myristate sucrose esters by four independent methods, and their effects on epithelial permeability using RPMI 2650 human nasal epithelial cell line. Based on real-time cell electronic sensing, MTT dye conversion and lactate dehydrogenase release methods reference surfactant Cremophor RH40 proved to be the least toxic excipient, and could be used at 5mg/mL concentration for 1h in epithelial cells without cellular damage. The non-toxic dose of Tween 80 was 1 mg/mL, while the dose of laurate and myristate sucrose esters that could be safely used on cells for 1 h was 0.1 mg/mL. Both the reference surfactants and the sucrose esters significantly enhanced the permeability of epithelial cell layers for the paracellular marker FITC-labelled 4.4 kDa dextran at 0.1 mg/mL concentration. The effects of sucrose esters on epithelial permeability were dose-dependent. These data indicate that laurate and myristate sucrose esters can be potentially used as permeability enhancers in nasal formulations to augment drug delivery to the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kürti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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109
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Hearnden V, Sankar V, Hull K, Juras DV, Greenberg M, Kerr AR, Lockhart PB, Patton LL, Porter S, Thornhill MH. New developments and opportunities in oral mucosal drug delivery for local and systemic disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:16-28. [PMID: 21371513 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The oral mucosa's accessibility, excellent blood supply, by-pass of hepatic first-pass metabolism, rapid repair and permeability profile make it an attractive site for local and systemic drug delivery. Technological advances in mucoadhesives, sustained drug release, permeability enhancers and drug delivery vectors are increasing the efficient delivery of drugs to treat oral and systemic diseases. When treating oral diseases, these advances result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced drug wastage and the prospect of using biological agents such as genes, peptides and antibodies. These technologies are also increasing the repertoire of drugs that can be delivered across the oral mucosa to treat systemic diseases. Trans-mucosal delivery is now a favoured route for non-parenteral administration of emergency drugs and agents where a rapid onset of action is required. Furthermore, advances in drug delivery technology are bringing forward the likelihood of transmucosal systemic delivery of biological agents.
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110
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Cho HJ, Ku WS, Termsarasab U, Yoon I, Chung CW, Moon HT, Kim DD. Development of udenafil-loaded microemulsions for intranasal delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:153-60. [PMID: 22209996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To achieve rapid onset of action and improved bioavailability of udenafil, a microemulsion system was developed for its intranasal delivery. Phase behavior, particle size, transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, and the drug solubilization capacity of the microemulsion were investigated. A single isotropic region was found in pseudo-ternary phase diagrams developed at various ratios with CapMul MCM L8 as an oil, Labrasol as a surfactant, and Transcutol or its mixture with ethanol (1:0.25, v/v) as a cosurfactant. Optimized microemulsion formulations with a mean diameter of 120-154 nm achieved enhanced solubility of udenafil (>10mg/ml) compared with its aqueous solubility (0.02 mg/ml). An in vitro permeation study was performed in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cell monolayers cultured by the air-liquid interface (ALI) method, and the permeated amounts of udenafil increased up to 3.41-fold versus that of pure udenafil. According to the results of an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats, intranasal administration of udenafil-loaded microemulsion had a shorter T(max) value (1 min) compared with oral administration and improved bioavailability (85.71%) compared with oral and intranasal (solution) administration. The microemulsion system developed for intranasal administration may be a promising delivery system of udenafil, with a rapid onset of action and improved bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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111
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Tas C, Mansoor S, Kalluri H, Zarnitsyn VG, Choi SO, Banga AK, Prausnitz MR. Delivery of salmon calcitonin using a microneedle patch. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:257-63. [PMID: 22172290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and polypeptides have important pharmacological properties but only a limited number have been exploited as therapeutics because of problems related to their delivery. Most of these drugs require a parenteral delivery system which introduces the problems of pain, possible infection, and expertise required to carry out an injection. The aim of this study was to develop a transdermal patch containing microneedles (MNs) coated with a peptide drug, salmon calcitonin (sCT), as an alternative to traditional subcutaneous and nasal delivery routes. Quantitative analysis of sCT after coating and drying onto microneedles was performed with a validated HPLC method. In vivo studies were carried out on hairless rats and serum levels of sCT were determined by ELISA. The AUC value of MNs coated with a trehalose-containing formulation (250 ± 83 ng/mL min) was not significantly different as compared to subcutaneous injections (403 ± 253 ng/mL min), but approximately 13 times higher than nasal administration (18.4 ± 14.5 ng/mL min). T(max) (7.5 ± 5 min) values for MN mediated administration were 50% shorter than subcutaneous injections (15 min), possibly due to rapid sCT dissolution and absorption by dermal capillaries. These results suggest that with further optimization of coating formulations, microneedles may enable administration of sCT and other peptides without the need for hypodermic injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetin Tas
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
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112
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Patil SB, Kaul A, Babbar A, Mathur R, Mishra A, Sawant KK. In vivo evaluation of alginate microspheres of carvedilol for nasal delivery. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 100:249-55. [PMID: 22113887 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucoadhesive alginate microspheres of carvedilol (CRV) for nasal administration intended to avoid first pass metabolism and to improve bioavailability were prepared and evaluated. The microspheres were prepared by emulsification cross-linking method. Radiolabeling of CRV and its microspheres was performed by direct labeling with reduced technetium-99m ((99m) Tc). In vivo studies were performed on New Zealand white rabbits by administering the microspheres intranasally using monodose nasal insufflator. The radioactivity was measured in a well-type gamma scintillation counter. The noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. The pattern of deposition and clearance of the microspheres were evaluated using a radioactive tracer and the noninvasive technique of gamma scintigraphy. The clearance of alginate microsphere was compared with that of control lactose. The microspheres were nonaggregated, free flowing powders with spherical shape, and smooth surface. Pharmacokinetics study displayed an increase in area under the curve and hence in relative bioavailability when compared with intravenous administration of drug. The nasal bioavailability was 67.87% which indicates that nasal administration results in improved absorption of CRV. The results of gamma scintigraphy showed that the alginate microspheres had significantly reduced rates of clearance from the rabbit nasal cavity when compared with the control lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay B Patil
- Shri Neminath Jain Brahmacharyashram's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.
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113
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Gupta NK, Tomar P, Sharma V, Dixit VK. Development and characterization of chitosan coated poly-(ɛ-caprolactone) nanoparticulate system for effective immunization against influenza. Vaccine 2011; 29:9026-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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114
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Albumin nanoparticles carrying cyclodextrins for nasal delivery of the anti-Alzheimer drug tacrine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:559-65. [PMID: 22009109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroral administration of tacrine, the first acetylcholinestearse inhibitor licensed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is associated with low bioavailability, due to an extended first-pass methabolism, short elimination half-life and hepatotoxicity. Nasal drug delivery may reduce the degree of these problems. Tacrine hydrochloride nasal delivery is here investigated by means of albumin nanoparticles carrying beta cyclodextrin and two different beta cyclodextrin derivatives (hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin and sulphobutylether beta cyclodextrin). Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles were obtained using a coacervation method, followed by thermal cross-linking, starting from protein solution at alkaline pH. After preparation, nanoparticles were loaded by soaking from solutions of tacrine hydrochloride and lyophilised. Thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis) supported by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy were performed in order to confirm protein cross-linking in nanosphere structure and possible drug/carrier interaction occurred after the loading process. Moreover, size, polydispersity, zeta potential and morphology of the nanoparticles were investigated as well as drug loading, mucoadhesion properties and ex-vivo drug permeation ability. Results indicate that all the nanoparticles presented a mean size and a polydispersity lower than 300nm and 0.33nm, respectively, were spherical shaped and negatively charged even after drug loading. Moreover, the presence of the different beta cyclodextrins in the polymeric network affected drug loading and could differently modulate nanoparticle mucoadhesiveness and drug permeation behaviour.
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115
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Cho HJ, Balakrishnan P, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD. Evaluation of protein stability and in vitro permeation of lyophilized polysaccharides-based microparticles for intranasal protein delivery. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:77-84. [PMID: 21703339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible microparticles prepared by lyophilization were developed for intranasal protein delivery. To test for the feasibility of this formulation, stability of the incorporated protein and enhancement of in vitro permeation across the nasal epithelium were evaluated. Lyophilization was processed with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or water soluble chitosan (WCS) as biocompatible polymers, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and d-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol 1000) succinate (TPGS 1000) as permeation enhancers, sugars as cryoprotectants and lysozyme as the model protein. As a result, microparticles ranging from 6 to 12μm were developed where the maintenance of the protein conformation was verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circular dichroism and fluorescence intensity detection. Moreover, in vitro bioassay showed that the lysozyme activity was preserved during the preparation process while exhibiting less cytotoxicity in primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. Results of the in vitro release study revealed slower release rate in these microparticles compared to that of the lysozyme itself. On the other hand, the in vitro permeation study exhibited a 9-fold increase in absorption of lysozyme when prepared in lyophilized microparticles with HPMC, HP-β-CD and TPGS 1000 (F4-2). These microparticles could serve as efficient intranasal delivery systems for therapeutic proteins.
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116
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Chitosan microspheres as a delivery system for nasal insufflation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 84:384-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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117
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Human growth hormone: New delivery systems, alternative routes of administration, and their pharmacological relevance. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:278-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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118
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Thermosensitive hydrogels for nasal drug delivery: The formulation and characterisation of systems based on N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 77:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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119
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Cho HJ, Balakrishnan P, Park EK, Song KW, Hong SS, Jang TY, Kim KS, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD. Poloxamer/Cyclodextrin/Chitosan-Based Thermoreversible Gel for Intranasal Delivery of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:681-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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120
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Carvalho FC, Barbi MS, Sarmento VHV, Chiavacci LA, Netto FM, Gremião MPD. Surfactant systems for nasal zidovudine delivery: structural, rheological and mucoadhesive properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:430-9. [PMID: 20604831 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.04.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Zidovudine is the antiretroviral drug most frequently used for the treatment of AIDS. Although its effectiveness is recognized, it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and exhibits poor oral bioavailability. The nasal route is an option for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and to reduce the extent of the first-pass effect. There are some mechanisms that limit intranasal absorption, such as mucociliary clearance, which rapidly removes the formulation from the nasal cavity. To improve the nasal residence time of zidovudine on the nasal mucosa, we aimed to develop a mucoadhesive surfactant system for zidovudine nasal administration. METHODS Systems composed of PPG-5-CETETH-20 as surfactant, oleic acid and water were characterized by polarized light microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and rheological measurements. Mucoadhesion was investigated by phase behaviour studies, rheological synergism and mucoadhesive strength determination. KEY FINDINGS Results indicate that the original formulations were microemulsions that displayed phase transition to a lamellar phase when brought into contact with aqueous nasal simulated mucus. The phase transition was accompanied by an increase in system elasticity and, irrespective of phase behaviour, all the systems showed a good mucoadhesive force. Thus, a viscous and mucoadhesive liquid crystalline matrix could be formed when the formulations were in contact with simulated mucus, which may prolong the residence time of zidovudine in the nasal cavity. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a potentially useful system for nasal administration of zidovudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia C Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo, UNESP, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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121
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Ku WS, Cho HJ, Yoon IS, Kim JH, Cha BJ, Kim JS, Kim KM, Kang SK, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD. Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Udenafil in Plasma by LC-MS/MS for Intranasal Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:1083-8. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sung Ku
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Chang-Koo Shim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
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122
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Wang SH, Thompson AL, Hickey AJ, Staats HF. Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration: critical factors in manufacture and delivery. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:121-56. [PMID: 21822816 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder vaccine formulations have proved effective for induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses. Here we review the use of dry vaccines for immunization in the respiratory tract. We discuss techniques for powder formulation, manufacture, characterization and delivery in addition to methods used for evaluation of stability and safety. We review the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of dry powder vaccines as compared to liquid vaccines delivered by mucosal or parenteral routes. Included is information on mucosal adjuvants and mucoadhesives that can be used to enhance nasal or pulmonary dry vaccines. Mucosal immunization with dry powder vaccines offers the potential to provide a needle-free and cold chain-independent vaccination strategy for the induction of protective immunity against either systemic or mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena H Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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123
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Abstract
Intranasal drug delivery is a rapidly growing field that offers the potential for enhanced treatment of local and systemic disease. Novel preclinical screening tools such as in vitro assays and 3-dimensional imaging are currently being used to improve drug design and delivery. In addition, new evidence has emerged underlining the importance of surgical marsupialization of the sinuses to allow for improved topical delivery. Although multiple barriers to administration and absorption exist, implantable therapeutics using new classes of drug-eluting polymers allow for prolonged, site-specific drug delivery and hold great promise in overcoming these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Bleier
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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124
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Basu S, Bandyopadhyay AK. Development and characterization of mucoadhesive in situ nasal gel of midazolam prepared with Ficus carica mucilage. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1223-31. [PMID: 20683687 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to prepare mucoadhesive in situ nasal gels with mucilage isolated from fig fruits (Ficus carica, family: Moraceae) containing midazolam hydrochloride. Nasal gels of midazolam were prepared using three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% w/v) of F. carica mucilage (FCM) and synthetic polymers (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and Carbopol 934). Evaluation of FCM showed that it was as safe as the synthetic polymers for nasal administration. In situ gels were prepared with mixture Pluronic F127 and mucoadhesive agents. Evaluation of the prepared gels was carried out, including determination of viscosity, texture profile analysis and mucoadhesive strength. In vitro drug permeation study was conducted with the gels prepared with and without permeation enhancer (0.5% w/v sodium taurocholate) using excised goat nasal mucosa. In vitro permeation profiles were evaluated, and histological study of nasal mucosae before and after permeation study was also conducted to determine histological change, if any. In vivo experiments conducted in rabbits further confirmed that in situ nasal gels provided better bioavailability of midazolam than the gels prepared from synthetic mucoadhesive polymers. It was observed that the nasal gel containing 0.5% FCM and 0.5% sodium taurocholate exhibited appropriate rheological, mechanical and mucoadhesive properties and showed better drug release profiles. Moreover, this formulation produced no damage to the nasal mucosa that was used for the permeation study, and absolute bioavailability was also higher compared to gels prepared from synthetic polymers.
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125
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Barakat NS. Evaluation of glycofurol-based gel as a new vehicle for topical application of naproxen. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1138-46. [PMID: 20652458 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the good skin tolerability, glycofurol was used as a vehicle-based gel, and its effect in the topical penetration of Naproxen (NAP) was investigated. The aims of this study were to develop a suitable gel with bioadhesive property, spreadability, and viscosity for topical anti-inflammatory effect. Three gelling and adhesive agents were examined: Carbopol 974P, Gantrez AN 119, and polyvinylpyrollidone K30. Skin permeation rates and lag times of NAP were evaluated using the Franz-type diffusion cell in order to optimize the gel formulation. The permeation rate of NAP-based gel across the excised rat skin was investigated. A significant increase in permeability parameters such as steady-state flux (J(ss)), permeability coefficient (K(p)), and penetration index (PI) was observed in optimized formulation containing 2% Transcutol as an permeation enhancer. From skin irritation test, it was concluded that the optimized novel glycofurol-based gel formulation was safe to be used for topical drug delivery. The developed glycofurol-based gel appeared promising for dermal and transdermal delivery of naproxen and could be applicable with water-insoluble drugs, which would circumvent most of the problems associated with drug therapy.
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126
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Cho HJ, Balakrishnan P, Shim WS, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD. Characterization and in vitro evaluation of freeze-dried microparticles composed of granisetron-cyclodextrin complex and carboxymethylcellulose for intranasal delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:59-65. [PMID: 20801202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare microparticles (MPs) of granisetron (GRN) in combination with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) by the simple freeze-drying method for intranasal delivery. The composition of MPs was determined from the phase-solubility study of GRN in various CDs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were performed to evaluate possible interactions between GRN and excipients. The results indicated the formation of inclusion complex between GRN and CD, and the conversion of drug into amorphous state. The in vitro release of GRN from MPs was determined in phosphate buffered saline (pH 6.4) at 37°C. Cytotoxicity of the MPs and in vitro permeation study were conducted by using primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells and their monolayer system cultured by air-liquid interface (ALI) method, respectively. The MPs showed significantly higher GRN release profile compared to pure GRN. Moreover, the prepared MPs showed significantly lower cytotoxicity and higher permeation profile than that of GRN powder (p<0.05). These results suggested that the MPs composed of GRN, HP-β-CD and CMC-Na represent a simple and new GRN intranasal delivery system as an alternative to the oral and intravenous administration of GRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Silim-Dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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127
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Florence K, Manisha L, Kumar BA, Ankur K, Kumar MA, Ambikanandan M. Intranasal clobazam delivery in the treatment of status epilepticus. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:692-703. [PMID: 20799366 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to prepare and characterize clobazam mucoadhesive microemulsion (CZMME) to assess brain drug uptake and protection against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions in mice. Clobazam microemulsion (CZME) and CZMME were prepared by titration method and characterized. Brain uptake and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from drug concentration in mice brain versus time plots following intranasal administration of radiolabeled CZME and CZMME, intravenous and intranasal administration of radiolabeled clobazam solution. Gamma scintigraphy imaging of rabbit brain following intranasal administration was performed. Formulations were investigated for the onset of seizures in PTZ-challenged mice. Brain targeting efficiency and direct nose-to-brain transport percentage for mucoadhesive microemulsion suggested an improved brain uptake following intranasal administration. The findings were supported by gamma scintigraphy images. Delay in onset of PTZ-induced seizures with CZMME compared with positive control and placebo-treated groups confirmed the improved brain uptake. However, extensive animal studies followed by clinical trials are necessary to develop a product suitable for emergencies of acute seizures in status epilepticus and patients suffering from drug tolerance and hepatic impairment on long-term use in treatment of epilepsy, schizophrenia, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruba Florence
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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128
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Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) plays pivotal roles in mucosal immune responses. Efficient delivery of antigens to MALT is a critical issue for the development of mucosal vaccines. Although claudin-4 is preferentially expressed in MALT in the gut, a claudin-4-targeting approach for mucosal vaccination has never been developed. In the present study, we found that claudin-4 is expressed in nasal MALT, and we prepared a fusion protein of ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen with a claudin-4-binder, the C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (C-CPE) (OVA-C-CPE). Nasal immunization with OVA-C-CPE, but not a mixture of OVA and C-CPE, induced the production of OVA-specific serum IgG and nasal, vaginal and fecal IgA. Deletion of the claudin-4-binding region in OVA-C-CPE attenuated the induction of the immune responses. OVA-C-CPE immunization activated both Th1 and Th2 responses, and nasal immunization with OVA-C-CPE showed anti-tumor activity in mice inoculated with OVA-expressing thymoma cells. These results indicate that the claudin-4-targeting may be a potent strategy for nasal vaccination.
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129
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Patil S, Babbar A, Mathur R, Mishra A, Sawant K. Mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres of carvedilol for nasal administration. J Drug Target 2010; 18:321-31. [PMID: 20199172 DOI: 10.3109/10611861003663523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize chitosan mucoadhesive microspheres of carvedilol (CRV) for nasal delivery to improve bioavailability for treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. The microspheres were prepared by emulsification-cross-linking method and evaluated for size, shape, entrapment efficiency (EE), in vitro mucoadhesion, in vitro drug release, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mucoadhesive properties were also evaluated by Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. In vivo tests were carried out in rabbits. The microspheres were spherical with size of 20-50 microm, which is favorable for intranasal absorption. The EE was observed from 42% to 68% while percentage mucoadhesion was from 74% to 88%. A strong interaction between mucin and chitosan microspheres was detected explaining adsorption with electrostatic interaction. The microspheres released around 75% of drug in 8 h. DSC and XRD studies revealed that CRV was molecularly dispersed. The absorption rate was rapid and the absolute bioavailability was high, 72.29%. The gamma scintigraphy indicated that the microspheres cleared slowly from the nasal cavity. It was concluded that chitosan microspheres could be used to deliver CRV following nasal administration for improving the bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Patil
- New Drug Delivery Systems Laboratory, TIFAC Center of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, Pharmacy Department, The M. S. University of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat, India
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130
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Intranasal delivery of zidovudine by PLA and PLA–PEG blend nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:266-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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131
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Potschka H. Modulating P-glycoprotein regulation: future perspectives for pharmacoresistant epilepsies? Epilepsia 2010; 51:1333-47. [PMID: 20477844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced brain efflux of antiepileptic drugs by the blood-brain barrier transporter P-glycoprotein is discussed as one mechanism contributing to pharmacoresistance of epilepsies. P-glycoprotein overexpression has been proven to occur as a consequence of seizure activity. Therefore, blocking respective signaling events should help to improve brain penetration and efficacy of P-glycoprotein substrates. A series of recent studies revealed key signaling factors involved in seizure-associated transcriptional activation of P-glycoprotein. These data suggested several interesting targets, including the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2, and the prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor. These targets have been further evaluated in rodent models, demonstrating that targeting these factors can control P-glycoprotein expression, improve antiepileptic drug brain penetration, and help to overcome pharmacoresistance. In general, the approach offers particular advantages over transporter inhibition as it preserves basal transporter function. In this review the different strategies for blocking P-glycoprotein upregulation, including their therapeutic promise and drawbacks are discussed. Moreover, pros and cons of the approach are compared to those of alternative strategies to overcome transporter-associated resistance. Regarding future perspectives of the novel approach, there is an obvious need to more clearly define the clinical relevance of transporter overexpression. In this context current efforts are discussed, including the development of imaging tools that allow an evaluation of P-glycoprotein function in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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132
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Arnold JJ, Fyrberg MD, Meezan E, Pillion DJ. Reestablishment of the nasal permeability barrier to several peptides following exposure to the absorption enhancer tetradecyl-beta-D-maltoside. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1912-20. [PMID: 19894270 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regular insulin, NPH insulin, glargine insulin, calcitonin, and human growth hormone were administered to rats nasally with 0.125% tetradecyl-beta-D-maltoside (TDM), or at various times after TDM treatment. Absorption of all five peptides was enhanced initially and diminished in a time-dependent manner as the interval between administration of TDM and the peptide increased. Changes in nasal morphology were also assessed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) immediately after TDM treatment and at various times thereafter. TEM analysis demonstrated that 0.125% TDM caused a rapid and transient alteration in the morphology of the apical membrane surface. Fewer cilia were observed and cell-cell junctions were difficult to visualize, but no epithelial cell erosion was apparent. Two hours after TDM treatment, the apical membrane surface once again contained abundant cilia and cell-cell junctions were readily visualized. The complete recovery of the nasal permeability barrier to several different peptides following TDM administration and the concomitant histological evidence demonstrate that TDM treatment transiently perturbs the nasal mucosa to stimulate peptide drug absorption and does not produce irreversible damage to the cells that line the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Arnold
- Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, 800 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, Alabama 35229, USA.
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133
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Jiang L, Gao L, Wang X, Tang L, Ma J. The application of mucoadhesive polymers in nasal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903170750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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134
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McInnes F, Baillie AJ, Stevens HNE. The use of simple dynamic mucosal models and confocal microscopy for the evaluation of lyophilised nasal formulations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:759-67. [PMID: 17637168 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.6.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A range of methods is reported in the literature for assessing hydration and adhesion parameters in the performance of nasal bioadhesive formulations; however, these tests do not always represent the dynamic conditions in the nasal cavity. Lyophilised formulations intended for nasal administration were evaluated using in-vitro tests designed in an attempt to mimic relevant processes in the nasal cavity, and intended to discriminate between different formulations. Initial investigative studies using scanning electron microscopy revealed that the lyophilisate had a highly porous internal structure, expected to provide an ideal porous pathway for re-hydration. Vapour sorption analysis demonstrated substantial weight gain of the lyophilisates on exposure to 95% relative humidity, ranging from 38% to 66%. Agar was used as a synthetic mucosal model designed to provide a standardised quantity of water available for rehydration of the formulations in in-vitro tests. A dynamic adhesion test and a texture analyser sliding test were designed to quantify different aspects of the spreading and adhesion of the hydrating formulations on the synthetic mucosal surface. Examination of the lyophilised formulations using confocal microscopy allowed visualisation and quantification of the initial rate of water ingress into the lyophilisates, which was found to consist of an initial rapid phase, followed by a slower steady-state phase. The results demonstrated that the use of a combination of methods representing the dynamic conditions of the nasal cavity is advisable in order to evaluate a formulation fully and to avoid misleading conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McInnes
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK.
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135
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Gavini E, Rassu G, Sanna V, Cossu M, Giunchedi P. Mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide: in-vitro/ex-vivo studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:287-94. [PMID: 15807983 DOI: 10.1211/0022357055623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microparticulate delivery systems designed for the nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide hydrochloride, were prepared. Microspheres composed of sodium alginate, chitosan hydrochloride, or both, were obtained using a spray-drying method; some batches of drug-free microparticles were prepared as a comparison. The morphology, in-vitro swelling behaviour, mucoadhesive properties and drug release from microparticles were evaluated. Ex-vivo drug permeation tests were carried out using sheep nasal mucosa; permeation test of the drug solution was peformed as comparison. During ex-vivo permeation tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were carried out on the nasal mucosa to study the morphological changes of epithelial cells and tight junctions, while the change in microsphere morphology was examined using photostereo microscopy (PM). Spray-dried microparticles had a mean diameter (dvs) in the range of about 3–10 μm. They showed good in-vitro mucoadhesive properties. In-vitro release profiles and swelling behaviour depended on their composition: the drug release occurred in 1–3 h. Ex-vivo studies showed that drug permeation through the mucosa from microparticles based on chitosan was higher than from those consisting of alginate alone. This can be related to the penetration enhancing properties of chitosan. Complexation of chitosan with alginate led to a control of the drug release. Microscopy observation of microspheres during the permeation tests revealed that microparticles swelled and gelled, maintaining their shape. TEM analyses of the mucosa after exposure to the microparticles consisting of alginate/chitosan showed opened tight junctions. This preliminary study shows that alginate/chitosan spray-dried microspheres have promising properties for use as mucoadhesive nasal carriers of an antiemetic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gavini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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136
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Jain SA, Chauk DS, Mahajan HS, Tekade AR, Gattani SG. Formulation and evaluation of nasal mucoadhesive microspheres of sumatriptan succinate. J Microencapsul 2010; 26:711-21. [PMID: 19888880 DOI: 10.3109/02652040802685241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present research work was to develop mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal delivery with the aim to avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism, improve therapeutic efficacy and enhance residence time. For the treatment of migraine, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K4M and K15M based microspheres containing sumatriptan succinate (SS) were prepared by spray-drying technique. The microspheres were evaluated with respect to the yield, particle size, incorporation efficiency, swelling property, in vitro mucoadhesion, in vitro drug release, histological study and stability. Microspheres were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction study. It was found that the particle size, swelling ability and incorporation efficiency of microspheres increases with increasing drug-to-polymer ratio. HPMC-based microspheres show adequate mucoadhesion and do not have any destructive effect on nasal mucosa. On the basis of these results, SS microspheres based on HPMC may be considered as a promising nasal delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal A Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425 405, Maharashtra, India
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137
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Abstract
The constituents of the blood-brain barrier, including its efflux transporter system, can efficiently limit brain penetration of potential CNS therapeutics. Effective extrusion from the brain by transporters is a frequent reason for the pharmaceutical industry to exclude novel compounds from further development for CNS therapeutics. Moreover, high transporter expression levels that are present in individual patients or may be generally associated with the pathophysiology seem to be a major cause of therapeutic failure in a variety of CNS diseases including brain tumors, epilepsy, brain HIV infection, and psychiatric disorders. Increasing knowledge of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier creates a basis for the development of strategies which aim to enhance brain uptake of beneficial pharmaceutical compounds. The different strategies discussed in this review aim to modulate blood-brain barrier function or to bypass constituents of the blood-brain barrier.
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138
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139
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Mahajan HS, Gattani SG. Nasal administration of ondansetron using a novel microspheres delivery system Part II: Ex vivo and in vivo studies. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 15:653-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450903479970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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140
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Mahajan HS, Gattani S. In situ gels of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride for intranasal delivery: In vitro evaluation and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. Drug Deliv 2009; 17:19-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10717540903447194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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141
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Peppas NA, Carr DA. Impact of Absorption and Transport on Intelligent Therapeutics and Nano-scale Delivery of Protein Therapeutic Agents. Chem Eng Sci 2009; 64:4553-4565. [PMID: 20161384 PMCID: PMC2782827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The combination of materials design and advances in nanotechnology has led to the development of new therapeutic protein delivery systems. The pulmonary, nasal, buccal and other routes have been investigated as delivery options for protein therapy, but none result in improved patient compliances and patient quality of life as the oral route. For the oral administration of these new systems, an understanding of protein transport is essential because of the dynamic nature of the gastrointestinal tract and the barriers to transport that exist.Models have been developed to describe the transport between the gastrointestinal lumen and the bloodstream, and laboratory techniques like cell culture provide a means to investigate the absorption and transport of many therapeutic agents. Biomaterials, including stimuli-sensitive complexation hydrogels, have been investigated as promising carriers for oral delivery. However, the need to develop models that accurately predict protein blood concentration as a function of the material structure and properties still exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Peppas
- Center of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, Bionanotechnology and Molecular Recognition, Departments of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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142
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Sharma G, Mishra AK, Mishra P, Misra A. Intranasal cabergoline: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:1321-30. [PMID: 19894122 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims of this investigation were to prepare and characterize cabergoline intranasal microemulsion formulations, determine brain drug delivery through biodistribution using technetium-99m (99mTc) as a tracer, and assess its performance pharmacodynamically in weight control. Cabergoline microemulsions of different compositions were prepared by water titration method and characterized for globule size and zeta potential. Microemulsion with maximum drug solubilization and stability was considered optimal and taken for further studies with or without addition of mucoadhesive agent. Pharmacokinetics of optimized 99mTc-labeled cabergoline formulations and 99mTc-labeled drug solution were studied by estimating radioactivity in brain and blood of albino rats post intranasal, intravenous, and oral administrations. To confirm localization of drug in brain following intranasal, intravenous, and oral administrations, gamma scintigraphy imaging was also performed. To assess weight control performance of formulations, body weight, white adipose tissue mass, serum lipids, leptin, and prolactin were determined before and after 40 days of intranasal administrations of these formulations to Wistar rats. Microemulsions were found to be stable both physically and chemically when stored at various stress conditions. Brain/blood uptake ratios, drug targeting efficiency, and direct drug transport were found to be highest for drug mucoadhesive microemulsion followed by drug microemulsion and drug solution post-intranasal administration compared to intravenous drug microemulsion. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in assessed pharmacodynamic parameters was observed after intranasal administration of mucoadhesive microemulsion against control group. The results of the studies conclusively demonstrate that intranasal microemulsion formulations developed in this investigation are stable and can deliver cabergoline selectively and in higher amounts to the brain compared to both drug administrations as a solution intranasally or microemulsion intravenously. The results also demonstrate reduction in weight, adipose tissue mass, serum lipids, and serum prolactin after intranasal administration of drug microemulsion. Hence, long-term studies in at least two more animal models followed by extensive clinical evaluation can safely result into a product for clinical use.
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143
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Kang ML, Cho CS, Yoo HS. Application of chitosan microspheres for nasal delivery of vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:857-865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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144
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Porecha S, shah T, Jogani V, Naik S, Misra A. Microemulsion based intranasal delivery system for treatment of insomnia. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:128-34. [PMID: 19514972 DOI: 10.1080/10717540802560381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to prepare and characterize microemulsions/mucoadhesive microemulsions of Diazepam (D), Lorazepam (L) and Alprazolam (A), evaluate their pharmacodynamic performances by performing comparative sleep induction studies in male albino rats to assess their role in effective management of insomnia patients. Microemulsions of Diazepam (DME), Lorazepam (LME) and Alprazolam (AME) were prepared by titration method and characterized for drug content, globule size distribution and zeta potential, nasal toxicity and sleep induction. DME, LME and AME were transparent and stable with mean globule size and zeta potential in the range of 95.6 nm to 141.7 nm and -2.205 to -0.111 mV respectively. The prepared microemulsions exhibited reversible nasal toxicity. Onset of sleep and duration of sleep were observed in the following order: Lorazepam > Alprazolam>Diazepam. Faster onset of sleep following intranasal administration of microemulsions (<20 min) compared to oral administration (29-33 min) and control group (>45 min) for all three drugs suggested selective nose-to-brain transport of drug(s). Intranasal administration of microemulsion based formulations resulted in even faster onset of sleep (<12 min) with intranasal mucoadhesive microemulsion(s) resulting in fastest onset of sleep (<9 min). Duration of sleep was longest with the intranasal mucoadhesive microemulsions. These results are suggestive of larger extent of distribution of drug(s) to brain after intranasal administration of mucoadhesive microemulsion(s). These results are further corroborated with by loss or rightening reflex and startle reflex at earlier time points (within 10 min and 15 min respectively) with mucoadhesive microemulsions. Thus, the results of this investigation indicated rapid and larger extent of drug transport to the rat brain resulting in rapid induction of sleep followed by prolonged duration of sleep in rats following intranasal administration of mucoadhesive microemulsion(s). However, the role of microemulsion based formulations developed in this investigation in clinical practice can only be established after animal studies in two different animal models followed by extensive clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Porecha
- Pharmacy Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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145
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Ozsoy Y, Gungor S, Cevher E. Nasal delivery of high molecular weight drugs. Molecules 2009; 14:3754-79. [PMID: 19783956 PMCID: PMC6254717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14093754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal drug delivery may be used for either local or systemic effects. Low molecular weight drugs with are rapidly absorbed through nasal mucosa. The main reasons for this are the high permeability, fairly wide absorption area, porous and thin endothelial basement membrane of the nasal epithelium. Despite the many advantages of the nasal route, limitations such as the high molecular weight (HMW) of drugs may impede drug absorption through the nasal mucosa. Recent studies have focused particularly on the nasal application of HMW therapeutic agents such as peptide-protein drugs and vaccines intended for systemic effects. Due to their hydrophilic structure, the nasal bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs is normally less than 1%. Besides their weak mucosal membrane permeability and enzymatic degradation in nasal mucosa, these drugs are rapidly cleared from the nasal cavity after administration because of mucociliary clearance. There are many approaches for increasing the residence time of drug formulations in the nasal cavity resulting in enhanced drug absorption. In this review article, nasal route and transport mechanisms across the nasal mucosa will be briefly presented. In the second part, current studies regarding the nasal application of macromolecular drugs and vaccines with nano- and micro-particulate carrier systems will be summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Ozsoy
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 34116-Universite, Istanbul, Turkey.
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146
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Therapeutic application of peptides and proteins: parenteral forever? Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:628-35. [PMID: 19766335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Varied therapeutic peptides and proteins represent a rapidly growing part of marketed drugs and have an undisputed place alongside other established therapies. Nevertheless, such biodrugs have several drawbacks that hinder their therapeutic application. These are undesirable physicochemical properties, such as variable solubility, low bioavailability and limited stability. These issues can be overcome by addition of stabilizing agents and directed injectable administration, which can however result in low patient compliance. Hence, there is a drive in the biotechnology industry to produce needle-free and more user-friendly drugs, and this has led to the growth of nano-enabled drug delivery systems in the last decade. As discussed here, nanobiotechnology is becoming a commercially feasible and promising opportunity for oral, pulmonary and transdermal administration routes.
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147
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Kumar M, Pathak K, Misra A. Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion-based drug delivery system of risperidone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:387-95. [PMID: 19016058 DOI: 10.1080/03639040802363704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Risperidone nanoemulsion (NE) and mucoadhesive NE formulations were successfully prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method (titration method) using Capmul MCM as the oily phase on the basis of solubility studies. The NE formulation containing 8% oil, 44% S(mix), 48% (wt/wt) aqueous phase that displayed an optical transparency of 99.82%, globule size of 15.5 +/- 2.12 nm, and polydispersity of 0.172 +/- 0.02 was selected for the incorporation of mucoadhesive components. The mucoadhesive formulation that contained 0.5% by weight of chitosan displayed highest diffusion coefficient that followed Higuchi model was free from nasal ciliotoxicity and stable for 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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148
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Stevens J, Suidgeest E, van der Graaf PH, Danhof M, de Lange ECM. A new minimal-stress freely-moving rat model for preclinical studies on intranasal administration of CNS drugs. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1911-7. [PMID: 19452129 PMCID: PMC2705718 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop a new minimal-stress model for intranasal administration in freely moving rats and to evaluate in this model the brain distribution of acetaminophen following intranasal versus intravenous administration. Methods Male Wistar rats received one intranasal cannula, an intra-cerebral microdialysis probe, and two blood cannulas for drug administration and serial blood sampling respectively. To evaluate this novel model, the following experiments were conducted. 1) Evans Blue was administered to verify the selectivity of intranasal exposure. 2) During a 1 min infusion 10, 20, or 40 μl saline was administered intranasally or 250 µl intravenously. Corticosterone plasma concentrations over time were compared as biomarkers for stress. 3) 200 µg of the model drug acetaminophen was given in identical setup and plasma, and brain pharmacokinetics were determined. Results In 96% of the rats, only the targeted nasal cavity was deeply colored. Corticosterone plasma concentrations were not influenced, neither by route nor volume of administration. Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen were identical after intravenous and intranasal administration, although the Cmax in microdialysates was reached a little earlier following intravenous administration. Conclusion A new minimal-stress model for intranasal administration in freely moving rats has been successfully developed and allows direct comparison with intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Stevens
- Division of Pharmacology, LACDR Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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149
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Csaba N, Garcia-Fuentes M, Alonso MJ. Nanoparticles for nasal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:140-57. [PMID: 19121350 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The great interest in mucosal vaccine delivery arises from the fact that mucosal surfaces represent the major site of entry for many pathogens. Among other mucosal sites, nasal delivery is especially attractive for immunization, as the nasal epithelium is characterized by relatively high permeability, low enzymatic activity and by the presence of an important number of immunocompetent cells. In addition to these advantageous characteristics, the nasal route could offer simplified and more cost-effective protocols for vaccination with improved patient compliance. The use of nanocarriers provides a suitable way for the nasal delivery of antigenic molecules. Besides improved protection and facilitated transport of the antigen, nanoparticulate delivery systems could also provide more effective antigen recognition by immune cells. These represent key factors in the optimal processing and presentation of the antigen, and therefore in the subsequent development of a suitable immune response. In this sense, the design of optimized vaccine nanocarriers offers a promising way for nasal mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Csaba
- Drug Formulation and Delivery Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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150
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Jug M, Kos I, Bećirević-Laćan M. The pH-dependent complexation between risperidone and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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